1
|
McNulty H, Pentieva K, Ward M. Causes and Clinical Sequelae of Riboflavin Deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr 2023; 43:101-122. [PMID: 37603429 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061121-084407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin, in its cofactor forms flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), plays fundamental roles in energy metabolism, cellular antioxidant potential, and metabolic interactions with other micronutrients, including iron, vitamin B6, and folate. Severe riboflavin deficiency, largely confined to low-income countries, clinically manifests as cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and severe anemia with erythroid hypoplasia. Subclinical deficiency may be much more widespread, including in high-income countries, but typically goes undetected because riboflavin biomarkers are rarely measured in human studies. There are adverse health consequences of low and deficient riboflavin status throughout the life cycle, including anemia and hypertension, that could contribute substantially to the global burden of disease. This review considers the available evidence on causes, detection, and consequences of riboflavin deficiency, ranging from clinical deficiency signs to manifestations associated with less severe deficiency, and the related research, public health, and policy priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene McNulty
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland;
| | - Kristina Pentieva
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland;
| | - Mary Ward
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Udhani R, Kothari C, Sarvaiya J. A Comprehensive Study: Traditional and Cutting-Edge Analytical Techniques for the Biomarker Based Detection of the Micronutrients & POC Sensing Directions for Next-Generation Diagnostic. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-20. [PMID: 36720848 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2169823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency is wide spread and highly affects morbidity, mortality, and well-being of human beings. Micronutrient deficiency gradually manifests into diseases, which effects pathophysiology directly or indirectly. There is an imprecision in the diagnosis of micronutrient deficiency because of two causes; the selection of the standard biomarker and the diagnostic technique used. In appropriate diagnosis could increase the severity of the disorder. Instead of a single a combination of biomarkers can give more stringent results for micronutrient testing. Several traditional analytical techniques are used for diagnosis but HPLC, ELISA & LCMS/MS are most sensitive and reliable methods used by CLSIA-certified labs. However, these techniques require well-equipped, centralized laboratory facilities. The diagnostic era moves toward the Point of Care Testing (POCT), a boon in emerging diagnostics, breaking all paradigms of traditional analytical techniques. POCT led us toward the development of biosensors, which encompasses many techniques like paper-based sensors, microfluidic chip, wearable devices, and smartphone-assisted diagnostics, which become more popular diagnostic tools. This outlook summarizes the micronutrients like vitamins A, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 C, D, and E and Minerals like iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, and sodium; along with its biomarkers, analytical techniques, and point of care innovation in micronutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raveena Udhani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Charmy Kothari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jayrajsinh Sarvaiya
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Science University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Riboflavin in its coenzyme forms, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, is essential for multiple redox reactions necessary for energy production, antioxidant protection, and metabolism of other B vitamins, such as niacin, pyridoxine, and folate. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRac) is a biomarker of riboflavin status; ratios ≥1.40 are commonly interpreted as indicating biochemical deficiency. Most research on riboflavin status comes from low-income countries and rural settings, which reported high rates of riboflavin deficiency and inadequate intake. However, some studies suggest that riboflavin deficiency, based on the functional indicator EGRac, is also of concern in middle- and high-income countries. Biochemical riboflavin deficiency that does not cause clinical symptoms may contribute to anemia, particularly among women and children. Riboflavin enhances iron absorption, and riboflavin deficiency decreases iron mobilization from stores. The current knowledge on riboflavin's role in metabolic processes and its biochemical status is summarized in this review, and the available evidence on the role of riboflavin in anemia among different populations is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Aljaadi
- with the Clinical Nutrition Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela M Devlin
- with the Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tim J Green
- is with the Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jarrett H, McNulty H, Hughes CF, Pentieva K, Strain JJ, McCann A, McAnena L, Cunningham C, Molloy AM, Flynn A, Hopkins SM, Horigan G, O'Connor C, Walton J, McNulty BA, Gibney MJ, Lamers Y, Ward M. Vitamin B-6 and riboflavin, their metabolic interaction, and relationship with MTHFR genotype in adults aged 18-102 years. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1767-1778. [PMID: 36264281 PMCID: PMC9761749 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of the active form of vitamin B-6, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), in tissues is dependent upon riboflavin as flavin mononucleotide, but whether this interaction is important for maintaining vitamin B-6 status is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate vitamin B-6 and riboflavin status, their metabolic interaction, and relationship with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype in adulthood. METHODS Data from 5612 adults aged 18-102 y were drawn from the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS; population-based sample) and the Trinity-Ulster Department of Agriculture (TUDA) and Genovit cohorts (volunteer samples). Plasma PLP and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac), as a functional indicator of riboflavin, were determined. RESULTS Older (≥65 y) compared with younger (<65 y) adults had significantly lower PLP concentrations (P < 0.001). A stepwise decrease in plasma PLP was observed across riboflavin categories, from optimal (EGRac ≤1.26), to suboptimal (EGRac: 1.27-1.39), to deficient (EGRac ≥1.40) status, an effect most pronounced in older adults (mean ± SEM: 76.4 ± 0.9 vs 65.0 ± 1.1 vs 55.4 ± 1.2 nmol/L; P < 0.001). In individuals with the variant MTHFR 677TT genotype combined with riboflavin deficiency, compared with non-TT (CC/CT) genotype participants with sufficient riboflavin, we observed PLP concentrations of 52.1 ± 2.9 compared with 76.8 ±0.7 nmol/L (P < 0.001). In participants with available dietary data (i.e., NANS cohort, n = 936), PLP was associated with vitamin B-6 intake (nonstandardized regression coefficient β: 2.49; 95% CI 1.75, 3.24; P < 0.001), supplement use (β: 81.72; 95% CI: 66.01, 97.43; P < 0.001), fortified food (β: 12.49; 95% CI: 2.08, 22.91; P = 0.019), and EGRac (β: -65.81; 95% CI: -99.08, -32.54; P < 0.001), along with BMI (β: -1.81; 95% CI: -3.31, -0.30; P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the known metabolic dependency of PLP on flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and suggest that riboflavin may be the limiting nutrient for maintaining vitamin B-6 status, particularly in individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. Randomized trials are necessary to investigate the PLP response to riboflavin intervention within the dietary range. The TUDA study and the NANS are registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02664584 (27 January 2016) and NCT03374748 (15 December 2017), respectively.Clinical Trial Registry details: Trinity-Ulster-Department of Agriculture (TUDA) study, ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02664584 (January 27th 2016); National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS), ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT03374748 (December 15th 2017).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Jarrett
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine F Hughes
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Pentieva
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian McCann
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Liadhan McAnena
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Albert Flynn
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sinead M Hopkins
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Horigan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara O'Connor
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Janette Walton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Breige A McNulty
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J Gibney
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yvonne Lamers
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nosewicz J, Spaccarelli N, Roberts KM, Hart PA, Kaffenberger JA, Trinidad JC, Kaffenberger BH. The epidemiology, impact, and diagnosis of micronutrient nutritional dermatoses. Part 2: B-complex vitamins. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 86:281-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
6
|
