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Chao YM, Wu HY, Yeh SH, Yang DI, Her LS, Wu YL. Glucosamine Enhancement of Learning and Memory Functions by Promoting Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Production. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4211. [PMID: 38673797 PMCID: PMC11050103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in metabolism and brain function. Glucosamine (GLN) has been recognized for its diverse beneficial effects. This study aimed to elucidate the modulation of FGF21 production by GLN and its impact on learning and memory functions. Using both in vivo and in vitro models, we investigated the effects of GLN on mice fed with a normal diet or high-fat diet and on mouse HT22 hippocampal cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 striatal cells, and rat primary cortical neurons challenged with GLN. Our results indicated that GLN promotes learning and memory functions in mice and upregulates FGF21 expression in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum, as well as in HT22 cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 cells, and cortical neurons. In animals receiving GLN together with an FGF21 receptor FGFR1 inhibitor (PD173074), the GLN-enhanced learning and memory functions and induction of FGF21 production in the hippocampus were significantly attenuated. While exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms, the potential involvement of NF-κB, Akt, p38, JNK, PKA, and PPARα in HT22 and NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PPARα in STHdhQ7/Q7 were noted; GLN was able to mediate the activation of p65, Akt, p38, and CREB in HT22 and p65, Akt, and p38 in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells. Our accumulated findings suggest that GLN may increase learning and memory functions by inducing FGF21 production in the brain. This induction appears to be mediated, at least in part, through GLN's activation of the NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PKA/CREB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chao
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Hon-Yen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Huei Yeh
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Shiun Her
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Yuh-Lin Wu
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
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Płatek T, Polus A, Góralska J, Raźny U, Dziewońska A, Micek A, Dembińska-Kieć A, Solnica B, Malczewska-Malec M. Epigenetic Regulation of Processes Related to High Level of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Obese Subjects. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:307. [PMID: 33670024 PMCID: PMC7926457 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesised that epigenetics may play an important role in mediating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) resistance in obesity. We aimed to evaluate DNA methylation changes and miRNA pattern in obese subjects associated with high serum FGF21 levels. The study included 136 participants with BMI 27-45 kg/m2. Fasting FGF21, glucose, insulin, GIP, lipids, adipokines, miokines and cytokines were measured and compared in high serum FGF21 (n = 68) group to low FGF21 (n = 68) group. Human DNA Methylation Microarrays were analysed in leukocytes from each group (n = 16). Expression of miRNAs was evaluated using quantitative PCR-TLDA. The study identified differentially methylated genes in pathways related to glucose transport, insulin secretion and signalling, lipid transport and cellular metabolism, response to nutrient levels, thermogenesis, browning of adipose tissue and bone mineralisation. Additionally, it detected transcription factor genes regulating FGF21 and fibroblast growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathways regulation. Increased expression of hsa-miR-875-5p and decreased expression of hsa-miR-133a-3p, hsa-miR-185-5p and hsa-miR-200c-3p were found in the group with high serum FGF21. These changes were associated with high FGF21, VEGF and low adiponectin serum levels. Our results point to a significant role of the epigenetic regulation of genes involved in metabolic pathways related to FGF21 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Płatek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Anna Polus
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Joanna Góralska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Urszula Raźny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Agnieszka Dziewońska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Agnieszka Micek
- Department of Nursing Management and Epidemiology Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 25 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Aldona Dembińska-Kieć
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Bogdan Solnica
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Małgorzata Malczewska-Malec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15a Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (J.G.); (U.R.); (A.D.); (A.D.-K.); (B.S.); (M.M.-M.)
