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Yu T, Schuette F, Christofi M, Forrester JV, Graham GJ, Kuffova L. The atypical chemokine receptor-2 fine-tunes the immune response in herpes stromal keratitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054260. [PMID: 36518752 PMCID: PMC9742518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a blinding corneal disease caused by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a common pathogen infecting most of the world's population. Inflammation in HSK is chemokine-dependent, particularly CXCL10 and less so the CC chemokines. The atypical chemokine receptor-2 (ACKR2) is a decoy receptor predominantly for pro-inflammatory CC chemokines, which regulates the inflammatory response by scavenging inflammatory chemokines thereby modulating leukocyte infiltration. Deletion of ACKR2 exacerbates and delays the resolution of the inflammatory response in most models. ACKR2 also regulates lymphangiogenesis and mammary duct development through the recruitment of tissue-remodeling macrophages. Here, we demonstrate a dose-dependent upregulation of ACKR2 during corneal HSV-1 infection. At an HSV inoculum dose of 5.4 x 105 pfu, but not at higher dose, ACKR2 deficient mice showed prolonged clinical signs of HSK, increased infiltration of leukocytes and persistent corneal neovascularization. Viral clearance and T cell activation were similar in ACKR2-/- and wild type mice, despite a transient diminished expression of CD40 and CD86 in dendritic cells. The data suggest that ACKR2 fine-tunes the inflammatory response and the level of neovascularization in the HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Fabian Schuette
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Christofi
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - John V. Forrester
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerard J. Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Division of Applied Medicine, Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Eye Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Brown JL, Delaney C, Short B, Butcher MC, McKloud E, Williams C, Kean R, Ramage G. Candida auris Phenotypic Heterogeneity Determines Pathogenicity In Vitro. mSphere 2020; 5:e00371-20. [PMID: 32581078 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00371-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an enigmatic yeast that provides substantial global risk in health care facilities and intensive care units. A unique phenotype exhibited by certain isolates of C. auris is their ability to form small clusters of cells known as aggregates, which have been to a limited extent described in the context of pathogenic traits. In this study, we screened several nonaggregative and aggregative C. auris isolates for biofilm formation, where we observed a level of heterogeneity among the different phenotypes. Next, we utilized an RNA sequencing approach to investigate the transcriptional responses during biofilm formation of a nonaggregative and aggregative isolate of the initial pool. Observations from these analyses indicate unique transcriptional profiles in the two isolates, with several genes identified relating to proteins involved in adhesion and invasion of the host in other fungal species. From these findings, we investigated for the first time the fungal recognition and inflammatory responses of a three-dimensional skin epithelial model to these isolates. In these models, a wound was induced to mimic a portal of entry for C. auris We show that both phenotypes elicited minimal response in the model minus induction of the wound, yet in the wounded tissue, both phenotypes induced a greater response, with the aggregative isolate more proinflammatory. This capacity of aggregative C. auris biofilms to generate such responses in the wounded skin highlights how this opportunistic yeast is a high risk within the intensive care environment where susceptible patients have multiple indwelling lines.IMPORTANCE Candida auris has recently emerged as an important cause of concern within health care environments due to its ability to persist and tolerate commonly used antiseptics and disinfectants, particularly when attached to a surface (biofilms). This yeast is able to colonize and subsequently infect patients, particularly those that are critically ill or immunosuppressed, which may result in death. We have undertaken analysis on two different phenotypic types of this yeast, using molecular and immunological tools to determine whether either of these has a greater ability to cause serious infections. We describe that both isolates exhibit largely different transcriptional profiles during biofilm development. Finally, we show that the inability to form small aggregates (or clusters) of cells has an adverse effect on the organism's immunostimulatory properties, suggesting that the nonaggregative phenotype may exhibit a certain level of immune evasion.