Hinnouho GM, Hampel D, Shahab-Ferdows S, Barffour MA, McAnena L, Arnold CD, Ryan Wessells K, Kounnavong S, Allen LH, McNulty H, Hess SY. Daily supplementation of a multiple micronutrient powder improves folate but not thiamine, riboflavin, or vitamin B 12 status among young Laotian children: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3423-3435. [PMID: 35534778 PMCID: PMC9464137 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of intervention with a daily multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) on thiamine, riboflavin, folate, and B12 status among young Laotian children. METHODS Children (n = 1704) aged 6-23 mo, participating in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial were individually randomized to receive daily either MNP (containing 0.5 mg of thiamine, 0.5 mg riboflavin, 150 μg folic acid, and 0.9 μg vitamin B12 along with 11 other micronutrients) or placebo and followed for ~ 36 weeks. In a randomly selected sub-sample of 260 children, erythrocyte thiamine diphosphate (eThDP), plasma folate and B12 concentrations, and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac; riboflavin biomarker) were assessed at baseline and endline. RESULTS There was no treatment effect on endline eThDP concentrations (110.6 ± 8.9 nmol/L in MNP vs. 109.4 ± 8.9 nmol/L in placebo group; p = 0.924), EGRac (1.46 ± 0.3 vs. 1.49 ± 0.3; p = 0.184) and B12 concentrations (523.3 ± 24.6 pmol/L vs. 515.9 ± 24.8 pmol/L; p = 0.678). Likewise, the prevalence of thiamine, riboflavin, and B12 deficiencies did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, endline folate concentration was significantly higher in the MNP compared to the placebo group (28.2 ± 0.8 nmol/L vs 19.9 ± 0.8 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.001), and correspondingly, the prevalence of folate deficiency was significantly lower in the MNP group (1.6% vs 17.4%; p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Compared to a placebo, daily MNP for 9 months increased only folate but not thiamine, riboflavin, or B12 status in young Laotian children. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov (NCT02428647) on April 29 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Marino Hinnouho
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Helen Keller International, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA ,USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA USA
| | | | - Maxwell A. Barffour
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA ,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO USA ,Public Health Program, College of Health and Human Services, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO USA
| | - Liadhan McAnena
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Charles D. Arnold
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - K. Ryan Wessells
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Lindsay H. Allen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA ,USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA USA
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland UK
| | - Sonja Y. Hess
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Janssen JJE, Lagerwaard B, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Timmers S, de Boer VCJ, Keijer J. The Effect of a Single Bout of Exercise on Vitamin B2 Status Is Not Different between High- and Low-Fit Females. Nutrients 2021; 13:4097. [PMID: 34836352 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fitness individuals have been suggested to be at risk of a poor vitamin B2 (riboflavin) status due to a potentially higher vitamin B2 demand, as measured by the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) activation coefficient (EGRAC). Longer-term exercise interventions have been shown to result in a lower vitamin B2 status, but studies are contradictory. Short-term exercise effects potentially contribute to discrepancies between studies but have only been tested in limited study populations. This study investigated if vitamin B2 status, measured by EGRAC, is affected by a single exercise bout in females who differ in fitness levels, and that represents long-term physical activity. At baseline and overnight after a 60-min cycling bout at 70% V·O2peak, EGR activity and EGRAC were measured in 31 young female adults, divided into a high-fit (V·O2peak ≥ 47 mL/kg/min, N = 15) and low-fit (V·O2peak ≤ 37 mL/kg/min, N = 16) group. A single exercise bout significantly increased EGR activity in high-fit and low-fit females (Ptime = 0.006). This response was not affected by fitness level (Ptime*group = 0.256). The effect of exercise on EGRAC was not significant (Ptime = 0.079) and not influenced by EGR activity. The exercise response of EGRAC was not significantly different between high-fit and low-fit females (Ptime*group = 0.141). Thus, a single exercise bout increased EGR activity, but did not affect EGRAC, indicating that vitamin B2 status was not affected. The exercise response on EGRAC and EGR did not differ between high-fit and low-fit females.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou T, Li H, Shang M, Sun D, Liu C, Che G. Recent analytical methodologies and analytical trends for riboflavin (vitamin B2) analysis in food, biological and pharmaceutical samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 143:116412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Jungert A, McNulty H, Hoey L, Ward M, Strain JJ, Hughes CF, McAnena L, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Pentieva K. Riboflavin Is an Important Determinant of Vitamin B-6 Status in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2020; 150:2699-2706. [PMID: 32805038 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riboflavin is required to generate the active form of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; PLP) in tissues, but the relevance of this metabolic interaction for nutritional status of vitamin B-6 is unclear because riboflavin biomarkers are rarely measured in human studies. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of biomarkers of vitamin B-6 and riboflavin status and to examine the relationship between these nutrients in healthy adults. METHODS Multiple linear regression was performed on observational data in 407 healthy adults aged 18-92 y who did not use B-vitamin supplements. Vitamin B-6 status was assessed by plasma PLP concentrations and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac) was used as a functional indicator of riboflavin status. RESULTS Dietary intakes of vitamin B-6 and riboflavin were below the average requirements in 10% and 29% of participants, respectively. Suboptimal status of vitamin B-6 (PLP ≤30.0 nmol/L) was more prevalent in adults aged ≥60 y than in younger participants (i.e., 14% compared with 5%), whereas a high proportion (i.e., overall 37%) of both age groups had deficient riboflavin status (EGRac ≥1.40). In multiple regression analysis, EGRac (P = 0.019) was a significant determinant of plasma PLP, along with dietary vitamin B-6 intake (P = 0.003), age (P < 0.001), BMI (kg/m2) (P = 0.031), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) genotype (P < 0.001). Significant determinants of EGRac were dietary riboflavin intake (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001) and MTHFR genotype (P = 0.020). Plasma PLP showed a stepwise decrease across riboflavin status categories from optimal (EGRac ≤1.26) to low (EGRac 1.27-1.39) to deficient status (P = 0.001), independent of dietary vitamin B-6 intake. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the known metabolic dependency of vitamin B-6 on riboflavin status and indicate that riboflavin may be the limiting nutrient, particularly in older people, for maintaining adequate vitamin B-6 status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jungert
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Biometry and Population Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Leane Hoey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F Hughes
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Liadhan McAnena
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kristina Pentieva
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Amenyah SD, McMahon A, Ward M, Deane J, McNulty H, Hughes CF, Strain JJ, Horigan G, Purvis J, Walsh CP, Lees-Murdock DJ. Riboflavin supplementation alters global and gene-specific DNA methylation in adults with the MTHFR 677 TT genotype. Biochimie 2020; 173:17-26. [PMID: 32334045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is important in regulating gene expression and genomic stability while aberrant DNA methylation is associated with disease. Riboflavin (FAD) is a cofactor for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a critical enzyme in folate recycling, which generates methyl groups for homocysteine remethylation to methionine, the pre-cursor to the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). A polymorphism (C677T) in MTHFR results in decreased MTHFR activity and increased homocysteine concentration. Previous studies demonstrated that riboflavin modulates this phenotype in homozygous adults (MTHFR 677 TT genotype), however, DNA methylation was not considered. This study examined DNA methylation, globally and at key MTHFR regulatory sites, in adults stratified by MTHFR genotype and the effect of riboflavin supplementation on DNA methylation in individuals with the 677 TT genotype. Samples were accessed from participants, screened for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism, who participated in observational (n = 80) and targeted riboflavin (1.6 mg/day) RCTs (n = 80). DNA methylation at LINE-1 and key regulatory regions of the MTHFR locus were analysed by pyrosequencing in peripheral blood leukocytes. LINE-1 (+1.6%; p = 0.011) and MTHFR south shelf (+4.7%, p < 0.001) were significantly hypermethylated in individuals with the MTHFR 677 TT compared to CC genotype. Riboflavin supplementation resulted in decreased global methylation, albeit only significant at one CpG. A significant reduction in DNA methylation at the MTHFR north shore (-1.2%, p < 0.001) was also observed in TT adults following intervention with riboflavin. This provides the first RCT evidence that DNA methylation may be modulated by riboflavin in adults with the MTHFR 677 TT genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia D Amenyah
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Amy McMahon
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Deane
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F Hughes