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Pekkarinen PT, Skrifvars MB, Lievonen V, Jakkula P, Albrecht L, Loisa P, Tiainen M, Pettilä V, Reinikainen M, Hästbacka J. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels after out of hospital cardiac arrest are associated with neurological outcome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:690. [PMID: 33436812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a marker associated with mitochondrial and cellular stress. Cardiac arrest causes mitochondrial stress, and we tested if FGF 21 would reflect the severity of hypoxia-reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest. We measured serum concentrations of FGF 21 in 112 patients on ICU admission and 24, 48 and 72 h after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with shockable initial rhythm included in the COMACARE study (NCT02698917). All patients received targeted temperature management for 24 h. We defined 6-month cerebral performance category 1–2 as good and 3–5 as poor neurological outcome. We used samples from 40 non-critically ill emergency room patients as controls. We assessed group differences with the Mann Whitney U test and temporal differences with linear modeling with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the independent predictive value of FGF 21 concentration for neurologic outcome. The median (inter-quartile range, IQR) FGF 21 concentration was 0.25 (0.094–0.91) ng/ml in controls, 0.79 (0.37–1.6) ng/ml in patients at ICU admission (P < 0.001 compared to controls) and peaked at 48 h [1.2 (0.46–2.5) ng/ml]. We found no association between arterial blood oxygen partial pressure and FGF 21 concentrations. We observed with linear modeling an effect of sample timepoint (F 5.6, P < 0.01), poor neurological outcome (F 6.1, P = 0.01), and their interaction (F 3.0, P = 0.03), on FGF 21 concentration. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusting for relevant clinical covariates, higher average FGF 21 concentration during the first 72 h was independently associated with poor neurological outcome (odds ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.10–2.32). We conclude that post cardiac arrest patients experience cellular and mitochondrial stress, reflected as a systemic FGF 21 response. This response is higher with a more severe hypoxic injury but it is not exacerbated by hyperoxia.
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Fang H, Stone KP, Forney LA, Wanders D, Gettys TW. Nutritional Regulation of Hepatic FGF21 by Dietary Restriction of Methionine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:773975. [PMID: 34917032 PMCID: PMC8669746 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.773975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a potent metabolic regulator of energy balance, body composition, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Initial studies reported that it was increased by fasting and the associated increase in ketones, but more recent work points to the importance of dietary protein and sensing of essential amino acids in FGF21 regulation. For example, dietary restriction of methionine produces a rapid transcriptional activation of hepatic FGF21 that results in a persistent 5- to 10-fold increase in serum FGF21. Although FGF21 is a component of a complex transcriptional program activated by methionine restriction (MR), loss-of-function studies show that FGF21 is an essential mediator of the resulting effects of the MR diet on energy balance, remodeling of adipose tissue, and enhancement of insulin sensitivity. These studies also show that FGF21 signaling in the brain is required for the MR diet-induced increase in energy expenditure (EE) and reduction of adiposity. Collectively, the evidence supports the view that the liver functions as a sentinel to detect and respond to changes in dietary amino acid composition, and that the resulting mobilization of hepatic FGF21 is a key element of the homeostatic response. These findings raise the interesting possibility that therapeutic diets could be developed that produce sustained, biologically effective increases in FGF21 by nutritionally modulating its transcription and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Kirsten P. Stone
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Laura A. Forney
- Department of Kinesiology, Houston Baptist University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas W. Gettys,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, new concepts about obesity and normal weight subtypes with metabolic conditions are rising and ketone bodies are emerging as a significant indicator of metabolic health. This study aimed to find a relationship between ketonuria and those subtypes. METHODS The data of 19,036 subjects were analyzed in this cross-sectional study (2013-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, KNHANES). Based on body mass index and adult treatment panel III with modification of waist circumference, individuals were categorized into 4 groups: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Individuals were divided into 2 groups, positive and negative ketonuria groups, and the metabolic parameters were compared. RESULTS The metabolic indicators of the positive ketonuria group showed better results than those of the negative ketonuria group and the MHNW group showed the highest proportion of positive ketonuria. The MHNW group showed higher urinary ketones than the MUO group (odds ratio [OR], 0.391; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.254-0.601) in men. In women, OR of having ketonuria was 0.698 (95% CI, 0.486-1.002) in the MHO group and 0.467 (95% CI, 0.226-0.966) in the MUNW group compared to the MHNW group, respectively. CONCLUSION Compared to the MHNW group, the MUO group showed lower presence of ketonuria in men, and tendency to have less ketonuria in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Reum Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Seo