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine Horigan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - John Purvis
- Department of Cardiology, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Colum P Walsh
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Diane J Lees-Murdock
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McNulty H, Strain JJ, Hughes CF, Pentieva K, Ward M. Evidence of a Role for One-Carbon Metabolism in Blood Pressure: Can B Vitamin Intervention Address the Genetic Risk of Hypertension Owing to a Common Folate Polymorphism? Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzz102. [PMID: 31956853 PMCID: PMC6955829 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension in adulthood is recognized as the leading risk factor contributing to mortality worldwide, primarily from cardiovascular disease, whereas hypertension in pregnancy leads to serious adverse fetal and maternal outcomes. This article explores the under-recognized role of one-carbon metabolism in blood pressure (BP) and the potential for folate-related B vitamins to protect against hypertension. Genome-wide association studies and clinical studies provide evidence linking the 677C→T polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with BP and increased risk of hypertension and hypertension in pregnancy. A novel role for riboflavin (the MTHFR cofactor) has recently emerged, however, with evidence from randomized trials that supplemental riboflavin can lower BP specifically in adults with the variant MTHFR 677TT genotype. Further studies are required to elucidate the biological mechanisms linking one-carbon metabolism with BP and explore the effect of riboflavin in modulating the genetic risk of hypertension in early and later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F Hughes
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Pentieva
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sharma P, Gillies N, Pundir S, Pileggi CA, Markworth JF, Thorstensen EB, Cameron-Smith D, Milan AM. Comparison of the Acute Postprandial Circulating B-Vitamin and Vitamer Responses to Single Breakfast Meals in Young and Older Individuals: Preliminary Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2893. [PMID: 31795162 PMCID: PMC6950174 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B-vitamin deficiency is common in ageing populations either due to altered dietary habits or altered digestive and metabolic functions. There is limited data on the acute circulating concentrations of B-vitamins and their various forms (vitamers), following ingestion of realistic meals. This study compared the acute circulating B-vitamin and vitamer responses to either an energy-dense (ED) or a nutrient-dense (ND) breakfast meal, consumed in a randomized cross-over sequence, in older and younger adults (n = 15 and 15, aged 67.3 ± 1.5 and 22.7 ± 0.5 years (mean ± SEM), respectively). Eleven differing B-vitamins and vitamers were determined in plasma samples by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, in the fasting and postprandial state (hourly for 5 h). While postprandial thiamine concentration increased following both meals, riboflavin increased only following a ND meal in both age groups. Many vitamins including nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal-5'phosphate, and 4-pyridoxic acid remained unaltered, and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), nicotinamide and nicotinuric acid concentrations reduced following both meals. Biological age and food composition had minimal impact on postprandial B-vitamin concentrations, yet the differences between the ED and ND meals for riboflavin highlight the importance of riboflavin intake to achieve adequacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaja Sharma
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gillies
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Shikha Pundir
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
| | - Chantal A. Pileggi
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
| | - James F. Markworth
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
| | - Eric B. Thorstensen
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Amber M. Milan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (P.S.); (N.G.); (S.P.); (C.A.P.); (J.F.M.); (E.B.T.); (D.C.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
James PT, Jawla O, Mohammed NI, Ceesay K, Akemokwe FM, Sonko B, Sise EA, Prentice AM, Silver MJ. A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002870. [PMID: 31408467 PMCID: PMC6691988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant DNA methylation profiles are associated with their mother's periconceptional nutritional status. DNA methylation relies on nutritional inputs for one-carbon metabolic pathways, including the efficient recycling of homocysteine. This randomised controlled trial in nonpregnant women in rural Gambia tests the efficacy of a novel nutritional supplement designed to improve one-carbon-related nutrient status by reducing plasma homocysteine, and assesses its potential future use in preconception trials. METHODS AND FINDINGS We designed a novel drink powder based on determinants of plasma homocysteine in the target population and tested it in a three-arm, randomised, controlled trial. Nonpregnant women aged between 18 and 45 from the West Kiang region of The Gambia were randomised in a 1:1:1 allocation to 12 weeks daily supplementation of either (a) a novel drink powder (4 g betaine, 800 μg folic acid, 5.2 μg vitamin B12, and 2.8 mg vitamin B2), (b) a widely used multiple micronutrient tablet (United Nations Multiple Micronutrient Preparation [UNIMMAP]) containing 15 micronutrients, or (c) no intervention. The trial was conducted between March and July 2018. Supplementation was observed daily. Fasted venepuncture samples were collected at baseline, midline (week 5), and endline (week 12) to measure plasma homocysteine. We used linear regression models to determine the difference in homocysteine between pairs of trial arms at midline and endline, adjusted for baseline homocysteine, age, and body mass index (BMI). Blood pressure and pulse were measured as secondary outcomes. Two hundred and ninety-eight eligible women were enrolled and randomised. Compliance was >97.8% for both interventions. At endline (our primary endpoint), the drink powder and UNIMMAP reduced mean plasma homocysteine by 23.6% (-29.5 to -17.1) and 15.5% (-21.2 to -9.4), respectively (both p < 0.001), compared with the controls. Compared with UNIMMAP, the drink powder reduced mean homocysteine by 8.8% (-15.8 to -1.2; p = 0.025). The effects were stronger at midline. There was no effect of either intervention on blood pressure or pulse compared with the control at endline. Self-reported adverse events (AEs) were similar in both intervention arms. There were two serious AEs reported over the trial duration, both in the drink powder arm, but judged to be unrelated to the intervention. Limitations of the study include the use of a single targeted metabolic outcome, homocysteine. CONCLUSIONS The trial confirms that dietary supplements can influence metabolic pathways that we have shown in previous studies to predict offspring DNA methylation. Both supplements reduced homocysteine effectively and remain potential candidates for future epigenetic trials in pregnancy in rural Gambia. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Reference NCT03431597.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip T. James
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ousubie Jawla
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuredin I. Mohammed
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kabiru Ceesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fatai M. Akemokwe
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bakary Sonko
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ebrima A. Sise
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J. Silver
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mcnulty H, Ward M, Hoey L, Hughes CF, Pentieva K. Addressing optimal folate and related B-vitamin status through the lifecycle: health impacts and challenges. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:449-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665119000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The functional effects of folate within C1 metabolism involve interrelationships with vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and riboflavin, and related gene–nutrient interactions. These B vitamins have important roles throughout life, from pregnancy, through childhood, to middle and older age. Achieving optimal nutritional status for preventing folate-related disease is challenging, however, primarily as a result of the poor stability and incomplete bioavailability of folate from natural food sources when compared with the synthetic vitamin form, folic acid. Thus, in European countries, measures to prevent neural tube defects (NTD) have been largely ineffective because of the generally poor compliance of women with folic acid supplementation as recommended before and in early pregnancy. In contrast, countries worldwide with mandatory folic acid fortification policies have experienced marked reductions in NTD. Low vitamin B12 status is associated with increased risk of cognitive dysfunction, CVD and osteoporosis. Achieving optimal B12 status can be problematic for older people, however, primarily owing to food-bound B12 malabsorption which leads to sub-clinical deficiency even with high dietary B12 intakes. Optimising B-vitamin intake may be particularly important for sub-populations with impaired folate metabolism owing to genetic characteristics, most notably the 677C→T variant in the gene encoding the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). This common folate polymorphism is linked with several adverse health outcomes, including stroke, however, recent evidence has identified its novel interaction with riboflavin (the MTHFR cofactor) in relation to blood pressure and risk of developing hypertension. This review addresses why and how the optimal status of folate-related B vitamins should be achieved through the lifecycle.