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Man Kim
- Functional Medicine Clinic, Green Cross I-Med (GCIMED), Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Nam Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nam Seok Joo
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Guo C, Zhao L, Li Y, Deng X, Yuan G. Relationship between FGF21 and drug or nondrug therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:55-67. [PMID: 32583417 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary and high-calorie diets are associated with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, while exercise and diet control are also important nondrug treatments for diabetes. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important cytokine, which is mainly expressed in liver, fat and muscle tissue responding to nutrition and exercise, and plays an important role in the improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism. Due to the increasing serum FGF21 level in obesity and diabetes, FGF21 can be used as a predictor or biomarker of diabetes. A variety of clinical antidiabetic drugs can reduce the content of FGF21, possibly for the improvement of FGF21 sensitivity. In this paper, we reviewed the interactions between FGF21 and nondrug therapy (diet and exercise) for diabetes and explored the potential value of the combined application of clinical antidiabetic drugs and FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Martínez-Garza Ú, Torres-Oteros D, Yarritu-Gallego A, Marrero PF, Haro D, Relat J. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4692. [PMID: 31546675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related disorders due to its beneficial effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF21 response is essential under stressful conditions and its metabolic effects depend on the inducer factor or stress condition. FGF21 seems to be the key signal which communicates and coordinates the metabolic response to reverse different nutritional stresses and restores the metabolic homeostasis. This review is focused on describing individually the FGF21-dependent metabolic response activated by some of the most common nutritional challenges, the signal pathways triggering this response, and the impact of this response on global homeostasis. We consider that this is essential knowledge to identify the potential role of FGF21 in the onset and progression of some of the most prevalent metabolic pathologies and to understand the potential of FGF21 as a target for these diseases. After this review, we conclude that more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of FGF21 in macronutrient preference and food intake behavior, but also in β-klotho regulation and the activity of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to uncover its therapeutic potential as a way to increase the FGF21 signaling.
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Zhang Q, Zhu Q, Deng R, Zhou F, Zhang L, Wang S, Zhu K, Wang X, Zhou L, Su Q. MS-275 induces hepatic FGF21 expression via H3K18ac-mediated CREBH signal. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:187-196. [PMID: 30893641 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays an important role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. MS-275, as a class I-specific histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has also been reported to affect energy metabolism. In this current study, we investigated the effects of MS-275 on hepatic FGF21 expression in vitro and in vivo and explored whether cAMP-responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH) was involved in the action of MS-275. Our results showed that MS-275 stimulated hepatic FGF21 mRNA and protein expressions in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as well as FGF21 secretion in primary mouse hepatocytes. Serum concentration and hepatic expression of FGF21 were elevated after injection of MS-275, along with increased expressions of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenic production (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gammacoactivator1α, PGC-1α; carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1a, CPT1a; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2, Hmgcs2) as well as improved blood lipid profile. As a proved transcription factor of FGF21, the expression of CREBH was initiated by MS-275, with increased histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac) signals and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4α) recruitment in CREBH promoter. Adenovirus-mediated knockdown of CREBH abolished MS-275-induced hepatic FGF21 and lipid metabolism-related gene expressions. These results suggest that MS-275 induces hepatic FGF21 by H3K18ac-mediated CREBH expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyuan Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiye Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kim G, Lee SG, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Ferrannini E, Lee YH, Cho NH. Spontaneous ketonuria and risk of incident diabetes: a 12 year prospective study. Diabetologia 2019; 62:779-788. [PMID: 30788528 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Ketones may be regarded as a thrifty fuel for peripheral tissues, but their clinical prognostic significance remains unclear. We investigated the association between spontaneous fasting ketonuria and incident diabetes in conjunction with