Collapse
|
15
|
Karakochuk CD, Hess SY, Moorthy D, Namaste S, Parker ME, Rappaport AI, Wegmüller R, Dary O. Measurement and interpretation of hemoglobin concentration in clinical and field settings: a narrative review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1450:126-146. [PMID: 30652320 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anemia affects over 800 million women and children globally. Defined as a limited or insufficient functional red blood cell supply in peripheral blood, anemia causes a reduced oxygen supply to tissues and can have serious health consequences for women and children. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is most commonly measured for anemia diagnosis. Methods to measure Hb are usually invasive (requiring a blood sample); however, advances in diagnostic and clinical chemistry over the past decade have led to the development of new noninvasive methods. Accurate diagnosis at the individual level is important to identify individuals who require treatment. At the population level, anemia prevalence estimates are often the impetus for national nutrition policies or programs. Thus, it is essential that methods for Hb measurement are sensitive, specific, accurate, and reproducible. The objective of our narrative review is to describe the basic principles, advantages, limitations, and quality control issues related to methods of Hb measurement in clinical and field settings. We also discuss other biomarkers and tests that can help to determine the severity and underlying causes of anemia. In conclusion, there are many established and emerging methods to measure Hb concentration, each with their own advantages, limitations, and factors to consider before use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Karakochuk
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sonja Y Hess
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Denish Moorthy
- USAID-funded Strengthening Partnerships, Results, and Innovation in Nutrition Globally Project, John Snow Inc., Arlington, Virginia
| | | | - Megan E Parker
- Nutrition Innovation, Maternal Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition, PATH, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aviva I Rappaport
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita Wegmüller
- GroundWork, Fläsch, Switzerland.,Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, Keneba, the Gambia
| | - Omar Dary
- Nutrition Division, Office of Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC
| | -
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Höller U, Bakker SJ, Düsterloh A, Frei B, Köhrle J, Konz T, Lietz G, Mccann A, Michels AJ, Molloy AM, Murakami H, Rein D, Saris WH, Schmidt K, Shimbo K, Schumacher S, Vermeer C, Kaput J, Weber P, Eggersdorfer M, Rezzi S. Micronutrient status assessment in humans: Current methods of analysis and future trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2018; 102:110-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
17
|
Hsieh WC, Bahal R, Thadke SA, Bhatt K, Sobczak K, Thornton C, Ly DH. Design of a "Mini" Nucleic Acid Probe for Cooperative Binding of an RNA-Repeated Transcript Associated with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Biochemistry 2018; 57:907-911. [PMID: 29334465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxic RNAs containing expanded trinucleotide repeats are the cause of many neuromuscular disorders, one being myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). DM1 is triggered by CTG-repeat expansion in the 3'-untranslated region of the DMPK gene, resulting in a toxic gain of RNA function through sequestration of MBNL1 protein, among others. Herein, we report the development of a relatively short miniPEG-γ peptide nucleic acid probe, two triplet repeats in length, containing terminal pyrene moieties, that is capable of binding rCUG repeats in a sequence-specific and selective manner. The newly designed probe can discriminate the pathogenic rCUGexp from the wild-type transcript and disrupt the rCUGexp-MBNL1 complex. The work provides a proof of concept for the development of relatively short nucleic acid probes for targeting RNA-repeat expansions associated with DM1 and other related neuromuscular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD), and §CNAST, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD), and §CNAST, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Shivaji A Thadke
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD), and §CNAST, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Kirti Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD), and §CNAST, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD), and §CNAST, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Charles Thornton
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD), and §CNAST, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Danith H Ly
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD), and §CNAST, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Neurology, Box 645, University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Lamberg-Allardt C, Przyrembel H, Tetens I, Dumas C, Fabiani L, Forss AC, Ioannidou S, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Dietary Reference Values for riboflavin. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04919. [PMID: 32625611 PMCID: PMC7010026 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for riboflavin. The Panel considers that the inflection point in the urinary riboflavin excretion curve in relation to riboflavin intake reflects body saturation and can be used as a biomarker of adequate riboflavin status. The Panel also considers that erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient is a useful biomarker, but has limitations. For adults, the Panel considers that average requirements (ARs) and population reference intakes (PRIs) can be determined from the weighted mean of riboflavin intake associated with the inflection point in the urinary riboflavin excretion curve reported in four intervention studies. PRIs are derived for adults and children assuming a coefficient of variation of 10%, in the absence of information on the variability in the requirement and to account for the potential effect of physical activity and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype. For adults, the AR and PRI are set at 1.3 and 1.6 mg/day. For infants aged 7–11 months, an adequate intake of 0.4 mg/day is set by upward extrapolation from the riboflavin intake of exclusively breastfed infants aged 0–6 months. For children, ARs are derived by downward extrapolation from the adult AR, applying allometric scaling and growth factors and considering differences in reference body weight. For children of both sexes aged 1–17 years, ARs range between 0.5 and 1.4 mg/day, and PRIs between 0.6 and 1.6 mg/day. For pregnant or lactating women, additional requirements are considered, to account for fetal uptake and riboflavin accretion in the placenta during pregnancy or the losses through breast milk, and PRIs of 1.9 and 2.0 mg/day, respectively, are derived. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1268/full
Collapse
|
19
|
Ulvik A, Hustad S, McCann A, Midttun Ø, Nygård OK, Ueland PM. Ratios of One-Carbon Metabolites Are Functional Markers of B-Vitamin Status in a Norwegian Coronary Angiography Screening Cohort. J Nutr 2017; 147:1167-1173. [PMID: 28381531 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.244657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Functional (metabolic) markers of B-vitamin status, including plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) for folate and plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) for vitamin B-12, suffer from moderate sensitivity and poor specificity. Ratios of metabolites belonging to the same pathway may have better performance characteristics.Objective: We evaluated the ratios of tHcy to total cysteine (tCys; Hcy:Cys), tHcy to creatinine (Hcy:Cre), and tHcy to tCys to creatinine (Hcy:Cys:Cre) as functional markers of B-vitamin status represented by a summary score composed of folate, cobalamin, betaine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), and riboflavin concentrations measured in plasma.Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from a cohort of patients with stable angina pectoris (2994 men and 1167 women) aged 21-88 y. The relative contribution of the B-vitamin score, age, sex, smoking, body mass index, and markers of renal function and inflammation to the variance of the functional B-vitamin markers was calculated by using multiple linear regression.Results: Compared with tHcy alone, Hcy:Cys, Hcy:Cre, and Hcy:Cys:Cre all showed improved sensitivity and specificity for detecting plasma B-vitamin status. Improvements in overall performance ranged from 4-fold for Hcy:Cys to ∼8-fold for Hcy:Cys:Cre and were particularly strong in subjects with the common 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677CC genotype.Conclusions: Ratios of tHcy to tCys and/or creatinine showed a severalfold improvement over tHcy alone as functional markers of B-vitamin status in Norwegian coronary angiography screenees. The biological rationale for these ratios is discussed in terms of known properties of enzymes involved in the catabolism of homocysteine and synthesis of creatine and creatinine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steinar Hustad
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Ottar K Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xin Z, Pu L, Gao W, Wang Y, Wei J, Shi T, Yao Z, Guo C. Riboflavin deficiency induces a significant change in proteomic profiles in HepG2 cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45861. [PMID: 28367977 PMCID: PMC5377456 DOI: 10.1038/srep45861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin deficiency is widespread in many regions over the world, especially in underdeveloped countries. In this study, we investigated the effects of riboflavin deficiency on protein expression profiles in HepG2 cells in order to provide molecular information for the abnormalities induced by riboflavin deficiency. HepG2 cells were cultured in media containing different concentrations of riboflavin. Changes of cell viability and apoptosis were assessed. A comparative proteomic analysis was performed using a label-free shotgun method with LC-MS/MS to investigate the global changes of proteomic profiles in response to riboflavin deficiency. Immunoblotting test was used to validate the results of proteomic approach. The cell viability and apoptosis tests showed that riboflavin was vital in maintaining the cytoactivity of HepG2 cells. The label-free proteomic analysis revealed that a total of 37 proteins showing differential expression (±2 fold, p < 0.05) were identified after riboflavin deficiency. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the riboflavin deficiency caused an up-regulation of Parkinson's disease pathway, steroid catabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptotic process, while the fatty acid metabolism, tricarboxylic citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism were down-regulated. These findings provide a molecular basis for the elucidation of the effects caused by riboflavin deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Xin
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lingling Pu
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Weina Gao
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jingyu Wei
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Tala Shi
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhanxin Yao
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Porter K, Hoey L, Hughes CF, Ward M, McNulty H. Causes, Consequences and Public Health Implications of Low B-Vitamin Status in Ageing. Nutrients 2016; 8:E725. [PMID: 27854316 PMCID: PMC5133110 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential protective roles of folate and the metabolically related B-vitamins (vitamins B12, B6 and riboflavin) in diseases of ageing are of increasing research interest. The most common cause of folate and riboflavin deficiencies in older people is low dietary intake, whereas low B12 status is primarily associated with food-bound malabsorption, while sub-optimal vitamin B6 status is attributed to increased requirements in ageing. Observational evidence links low status of folate and the related B-vitamins (and/or elevated concentrations of homocysteine) with a higher risk of degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive dysfunction and osteoporosis. Deficient or low status of these B-vitamins alone or in combination with genetic polymorphisms, including the common MTHFR 677 C → T polymorphism, could contribute to greater disease risk in ageing by causing perturbations in one carbon metabolism. Moreover, interventions with the relevant B-vitamins to optimise status may have beneficial effects in preventing degenerative diseases. The precise mechanisms are unknown but many have been proposed involving the role of folate and the related B-vitamins as co-factors for one-carbon transfer reactions, which are fundamental for DNA and RNA biosynthesis and the maintenance of methylation reactions. This review will examine the evidence linking folate and related B-vitamins with health and disease in ageing, associated mechanisms and public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Porter
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Leane Hoey
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Catherine F Hughes
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Mary Ward
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Helene McNulty
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Strohm D, Bechthold A, Isik N, Leschik-bonnet E, Heseker H. Revised reference values for the intake of thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and niacin. NFS Journal 2016; 3:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
McAuley E, McNulty H, Hughes C, Strain JJ, Ward M. Riboflavin status, MTHFR genotype and blood pressure: current evidence and implications for personalised nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:405-14. [PMID: 27170501 DOI: 10.1017/S0029665116000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical deficiency of the B-vitamin riboflavin (vitamin B2) is largely confined to developing countries; however accumulating evidence indicates that suboptimal riboflavin status is a widespread problem across the developed world. Few international data are available on riboflavin status as measured by the functional biomarker, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient, considered to be the gold standard index. One important role of riboflavin in the form of flavin dinucleotide is as a co-factor for the folate-metabolising enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Homozygosity for the common C677T polymorphism in MTHFR, affecting over 10 % of the UK and Irish populations and up to 32 % of other populations worldwide, has been associated with an increased risk of CVD, and more recently with hypertension. This review will explore available studies reporting riboflavin status worldwide, the interaction of riboflavin with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and the potential role of riboflavin in personalised nutrition. Evidence is accumulating for a novel role of riboflavin as an important modulator of blood pressure (BP) specifically in individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, with results from a number of recent randomised controlled trials demonstrating that riboflavin supplementation can significantly reduce systolic BP by 5-13 mmHg in these genetically at risk adults. Studies are however required to investigate the BP-lowering effect of riboflavin in different populations and in response to doses higher than 1·6 mg/d. Furthermore, work focusing on the translation of this research to health professionals and patients is also required.
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo C, Wei J, Gao W, Pu L, Tang Z, Li L. Plasma riboflavin is a useful marker for studying riboflavin requirement in Chinese male adults. Nutr Res 2016; 36:534-40. [PMID: 27188899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urinary riboflavin excretion and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient are frequently applied in determining riboflavin requirement. Previously, we found that plasma riboflavin is a sensitive marker in the assessment of riboflavin status in rat models. Here, we hypothesize that plasma riboflavin is a useful maker in studying riboflavin requirement. This study examines the changes of fasting plasma riboflavin and urinary riboflavin excretion in response to different riboflavin intake levels in Chinese male adults. The estimated average requirement (EAR) of riboflavin was extrapolated. Seventy-eight participants were randomly divided into the control and 5 riboflavin-supplemented groups. A 6-week riboflavin supplementation was performed at the doses of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, or 1.0 mg daily. The energy expenditure was 15.4 ± 1.9 MJ/d, as estimated by the 24-hour physical activity recording method. Dietary riboflavin intake was 1.0 ± 0.2 mg/d, based on chemical analysis. The fasting plasma riboflavin was increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner when the supplemented riboflavin exceeded 0.4 mg/d and the EAR of riboflavin was suggested to be between 1.3 and 1.5 mg/d. In addition, we found a significant increase in fasting urinary riboflavin excretion when the supplemented riboflavin exceeded 0.6 mg/d. The critical point was calculated as 1.4 mg/d, based on the intersecting point of the 2 regression lines at lower and higher riboflavin intakes. These findings demonstrate that plasma riboflavin is a sensitive marker for riboflavin status, and the EAR of riboflavin for Chinese male adults is 1.4 mg.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ferrari A, de Carvalho AM, Steluti J, Teixeira J, Marchioni DML, Aguiar S. Folate and nutrients involved in the 1-carbon cycle in the pretreatment of patients for colorectal cancer. Nutrients 2015; 7:4318-35. [PMID: 26043032 PMCID: PMC4488786 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the ingestion of folate and nutrients involved in the 1-carbon cycle in non-treated patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma in a reference center for oncology in southeastern Brazil. In total, 195 new cases with colorectal adenocarcinoma completed a clinical evaluation questionnaire and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Blood samples from 161 patients were drawn for the assessment of serum folate. A moderate correlation was found between serum concentrations of folate, folate intake and the dietary folate equivalent (DFE) of synthetic supplements. Mulatto or black male patients with a primary educational level had a higher intake of dietary folate. Of patients obtaining folate from the diet alone or from dietary supplements, 11.00% and 0.10%, respectively, had intake below the recommended level. Of the patients using dietary supplements, 35% to 50% showed high levels of folic acid intake. There was a prevalence of inadequacy for vitamins B2, B6 and B12, ranging from 12.10% to 20.18%, while 13.76% to 22.55% of patients were likely to have adequate choline intake. The considerable percentage of patients with folate intake above the recommended levels deserves attention because of the harmful effects that this nutrient may have in the presence of established neoplastic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Ferrari
- Department of Pelvic Surgery, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Professor Antônio Prudente, 211, Liberdade, São Paulo (SP) CEP 01509-010, Brazil.
| | - Aline Martins de Carvalho
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Consolação, São Paulo (SP) CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Steluti
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Consolação, São Paulo (SP) CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Teixeira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Consolação, São Paulo (SP) CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, Consolação, São Paulo (SP) CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Aguiar
- Department of Pelvic Surgery, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Professor Antônio Prudente, 211, Liberdade, São Paulo (SP) CEP 01509-010, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang YP, Wei JY, Yang JJ, Gao WN, Wu JQ, Guo CJ. Riboflavin supplementation improves energy metabolism in mice exposed to acute hypoxia. Physiol Res 2014; 63:341-50. [PMID: 24564599 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of riboflavin on energy metabolism in hypoxic mice. Kunming mice were fed diets containing riboflavin at doses of 6, 12, 24 and 48 mg/kg, respectively for 2 weeks before exposure to a simulated altitude of 6000 m for 8 h. Changes of riboflavin status and energy metabolism were assessed biochemically. Simultaneously, a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomic technique was used to track the changes of plasma metabolic profiling. It was found that the content of hepatic riboflavin was decreased and erythrocyte glutathione activation coefficient was elevated significantly under hypoxic condition. Meanwhile, increased plasma pyruvate, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea, as well as decreased plasma carnitine were observed. Riboflavin supplementation improved riboflavin status remarkably in hypoxic mice and decreased plasma levels of pyruvate, free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate significantly. Plasma carnitine was increased in response to riboflavin supplementation. Results obtained from (1)H NMR analysis were basically in line with the data from biochemical assays and remarkable changes in plasma taurine, choline and some other metabolites were also indicated. It was concluded that riboflavin requirement was increased under acute hypoxic condition and riboflavin supplementation was effective in improving energy metabolism in hypoxic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y P Wang
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Lister
- Rutgers University School of Health Related Professions, Newark, New Jersey
- Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Nanaimo, British Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Malara M, Hübner-Wozniak E, Lewandowska I. Assessment of intake and nutritional status of vitamin b1, b2, and b6 in men and women with different physical activity levels. Biol Sport 2013; 30:117-23. [PMID: 24744477 PMCID: PMC3944584 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1044430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the nutritional status of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 in respect to dietary intake of these vitamins and activity coefficients of the erythrocyte enzymes transketolase, glutathione reductase, and aspartic aminotransferase in young men and women with different physical activity levels. The participants of this study were 20 women and 20 men with high physical activity (groups HAW and HAM, respectively), and 20 women and 20 men with low physical activity (groups LAW and LAM, respectively). The intake of vitamins B1, B2, B6, proteins, and calorie content of the diet was based on the average of the 4-day dietary recalls. To assess nutritional status of vitamin B1, B2, and B6, the activity coefficients (α) of erythrocyte transketolase (ETK), erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR), and erythrocyte aspartic aminotransferase (EAST) were estimated in blood hemolysates. The intake of the studied vitamins in the diet was statistically significantly lower in the female groups compared with the respective male groups. Deficiency of vitamin B6 in the diet was present more often in women than in men (in terms of the recommended dietary allowances [RDA]). Values of the activity coefficient αETK indicated that none of the groups in this study suffered the risk of vitamin B1 deficiency. The value of the activity coefficient αEGR indicated that the groups of women and men with low physical activity were more prone to vitamin B2 deficiency compared with the high physical activity groups. The risk of vitamin B6 deficiency (αEAST) in both male groups was higher than in both female groups. The obtained results do not allow for unequivocal determination of the impact of sex and the level of physical activity on intake and nutritional status of vitamin B1, B2, and B6. Independently of sex and the level of physical activity, the women and men consumed insufficient quantities of vitamins B1 and B6, although this was not always related to increased values of corresponding activity coefficients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Malara
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Hübner-Wozniak
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - I Lewandowska