changes in metabolic variables in a large population-based observational study. METHODS We analysed 8703 individuals free of diabetes at baseline enrolled in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a community-based 12 year prospective study. Individuals with (n = 195) or without fasting ketonuria were matched 1:4 by propensity score. Incident diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, post-load 2 h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l on biennial OGTTs, or current use of glucose-lowering medication. Using Cox regression models, HRs for developing diabetes associated with the presence of ketonuria at baseline were analysed. RESULTS Over 12 years, of the 925 participants in the propensity score-matched cohort, 190 (20.5%) developed diabetes. The incidence rate of diabetes was significantly lower in participants with spontaneous ketonuria compared with those without ketonuria (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.41, 0.97). Results were virtually identical when participants with fasting ketonuria were compared against all participants without ketonuria (after multivariate adjustment, HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.45, 0.96). During follow-up, participants with baseline ketonuria maintained lower post-load 1 h and 2 h glucose levels and a higher insulinogenic index despite comparable baseline values. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The presence of spontaneous fasting ketonuria was significantly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, independently of metabolic variables. Our findings suggest that spontaneous fasting ketonuria may have a potential preventive role in the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuri Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam H Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Tang TT, Li YY, Li JJ, Wang K, Han Y, Dong WY, Zhu ZF, Xia N, Nie SF, Zhang M, Zeng ZP, Lv BJ, Jiao J, Liu H, Xian ZS, Yang XP, Hu Y, Liao YH, Wang Q, Tu X, Mallat Z, Huang Y, Shi GP, Cheng X. Liver-heart crosstalk controls IL-22 activity in cardiac protection after myocardial infarction. Theranostics 2018; 8:4552-4562. [PMID: 30214638 PMCID: PMC6134935 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 regulates tissue inflammation and repair. Here we report participation of the liver in IL-22-mediated cardiac repair after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: We induced experimental MI in mice by ligation of the left ascending artery and evaluated the effect of IL-22 on post-MI cardiac function and ventricular remodeling. Results: Daily subcutaneous injection of 100 µg/kg mouse recombinant IL-22 for seven days attenuated adverse ventricular remodeling and improved cardiac function in mice at 28 days after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation-induced MI. Pharmacological inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) muted these IL-22 activities. While cardiomyocyte-selective depletion of STAT3 did not affect IL-22 activities in protecting post-MI cardiac injury, hepatocyte-specific depletion of STAT3 fully muted these IL-22 cardioprotective activities. Hepatocyte-derived fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) was markedly increased in a STAT3-dependent manner following IL-22 administration and accounted for the cardioprotective benefit of IL-22. Microarray analyses revealed that FGF21 controlled the expression of cardiomyocyte genes that are involved in cholesterol homeostasis, DNA repair, peroxisome, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, apoptosis, and steroid responses, all of which are responsible for cardiomyocyte survival. Conclusions: Supplementation of IL-22 in the first week after acute MI effectively prevented left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. This activity of IL-22 involved crosstalk between the liver and heart after demonstrating a role of the hepatic STAT3-FGF21 axis in IL-22-induced post-MI cardiac protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen-Yong Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shao-Fang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bing-Jie Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Generon Corporation, Building 9, 720 Cai Lun Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zong-Shu Xian
- Generon Corporation, Building 9, 720 Cai Lun Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB20 SZ, UK
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
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Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host response to infection. This inappropriate response to micro-organism invasion is characterized by an overwhelmed systemic inflammatory response and cardiovascular collapse that culminate in high mortality and morbidity in critical care units. The occurrence of sepsis in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients has become more frequent, as the prevalence of DM has increased dramatically worldwide. These two important diseases represent a global public health concern and highlight the importance of increasing our knowledge of the key elements of the immune response related to both conditions. In this context, it is well established that the cells taking part in the innate and adaptive immune responses in diabetic patients have compromised function. These altered responses favor micro-organism growth, a process that contributes to sepsis progression. The present review provides an update on the characteristics of the immune system in diabetic and septic subjects. We also explore the beneficial effects of insulin on the immune response in a glycemic control-dependent and independent manner.
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12
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Zhou F, Bai M, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhu K, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhou L. Berberine-induced activation of AMPK increases hepatic FGF21 expression via NUR77. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:1936-1941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Porter JW, Rowles JL, Fletcher JA, Zidon TM, Winn NC, McCabe LT, Park YM, Perfield JW, Thyfault JP, Rector RS, Padilla J, Vieira-Potter VJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in adipose tissue do not require FGF21. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:97-109. [PMID: 28765264 PMCID: PMC5581275 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise enhances insulin sensitivity; it also improves adipocyte metabolism and reduces adipose tissue inflammation through poorly defined mechanisms. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a pleiotropic hormone-like protein whose insulin-sensitizing properties are predominantly mediated via receptor signaling in adipose tissue (AT). Recently, FGF21 has also been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, an association between exercise and increased circulating FGF21 levels has been reported in some, but not all studies. Thus, the role that FGF21 plays in mediating the positive metabolic effects of exercise in AT are unclear. In this study, FGF21-knockout (KO) mice were used to directly assess the role of FGF21 in mediating the metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on white AT (WAT) and brown AT (BAT). Male FGF21KO and wild-type mice were provided running wheels or remained sedentary for 8 weeks (n = 9-15/group) and compared for adiposity, insulin sensitivity (i.e., HOMA-IR, Adipo-IR) and AT inflammation and metabolic function (e.g., mitochondrial enzyme activity, subunit content). Adiposity and Adipo-IR were increased in FGF21KO mice and decreased by EX. The BAT of FGF21KO animals had reduced mitochondrial content and decreased relative mass, both normalized by EX. WAT and BAT inflammation was elevated in FGF21KO mice, reduced in both genotypes by EX. EX increased WAT Pgc1alpha gene expression, citrate synthase activity, COX I content and total AMPK content in WT but not FGF21KO mice. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unappreciated anti-inflammatory role for FGF21 in WAT and BAT, but do not support that FGF21 is necessary for EX-mediated anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Porter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joe L Rowles
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin A Fletcher
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbia, Missouri, USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, Texas, USA
| | - Terese M Zidon
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nathan C Winn
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Leighton T McCabe
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Young-Min Park
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical CampusDenver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Kansas City VA Medical CenterKansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Child HealthUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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14
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Staiger H, Keuper M, Berti L, Hrabe de Angelis M, Häring HU. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Metabolic Role in Mice and Men. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:468-488. [PMID: 28938407 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, the interest of scientists in the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has tremendously grown, and still remains high, due to a wealth of very robust data documenting this factor's favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. For more than ten years now, intense in vivo and ex vivo experimentation addressed the physiological functions of FGF21 in humans as well as its pathophysiological role and pharmacological effects in human metabolic disease. This work produced a comprehensive collection of data revealing overlaps in FGF21 expression and function but also significant differences between mice and humans that have to be considered before translation from bench to bedside can be successful. This review summarizes what is known about FGF21 in mice and humans with a special focus on this factor's role in glucose and lipid metabolism and in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We highlight the discrepancies between mice and humans and try to decipher their underlying reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Keuper
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Jung CH, Jung SH, Kim BY, Kim CH, Kang SK, Mok JO. The U-shaped relationship between fibroblast growth factor 21 and microvascular complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:134-140. [PMID: 27839924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum FGF21 level and all microvascular complication including cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A total 227 T2DM patients were enrolled and serum FGF21 levels were assessed. Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and CAN were evaluated. RESULTS The prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy among the FGF21 tertiles was significantly different (p=0.001, p=0.006, respectively), whereas no difference was found in the prevalence of DPN and CAN. In multivariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for the presence of retinopathy was 0.08 for the FGF21 second tertile when compared with the first tertile (p=0.029). OR of retinopathy in third tertile group was lower than first tertile and higher than second tertile, but statistically insignificant. Crude OR for nephropathy was 0.34 for the second FGF21 tertile, when compared with the first tertile (p=0.015). However, FGF21 level was not significantly associated with nephropathy after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, there was no association between diabetic nephropathy, DPN, and CAN and serum FGF21 levels. However, we found a U-shaped relationship between both lower and higher serum FGF21 levels and diabetic retinopathy. This result suggests that the very low serum FGF21 level itself may associate with diabetic retinopathy and also relatively elevated serum FGF21 level may be a compensatory increase to protect against microvascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hee Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cha University School of Medicine, Bundang Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Koo Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Oh Mok
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ziros P, Zagoriti Z, Lagoumintzis G, Kyriazopoulou V, Iskrenova RP, Habeos EI, Sykiotis GP, Chartoumpekis DV, Habeos IG. Hepatic Fgf21 Expression Is Repressed after Simvastatin Treatment in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162024. [PMID: 27583452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) is a hormone with emerging beneficial roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis. The interest in Fgf21 as a potential antidiabetic drug and the factors that regulate its production and secretion is growing. Statins are the most widely prescribed drug for the treatment of dyslipidemia. However, the function of statins is not limited to the lowering of cholesterol as they are associated with pleiotropic actions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. The recently described effect of statins on mitochondrial function and the induction of Fgf21 by mitochondrial stress prompted us to investigate the effect of statin treatment on Fgf21 expression in the liver. To this end, C57BL6J male mice and primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with simvastatin, and Fgf21 expression was subsequently assessed by immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Hepatic Fgf21 protein and mRNA and circulating levels of FGF21significantly decreased in mice that had received simvastatin in their food (0.1% w/w) for 1 week. This effect was also observed with simvastatin doses as low as 0.01% w/w for 1 week or following 2 intraperitoneal injections within a single day. The reduction in Fgf21 mRNA levels was further verified in primary mouse hepatocytes, indicating that the effect of simvastatin is cell autonomous. In conclusion, simvastatin treatment reduced the circulating and hepatic Fgf21 levels and this effect warrants further investigation with reference to its role in metabolism.