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fitzpatrick AM, Jones DP, Brown LAS. Glutathione redox control of asthma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:375-408. [PMID: 22304503 PMCID: PMC3353819 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow limitation in response to specific triggers. Whereas inflammation is important for tissue regeneration and wound healing, the profound and sustained inflammatory response associated with asthma may result in airway remodeling that involves smooth muscle hypertrophy, epithelial goblet-cell hyperplasia, and permanent deposition of airway extracellular matrix proteins. Although the specific mechanisms responsible for asthma are still being unraveled, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are important mediators of airway tissue damage that are increased in subjects with asthma. There is also a growing body of literature implicating disturbances in oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions and impaired antioxidant defenses as a risk factor for asthma development and asthma severity. Ultimately, these redox-related perturbations result in a vicious cycle of airway inflammation and injury that is not always amenable to current asthma therapy, particularly in cases of severe asthma. This review will discuss disruptions of redox signaling and control in asthma with a focus on the thiol, glutathione, and reduced (thiol) form (GSH). First, GSH synthesis, GSH distribution, and GSH function and homeostasis are discussed. We then review the literature related to GSH redox balance in health and asthma, with an emphasis on human studies. Finally, therapeutic opportunities to restore the GSH redox balance in subjects with asthma are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Nutrition must affect the structure and functioning of the brain. Since the brain has very high metabolic activity, what we consume throughout the day is likely to dramatically influence both its structure and moment to moment function. It follows that nutritional approaches to all neurological disorders are being researched and entering medical practice, while nutraceutical use is a mainstay of public habits. This review discusses the biological basis for non-conventional or non-mainstream approaches to the treatment of migraine. This requires at least limited discussion of current migraine pathophysiologic theory. How nutrients and other chemicals and approaches are mechanistically involved within migraine pathways is the focus of this article. The nutraceuticals reviewed in detail are: magnesium, riboflavin, coenzyme Q10, petasites, and feverfew with additional comments on marijuana and oxygen/hyperbaric oxygen. This article reviews the science when known related to the potential genetic susceptibility and sensitivity to these treatments. As we know, the basic science in this field is very preliminary, so whether to combine approaches and presumably mechanisms or use them alone or with or without conventional therapies is far from clear. Nonetheless, as more patients and providers participate in patient-centered approaches to care, knowledge of the science underpinning nutritional, nutraceutical, and complementary approaches to treatment for migraine will certainly benefit this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick R Taylor
- From the Park Nicollet Headache Center, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effectiveness of gastric bypass (GBP) on reduction of vascular risk factors is well established, but GBP induces nutritional deficits that could reduce the cardiovascular benefit of weight loss. Particularly, hyperhomocysteinemia, now clearly identified as a vascular risk factor, has been described after GBP. The aim of this study was to clarify the factors associated with increased homocysteine concentration after GBP. METHODS Homocysteine concentration and multiple nutritional parameters were measured in 213 consecutive subjects. One hundred and eight subjects were studied before surgery (control (CT)), 115 one to 6 years after GBP, and 41 both before and 6 months after GBP. RESULTS Homocysteine concentration did not differ before and after GBP (9.1 ± 3.2 vs 8.6 ± 3.4 μmol/l), but 94% of subjects had been supplemented with a multivitamin preparation after surgery. The nutritional parameters best correlated with homocysteine concentration both before and after GBP were folate and creatinine concentrations (p < 0.0001). In contrast, vitamin B12 and metabolic parameters (including glucose, insulin, lipids and C-reactive protein) were not associated with homocysteine concentration. After GBP, homocysteine concentration was significantly lower in subjects taking a multivitamin supplementation containing a high dose of folate than those who did not (7.7 ± 2.8 vs 10.1 ± 3.9 μmol/l, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The main determinants of homocysteine concentration identified in this study are folate and serum creatinine. Multivitamin supplementation with a high dose of folate prevents hyperhomocysteinemia after GBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ledoux
- Explorations Fonctionnelles, Centre de Référence de l'Obésité, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Heyob KM, Rogers LK, Tipple TE, Welty SE. Riboflavin supplementation does not attenuate hyperoxic lung injury in transgenic (spc-mt)hGR mice. Exp Lung Res 2010; 37:155-61. [PMID: 21128861 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.516057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that mice expressing mitochondrially targeted human glutathione reductase (GR) driven by a surfactant protein C promoter ((spc-mt)hGR) are functionally riboflavin deficient and that this deficiency exacerbates hyperoxic lung injury. The authors further hypothesized that dietary supplementation with riboflavin (FADH) will improve the bioactivity of GR, thus enhancing resistance to hyperoxic lung injury. Transgenic (mt-spc)hGR mice and their nontransgenic littermates were fed control or riboflavin-supplemented diets upon weaning. At 6 weeks of age the mice were exposed to either room air (RA) or >95% O(2) for up to 84 hours. GR activities (with and without exogenous FADH) and GR protein levels were measured in lung tissue homogenates. Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations were assayed to identify changes in GR activity in vivo. Lung injury was assessed by right lung to body weight ratios and bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentrations. The data showed that enhanced GR activity in the mitochondria of lung type II cells does not protect adult mice from hyperoxic lung injury. Furthermore, the addition of riboflavin to the diets of (spc-mt)hGR mice neither enhances GR activities nor offers protection from hyperoxic lung injury. The results indicated that modulation of mitochondrial GR activity in lung type II cells is not an effective therapy to minimize hyperoxic lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Heyob
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
van Ommen B, El-Sohemy A, Hesketh J, Kaput J, Fenech M, Evelo CT, McArdle HJ, Bouwman J, Lietz G, Mathers JC, Fairweather-Tait S, van Kranen H, Elliott R, Wopereis S, Ferguson LR, Méplan C, Perozzi G, Allen L, Rivero D. The Micronutrient Genomics Project: a community-driven knowledge base for micronutrient research. Genes Nutr 2010; 5:285-96. [PMID: 21189865 PMCID: PMC2989004 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrients influence multiple metabolic pathways including oxidative and inflammatory processes. Optimum micronutrient supply is important for the maintenance of homeostasis in metabolism and, ultimately, for maintaining good health. With advances in systems biology and genomics technologies, it is becoming feasible to assess the activity of single and multiple micronutrients in their complete biological context. Existing research collects fragments of information, which are not stored systematically and are thus not optimally disseminated. The Micronutrient Genomics Project (MGP) was established as a community-driven project to facilitate the development of systematic capture, storage, management, analyses, and dissemination of data and knowledge generated by biological studies focused on micronutrient–genome interactions. Specifically, the MGP creates a public portal and open-source bioinformatics toolbox for all “omics” information and evaluation of micronutrient and health studies. The core of the project focuses on access to, and visualization of, genetic/genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic information related to micronutrients. For each micronutrient, an expert group is or will be established combining the various relevant areas (including genetics, nutrition, biochemistry, and epidemiology). Each expert group will (1) collect all available knowledge, (2) collaborate with bioinformatics teams towards constructing the pathways and biological networks, and (3) publish their findings on a regular basis. The project is coordinated in a transparent manner, regular meetings are organized and dissemination is arranged through tools, a toolbox web portal, a communications website and dedicated publications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben van Ommen
- TNO Quality of Life, P.O. box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - John Hesketh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School and Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Jim Kaput
- Division of Personalized Nutrition and Medicine, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA
| | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Chris T. Evelo
- Department of Bioinformatics—BiGCaT, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J. McArdle
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB UK
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- TNO Quality of Life, P.O. box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Kings Road, Agriculture Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - John C. Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Sue Fairweather-Tait
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | | | - Ruan Elliott
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA UK
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- TNO Quality of Life, P.O. box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Méplan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School and Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Giuditta Perozzi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences—INRAN, National Research Institute on Food & Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Lindsay Allen
- USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, 530 W. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Damariz Rivero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to riboflavin (vitamin B2) and contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 29, 35, 36, 42), contribution to normal metabolism of iron (ID 30, 37), maintenance of normal skin and m. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
36
|
Lambert JP, Ashwell M. Developing micronutrient reference values: prioritization of tool development by the EURRECA Network of Excellence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:S11-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
van Maldegem BT, Duran M, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Wijburg FA. Flavin adenine dinucleotide status and the effects of high-dose riboflavin treatment in short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:304-8. [PMID: 19952864 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181cbd57b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD) is an inborn error, biochemically characterized by increased plasma butyrylcarnitine (C4-C) concentration and increased ethylmalonic acid (EMA) excretion and caused by rare mutations and/or common gene variants in the SCAD encoding gene. Although its clinical relevance is not clear, SCADD is included in most US newborn screening programs. Riboflavin, the precursor of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD, cofactor), might be effective for treating SCADD. We assessed the FAD status and evaluated the effects of riboflavin treatment in a prospective open-label cohort study involving 16 patients with SCADD, subdivided into mutation/mutation (mut/mut), mutation/variant (mut/var), and variant/variant (var/var) genotype groups. Blood FAD levels were normal in all patients before therapy, but significantly lower in the mut/var and var/var groups compared with the mut/mut group. Riboflavin treatment resulted in a decrease in EMA excretion in the mut/var group and in a subjective clinical improvement in four patients from this group. However, this improvement persisted after stopping treatment. These results indicate that high-dose riboflavin treatment may improve the biochemical features of SCADD, at least in patients with a mut/var genotype and low FAD levels. As our study could not demonstrate a clinically relevant effect of riboflavin, general use of riboflavin cannot be recommended.
Collapse
|
38
|
Djordjevic V, Nikolic A, Ljujic M, Nestorovic A, Ristanovic M, Tulic C, Radojkovic D. Combined effect of GSTM1 gene deletion, GSTT1 gene deletion and MTHFR C677T mutation in male infertility. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010; 62:525-30. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1003525d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletion and MTHFR C677T mutation and male infertility. The study has encompassed 52 infertile and 56 fertile males. Genotype distributions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions and the MTHFR C677T mutation did not differ significantly among the analyzed groups, however, a difference in distribution of certain genotype combinations was observed. The obtained results indicate that carriers of double GSTM1/GSTT1 deletion and the MTHFR 677CC genotype are at higher risk of infertility than carriers of any other combination of genotypes (OR 3.5, 95%CI 0.68-18.30). .
Collapse
|
39
|
Ristic-Medic D, Piskackova Z, Hooper L, Ruprich J, Casgrain A, Ashton K, Pavlovic M, Glibetic M. Methods of assessment of iodine status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:2052S-2069S. [PMID: 19420096 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of iodine status are required to study iodine deficiency disorders in different parts of the world and to evaluate the effects of fortification strategies. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the usefulness of biomarkers of iodine status in humans by systematically reviewing intervention studies that altered iodine status. DESIGN We performed a structured search for iodine intervention studies on Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library. Studies were assessed for inclusion and validity, with independent duplication. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS Twenty-one intervention studies (12 randomized controlled trials, 3 controlled clinical trials, and 6 before-after studies) were included in the review. Urinary iodine (in children and adolescents and in those with low and moderate baseline iodine status), thyroglobulin (in children and adolescents but not in pregnant and lactating women), serum thyroxine (in children and adolescents, adults, women, and those with moderate baseline thyroxine status but not in pregnant and lactating women), and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (in pregnant and lactating women but not in children and adolescents or those at moderate baseline status), but not triiodothyronine, proved to be useful biomarkers of iodine status. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high risk of bias of many of the included studies, the results suggested that urinary iodine, thyroglobin, serum thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone are useful biomarkers of iodine status, at least in some groups. High-quality controlled studies measuring relevant long-term outcomes are needed to address which biomarker is the most appropriate for assessing iodine intake in some population groups and settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Ristic-Medic
- Institute for Medical Research, the Laboratory for Nutrition and Metabolism, the University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND National survey data of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac) indicate that suboptimal riboflavin status may be a problem in all population age groups, but the cutoff for deficiency is controversial. In addition, the effectiveness of different biomarkers of riboflavin status has not been critically evaluated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the effectiveness of different biomarkers of riboflavin status through a systematic review of published riboflavin supplementation trials. DESIGN We structured our search strategy on Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane databases; formal inclusion and exclusion criteria; data extraction; validity assessment; and meta-analysis. RESULTS Eighteen supplementation studies reporting up to 14 biomarkers were included. Sufficient data were available to show that EGRac (14 studies) and basal glutathione reductase activity (5 studies) were effective biomarkers of altered riboflavin intake (P < 0.00001), although substantial heterogeneity (I2 > 66%) that could not be explained by the subgroup analysis was observed. Plasma total homocysteine was not an effective biomarker of riboflavin status in the general population, but some evidence identified its potential usefulness specifically in those homozygous for a common polymorphism in the MTHFR gene. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that EGRac is an effective biomarker of a change in riboflavin intake in populations with severe-to-normal baseline status. Studies of healthy populations that compare the response to low-dose supplementation among different age, sex, and MTHFR genotype groups are required to provide evidence for generating dietary riboflavin recommendations specific to different population subgroups. Further research into alternative biomarkers to EGRac is also required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leane Hoey
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is the currently accepted vitamin D status marker of choice, use of other biomarkers or functional endpoints have been suggested. OBJECTIVE The objective was to systematically review the effectiveness of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and calcium absorption as biomarkers of vitamin D status. DESIGN Methods included a structured search on Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane CENTRAL; rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria; data extraction; quality assessment; meta-analysis; and meta-regression. RESULTS Thirty-six vitamin D supplementation randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 before-after studies were included. Vitamin D supplementation significantly raised circulating 25(OH)D in all but one RCT, but the response was highly heterogeneous [weighted mean difference (WMD): 34.1 nmol/L; 95% CI: 28.9, 39.2; 32 RCTs; I2 = 97%). Vitamin D supplementation (without calcium) significantly lowered circulating PTH (WMD: -0.29 pmol/L; 95% CI: -0.56, -0.02; 11 RCTs; I2 = 29%), but this was not apparent in the presence of calcium supplementation. There was a suggestion that whole-body or lumbar spine BMD may be a useful biomarker in older people but not in adolescents. Bone turnover markers were not useful biomarkers of vitamin D status, but 4 before-after studies suggested that intestinal calcium absorption may respond to vitamin D status. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review confirmed that circulating 25(OH)D is a robust and reliable marker of vitamin D status. Further research is needed to clarify which population subgroups show responses of PTH, BMD, and/or calcium absorption in response to changes in vitamin D status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Seamans
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fekete K, Marosvölgyi T, Jakobik V, Decsi T. Methods of assessment of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:2070S-2084S. [PMID: 19420097 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of reliable biomarkers of n-3 (omega-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status is a prerequisite for linking dietary n-3 LCPUFA status to clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the usefulness of different biomarkers of n-3 LCPUFA status in healthy humans. DESIGN We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane databases from inception to September 2007 for human intervention studies in which n-3 LCPUFA status changed after > or =2 wk of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation. We used formal inclusion/exclusion criteria and applied standard procedures for data extraction, validity assessment, and meta-analysis. RESULTS We included 41 studies (34 randomized controlled trials and 7 before-after studies) reporting on 18 different biomarkers. The data allowed specific evaluation of biomarkers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) status in response to supplementation. There were sufficient data to determine that plasma DHA, plasma phospholipid DHA, plasma triacylglycerol DHA, plasma cholesteryl ester DHA, plasma nonesterified DHA, erythrocyte DHA, erythrocyte phospholipid DHA, and platelet DHA were all effective biomarkers of DHA status and that plasma phospholipid EPA was an effective marker of EPA status. Plasma phospholipid DHA appears to be a good marker of DHA status in adult men and women irrespective of DHA baseline status or supplementation dose, but its usefulness in other population subgroups is unclear. CONCLUSION There appears to be a range of useful biomarkers of DHA status in humans, but further research is needed to characterize which work best in particular population subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Fekete