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Liu Y, Zhao C, Xiao J, Liu L, Zhang M, Wang C, Wu G, Zheng MH, Xu LM, Chen YP, Mohammadi M, Chen SY, Cave M, McClain C, Li X, Feng W. Fibroblast growth factor 21 deficiency exacerbates chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31026. [PMID: 27498701 DOI: 10.1038/srep31026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hepatokine that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. We sought to determine the role of FGF21 in hepatic steatosis in mice exposed to chronic alcohol treatment and to discern underlying mechanisms. Male FGF21 knockout (FGF21 KO) and control (WT) mice were divided into groups that were fed either the Lieber DeCarli diet containing 5% alcohol or an isocaloric (control) diet for 4 weeks. One group of WT mice exposed to alcohol received recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) in the last 5 days. Liver steatosis and inflammation were assessed. Primary mouse hepatocytes and AML-12 cells were incubated with metformin or rhFGF21. Hepatic genes and the products involved in in situ lipogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation were analyzed. Alcohol exposure increased circulating levels and hepatic expression of FGF21. FGF21 depletion exacerbated alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and liver injury, which was associated with increased activation of genes involved in lipogenesis mediated by SREBP1c and decreased expression of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation mediated by PGC1α. rhFGF21 administration reduced alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in WT mice. These results reveal that alcohol-induced FGF21 expression is a hepatic adaptive response to lipid dysregulation. Targeting FGF21 signaling could be a novel treatment approach for alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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18
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Jeon JY, Choi SE, Ha ES, Kim TH, Jung JG, Han SJ, Kim HJ, Kim DJ, Kang Y, Lee KW. Association between insulin resistance and impairment of FGF21 signal transduction in skeletal muscles. Endocrine 2016; 53:97-106. [PMID: 26758997 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, was identified as a potent metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. We investigated whether the levels and signalings of FGF21 changed in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), human skeletal muscle myotubes (HSMMs) under insulin-resistant conditions, and mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). A percutaneous biopsy sample of the vastus lateralis muscle of T2DM patients, IGT subjects, and participants with normal glucose tolerance was obtained and the levels and signalings of FGF21 were assessed. We determined whether the expression and signalings of FGF21 in HSMMs altered according to palmitate concentrations and exposure time. Also, we confirmed whether changes of FGF21 signal transduction resulted in the alteration of FGF21 functions. DIO mice were treated intravenously with recombinant FGF21, and the levels and signalings of FGF21 were assessed in their soleus muscles. We checked whether or not FGF21 played a role in the gene transcription related to lipid oxidation. Levels of FGF21 increased, whereas levels of phosphorylated FGF receptor (p-FGFR), phosphorylated FGFR substrates 2α (p-FRS2α), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK) decreased in the skeletal muscle of both T2DM patients and IGT subjects. In vitro, palmitate increased the levels of FGF21 and significantly reduced the levels of β-klotho, p-FGFR, p-FRS2α, and p-ERK1/2 in HSMMs exposed to palmitate. Palmitate also decreased glucose uptake and glycogen contents of FGF21. Consistently, the levels of FGF21 were significantly higher and the levels of β-klotho and p-FGFR were lower in the DIO mice than in normal lean mice. The levels of FGF21 increased but its signal transduction and actions were impaired in skeletal muscles of T2DM patients, IGT subjects, in insulin-resistant HSMMs, and DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Jeon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-E Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Suk Ha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Gab Jung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Woo Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea.