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ashton K, Hooper L, Harvey LJ, Hurst R, Casgrain A, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Methods of assessment of selenium status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:2025S-2039S. [PMID: 19420095 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the effect of selenium intake on health, it is important to identify sensitive and population-specific biomarkers of selenium status. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to assess the usefulness of biomarkers of selenium status in humans. DESIGN The methods included a structured search strategy on Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane databases; formal inclusion and exclusion criteria; data extraction into an Access database; validity assessment; and meta-analysis. RESULTS The data from 18 selenium supplementation studies (of which 9 were randomized controlled trials and 1 was considered to be at low risk of bias) indicate that plasma, erythrocyte, and whole-blood selenium, plasma selenoprotein P, and plasma, platelet, and whole-blood glutathione peroxidase activity respond to changes in selenium intake. Although there is a substantial body of data for plasma selenium, more large, high-quality, randomized controlled trials are needed for this biomarker, as well as for the other biomarkers, to explore the reasons for heterogeneity in response to selenium supplementation. There was insufficient evidence to assess the usefulness of other potential biomarkers of selenium status, including urinary selenium, plasma triiodothyroxine:thyroxine ratio, plasma thyroxine, plasma total homocysteine, hair and toenail selenium, erythrocyte, and muscle glutathione peroxidase activity. CONCLUSIONS For all potentially useful biomarkers, more information is needed to evaluate their strengths and limitations in different population groups, including the effects of varying intakes, the duration of intervention, baseline selenium status, and possible confounding effects of genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Ashton
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, the University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hoey L, Strain JJ, McNulty H. Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with vitamin B-12: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1981S-1996S. [PMID: 19403638 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild vitamin B-12 deficiency is common among older adults, but evidence for setting dietary recommendations is limited because most studies have administered vitamin B-12 via nonoral routes or at doses several hundred times higher than current recommendations. Furthermore, different biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status have not been systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effectiveness of biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status through a systematic review of published randomized controlled trials of oral vitamin B-12 supplementation. DESIGN Methods included a structured search strategy on Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane databases; formal inclusion and exclusion criteria; data extraction; validity assessment; and meta-analysis. RESULTS Eight randomized controlled trials were included, and all studies measured serum and plasma total vitamin B-12, 3 studies measured methylmalonic acid, and 6 studies measured total homocysteine response. All 3 biomarkers were found to be effective measures of altered vitamin B-12 intake in populations with low and borderline baseline vitamin B-12 status (P < 0.00001); however, in the case of total vitamin B-12, substantial heterogeneity that could not be fully explained by subgroup analysis was observed. Insufficient data were available to determine the effectiveness of plasma holotranscobalamin, which was measured in only one randomized controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that plasma and serum concentrations of total vitamin B-12, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine are all effective biomarkers of a change in vitamin B-12 intake; however, because the available data were limited, it was not possible to examine fully the factors that could explain the substantial heterogeneity in total vitamin B-12. Future trials should include low-dose vitamin B-12 in adults across the entire age spectrum and measure the holotranscobalamin response to supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leane Hoey
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hooper L, Ashton K, Harvey LJ, Decsi T, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Assessing potential biomarkers of micronutrient status by using a systematic review methodology: methods. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1953S-1959S. [PMID: 19403633 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the relation between micronutrient status and health, it is important to understand which markers of micronutrient status can be relied on and under what circumstances. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article was to develop a common systematic review methodology for use in the assessment of micronutrient status for selenium, iodine, copper, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, and omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. DESIGN We developed a methodology on the basis of defining studies that clearly altered micronutrient status and then pooled data on the effects of this intervention on each specific biomarker to assess objectively the response of various status markers to changes in intake. RESULTS The generic methodology included defining, and systematically searching for, studies that resulted in a change in micronutrient status. Study inclusion, data extraction, and assessment of validity were conducted with a minimum of 10% independent duplication. For each study and each potential biomarker, the highest dose and longest duration intervention data were selected to assess the statistical significance of any change in intake on the status biomarker. The consistency of biomarker response was explored by subgrouping the studies according to baseline micronutrient status, sex, population group, supplementation type, dose, duration, and analytic method. CONCLUSION This methodology allows systematic assessment of the usefulness of a number of biomarkers for a selection of micronutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human health and has numerous structural and biochemical roles. The search for a reliable, sensitive, and specific index of zinc status has been the subject of considerable research, which has resulted in the identification of a number of potentially useful biomarkers. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the usefulness of biomarkers of zinc status in humans. DESIGN The methods included a structured search strategy using Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library CENTRAL databases; formal inclusion and exclusion criteria; data extraction into an Access database; quality and validity assessment; and meta-analysis. RESULTS Data on 32 potential biomarkers from 46 publications were analyzed. Plasma zinc concentration responded in a dose-dependent manner to dietary manipulation in adults, women, men, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, and those at low and moderate baseline zinc status. Urinary zinc excretion responded to zinc status overall and in all subgroups for which there were sufficient data. Hair zinc concentration also responded, but there were insufficient studies for subgroup analysis. Platelet, polymorphonuclear cell, mononuclear cell, and erythrocyte zinc concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity did not appear to be effective biomarkers of zinc status. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review confirms that in healthy individuals, plasma, urinary, and hair zinc are reliable biomarkers of zinc status. Further high-quality studies using these biomarkers are required, particularly in infants, adolescents, and immigrant population groups for whom there are limited data. Studies are also required to fully assess a range of additional potential zinc biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Lowe
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology, the University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Harvey LJ, Ashton K, Hooper L, Casgrain A, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Methods of assessment of copper status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:2009S-2024S. [PMID: 19420093 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of dietary adequacy of copper is constrained by the absence of recognized copper status biomarkers. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to systematically review the usefulness of copper status biomarkers and identify those that reflected changes in status over > or =4 wk. DESIGN The methods included a structured search on Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane databases to October 2007, followed by the use of formal inclusion/exclusion criteria, data extraction, validity assessment, and meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 16 studies (288 participants) were included in the review, with data on 16 possible copper biomarkers. All of the included studies were small and at high risk of bias. Data for serum copper suggested its value as a biomarker, reflecting changes in status in both depleted and replete individuals, although these changes were smaller in the latter. Total ceruloplasmin protein is related to copper status but reflects changes in highly depleted individuals only. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and urinary deoxypyridinoline are not useful biomarkers, but there were insufficient data to draw firm conclusions about plasma, erythrocyte, and platelet copper; leukocyte superoxide dismutase; erythrocyte, platelet, and plasma glutathione peroxidase; platelet and leukocyte cytochrome-c oxidase; total glutathione; diamine oxidase; and urinary pyridinoline. The paucity of data prevented detailed subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS Despite limited data, serum copper appears to be a useful biomarker of copper status at the population level. Further large studies with low risk of bias are needed to explore the effectiveness of other biomarkers of copper status and the relation between biomarker responsiveness, dose, and period of supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Harvey
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|