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Erickson A, Moreau R. The regulation of FGF21 gene expression by metabolic factors and nutrients. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2016-0016/hmbci-2016-0016.xml. [PMID: 27285327 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression is altered by a wide array of physiological, metabolic, and environmental factors. Among dietary factors, high dextrose, low protein, methionine restriction, short-chain fatty acids (butyric acid and lipoic acid), and all-trans-retinoic acid were repeatedly shown to induce FGF21 expression and circulating levels. These effects are usually more pronounced in liver or isolated hepatocytes than in adipose tissue or isolated fat cells. Although peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a key mediator of hepatic FGF21 expression and function, including the regulation of gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, torpor, and growth inhibition, there is increasing evidence of PPARα-independent transactivation of the FGF21 gene by dietary molecules. FGF21 expression is believed to follow the circadian rhythm and be placed under the control of first order clock-controlled transcription factors, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) and nuclear receptors subfamily 1 group D (REV-ERBs), with FGF21 rhythm being anti-phase to REV-ERBs. Key metabolic hormones such as glucagon, insulin, and thyroid hormone have presumed or clearly demonstrated roles in regulating FGF21 transcription and secretion. The control of the FGF21 gene by glucagon and insulin appears more complex than first anticipated. Some discrepancies are noted and will need continued studies. The complexity in assessing the significance of FGF21 gene expression resides in the difficulty to ascertain (i) when transcription results in local or systemic increase of FGF21 protein; (ii) if FGF21 is among the first or second order genes upregulated by physiological, metabolic, and environmental stimuli, or merely an epiphenomenon; and (iii) whether FGF21 may have some adverse effects alongside beneficial outcomes.
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20
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Abstract
Immoderate energy intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and aging have contributed to the increased prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. There is an urgent need for the development of novel pharmacological interventions that can target excessive fat accumulation and decreased muscle mass and/or strength. Adipokines, bioactive molecules derived from adipose tissue, are involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety, inflammation, energy expenditure, insulin resistance and secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Recently, there is emerging evidence that skeletal muscle and the liver also function as endocrine organs that secrete myokines and hepatokines, respectively. Novel discoveries and research into these organokines (adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines) may lead to the development of promising biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiometabolic disease. In this review, I summarize recent data on these organokines and focus on the role of adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines in the regulation of insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Cheng P, Zhang F, Yu L, Lin X, He L, Li X, Lu X, Yan X, Tan Y, Zhang C. Physiological and Pharmacological Roles of FGF21 in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1540267. [PMID: 27247947 PMCID: PMC4876232 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1540267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most severe diseases in clinics. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is regarded as an important metabolic regulator playing a therapeutic role in diabetes and its complications. The heart is a key target as well as a source of FGF21 which is involved in heart development and also induces beneficial effects in CVDs. Our review is to clarify the roles of FGF21 in CVDs. Strong evidence showed that the development of CVDs including atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia, cardiac hypertrophy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with serum FGF21 levels increase which was regarded as a compensatory response to induced cardiac protection. Furthermore, administration of FGF21 suppressed the above CVDs. Mechanistic studies revealed that FGF21 induced cardiac protection likely by preventing cardiac lipotoxicity and the associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Normally, FGF21 induced therapeutic effects against CVDs via activation of the above kinases-mediated pathways by directly binding to the FGF receptors of the heart in the presence of β-klotho. However, recently, growing evidence showed that FGF21 induced beneficial effects on peripheral organs through an indirect way mediated by adiponectin. Therefore whether adiponectin is also involved in FGF21-induced cardiac protection still needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lechu Yu
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiufei Lin
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Luqing He
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuemian Lu
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yi Tan
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- Kosair Children Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- *Yi Tan: and
| | - Chi Zhang
- The Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- *Chi Zhang:
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McCarty MF. Practical prospects for boosting hepatic production of the "pro-longevity" hormone FGF21. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2015-0057/hmbci-2015-0057.xml. [PMID: 26741352 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), produced mainly in hepatocytes and adipocytes, promotes leanness, insulin sensitivity, and vascular health while down-regulating hepatic IGF-I production. Transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 enjoy a marked increase in median and maximal longevity comparable to that evoked by calorie restriction - but without a reduction in food intake. Transcriptional factors which promote hepatic FGF21 expression include PPARα, ATF4, STAT5, and FXR; hence, fibrate drugs, elevated lipolysis, moderate-protein vegan diets, growth hormone, and bile acids may have potential to increase FGF21 synthesis. Sirt1 activity is required for optimal responsiveness of FGF21 to PPARα, and Sirt1 activators can boost FGF21 transcription. Conversely, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibits PPARα's transcriptional impact on FGF21, and type 1 deacetylase inhibitors such as butyrate therefore increase FGF21 expression. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases hepatic expression of both PPARα and Sirt1; acarbose, which increases intestinal GLP-1 secretion, also increases FGF21 and lifespan in mice. Glucagon stimulates hepatic production of FGF21 by increasing the expression of the Nur77 transcription factor; increased glucagon secretion can be evoked by supplemental glycine administered during post-absorptive metabolism. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has also been reported recently to promote FGF21 transcription. Bilirubin is known to be an agonist for this receptor, and this may rationalize a recent report that heme oxygenase-1 induction in the liver boosts FGF21 expression. There is reason to suspect that phycocyanorubin, a bilirubin homolog that is a metabolite of the major phycobilin in spirulina, may share bilirubin's agonist activity for AhR, and perhaps likewise promote FGF21 induction. In the future, regimens featuring a plant-based diet, nutraceuticals, and safe drugs may make it feasible to achieve physiologically significant increases in FGF21 that promote metabolic health, leanness, and longevity.
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Lee J, Hong SW, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses the expression of LXR/SREBP-1 signaling-induced ANGPTL8 in HepG2 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 414:148-55. [PMID: 26254015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ANGPTL8 is a liver-derived secretory protein that leads to elevated serum triglyceride and the level of circulating ANGPTL8 is strongly associated with obesity and diabetes. Here we investigated the mechanisms of activation and inhibition of ANGPTL8 expression in hepatocytes. The expression of ANGPTL8 was significantly increased in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitic acid, tunicamycin, or T0901317, and was reversed in cells treated with AICAR. Palmitic acid, tunicamycin, and T0901317 increased LXRα and SREBP-1c mRNA expression. The inhibitory effect of AICAR on the expression of T0901317-induced ANGPTL8 was most strongly evident in cells that were transfected with SREBP-1 siRNA. AICAR increased phosphorylation of PPARα and the effect of AICAR was not observed in cells treated with PPARα inhibitor. Metformin had a similar effect on ANGPTL8 expression to that of AICAR. These data suggest that AMPK can suppress the expression of LXR/SREBP-1 signal-induced ANGPTL8 in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Lee
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Ki-Won Oh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea.
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24
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Zhang F, Yu L, Lin X, Cheng P, He L, Li X, Lu X, Tan Y, Yang H, Cai L, Zhang C. Minireview: Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors 19 and 21 in Metabolic Regulation and Chronic Diseases. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1400-13. [PMID: 26308386 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19 and FGF21 are hormones that regulate metabolic processes particularly during feeding or starvation, thus ultimately influencing energy production. FGF19 is secreted by the intestines during feeding and negatively regulates bile acid synthesis and secretion, whereas FGF21 is produced in the liver during fasting and plays a crucial role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as maintaining energy homeostasis. FGF19 and FGF21 are regarded as late-acting hormones because their functions are only used after insulin and glucagon have completed their actions. Although FGF19 and FGF21 are activated under different conditions, they show extensively functional overlap in terms of improving glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, weight loss, and lipid, and energy metabolism, particularly in pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. Most patients with these metabolic diseases exhibit reduced serum FGF19 levels, which might contribute to its etiology. In addition, the simultaneous increase in serum FGF21 levels is likely a compensatory response to reduced FGF19 levels, and the 2 proteins concertedly maintain metabolic homeostasis. Here, we review the physiological and pharmacological cross talk between FGF19 and FGF21 in relation to the regulation of endocrine metabolism and various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Lechu Yu
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Xiufei Lin
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Peng Cheng
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Luqing He
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Xuemian Lu
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Yi Tan
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Hong Yang
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Lu Cai
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Chi Zhang
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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Lee WY. Articles in 'endocrinology and metabolism' in 2014. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:47-52. [PMID: 25827457 PMCID: PMC4384668 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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