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Sjöberg E, Meyrath M, Chevigné A, Östman A, Augsten M, Szpakowska M. The diverse and complex roles of atypical chemokine receptors in cancer: From molecular biology to clinical relevance and therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 145:99-138. [PMID: 32089166 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines regulate directed cell migration, proliferation and survival and are key components in cancer biology. They exert their functions by interacting with seven-transmembrane domain receptors that signal through G proteins (GPCRs). A subgroup of four chemokine receptors known as the atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) has emerged as essential regulators of the chemokine functions. ACKRs play diverse and complex roles in tumor biology from tumor initiation to metastasis, including cancer cell proliferation, adherence to endothelium, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extravasation from blood vessels, tumor-associated angiogenesis or protection from immunological responses. This chapter gives an overview on the established and emerging roles that the atypical chemokine receptors ACKR1, ACKR2, ACKR3 and ACKR4 play in the different phases of cancer development and dissemination, their clinical relevance, as well as on the hurdles to overcome in ACKRs targeting as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sjöberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Meyrath
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Arne Östman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Woodcock TM, Frugier T, Nguyen TT, Semple BD, Bye N, Massara M, Savino B, Besio R, Sobacchi C, Locati M, Morganti-Kossmann MC. The scavenging chemokine receptor ACKR2 has a significant impact on acute mortality rate and early lesion development after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188305. [PMID: 29176798 PMCID: PMC5703564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 promotes resolution of acute inflammation by operating as a scavenger receptor for inflammatory CC chemokines in several experimental models of inflammatory disorders, however its role in the brain remains unclear. Based on our previous reports of increased expression of inflammatory chemokines and their corresponding receptors following traumatic brain injury (TBI), we hypothesised that ACKR2 modulates neuroinflammation following brain trauma and that its deletion exacerbates cellular inflammation and chemokine production. We demonstrate increased CCL2 and ACKR2 mRNA expression in post-mortem human brain, whereby ACKR2 mRNA levels correlated with later times post-TBI. This data is consistent with the transient upregulation of ACKR2 observed in mouse brain after closed head injury (CHI). As compared to WT animals, ACKR2-/- mice showed a higher mortality rate after CHI, while the neurological outcome in surviving mice was similar. At day 1 post-injury, ACKR2-/- mice displayed aggravated lesion volume and no differences in CCL2 expression and macrophage recruitment relative to WT mice. Reciprocal regulation of ACKR2 and CCL2 expression was explored in cultured astrocytes, which are recognized as the major source of CCL2 and also express ACKR2. ACKR2 mRNA increased as early as 2 hours after an inflammatory challenge in WT astrocytes. As expected, CCL2 expression also dramatically increased at 4 hours in WT astrocytes but was significantly lower in ACKR2-/- astrocytes, possibly indicating a co-regulation of CCL2 and ACKR2 in these cells. Conversely, in vivo, CCL2 mRNA/protein levels were increased similarly in ACKR2-/- and WT brains at 4 and 12 hours after CHI, in line with the lack of differences in cerebral macrophage recruitment and neurological recovery. In conclusion, ACKR2 is induced after TBI and has a significant impact on mortality and lesion development acutely following CHI, while its role in chemokine expression, macrophage activation, brain pathology, and neurological recovery at later time-points is minor. Concordant to evidence in multiple sclerosis experimental models, our data corroborate a distinct role for ACKR2 in cerebral inflammatory processes compared to its reported functions in peripheral tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/genetics
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/mortality
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mortality
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Recovery of Function
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Woodcock
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tony Frugier
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melboune, Australia
| | - Tan Thanh Nguyen
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bridgette Deanne Semple
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Bye
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Matteo Massara
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Savino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (MCMK); (ML)
| | - Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, and Australian New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCMK); (ML)
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Baldwin HM, Singh MD, Codullo V, King V, Wilson H, McInnes I, Graham GJ. Elevated ACKR2 expression is a common feature of inflammatory arthropathies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1607-1617. [PMID: 28486662 PMCID: PMC5850605 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chemokines are essential contributors to leucocyte accumulation at sites of inflammatory pathology. Interfering with chemokine or chemokine receptor function therefore represents a plausible therapeutic option. However, our currently limited understanding of chemokine orchestration of inflammatory responses means that such therapies have not yet been fully developed. We have a particular interest in the family of atypical chemokine receptors that fine-tune, or resolve, chemokine-driven responses. In particular we are interested in atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2), which is a scavenging receptor for inflammatory CC-chemokines and that therefore helps to resolve in vivo inflammatory responses. The objective of the current study was to examine ACKR2 expression in common arthropathies. Methods ACKR2 expression was measured by a combination of qPCR and immuno-histochemistry. In addition, circulating cytokine and chemokine levels in patient plasma were assessed using multiplexing approaches. Results Expression of ACKR2 was elevated on peripheral blood cells as well as on leucocytes and stromal cells in synovial tissue. Expression on peripheral blood leucocytes correlated with, and could be regulated by, circulating cytokines with particularly strong associations being seen with IL-6 and hepatocyte growth factor. In addition, expression within the synovium was coincident with aggregates of lymphocytes, potentially atopic follicles and sites of high inflammatory chemokine expression. Similarly increased levels of ACKR2 have been reported in psoriasis and SSc. Conclusion Our data clearly show increased ACKR2 in a variety of arthropathies and taking into account our, and others', previous data we now propose that elevated ACKR2 expression is a common feature of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Baldwin
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark D. Singh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Veronica Codullo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vicky King
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hilary Wilson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerard J. Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Wilson GJ, Hewit KD, Pallas KJ, Cairney CJ, Lee KM, Hansell CA, Stein T, Graham GJ. Atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 controls branching morphogenesis in the developing mammary gland. Development 2016; 144:74-82. [PMID: 27888192 PMCID: PMC5278629 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are important regulators of branching morphogenesis during development and postnatally in the mammary gland. Regulation of macrophage dynamics during these processes can therefore have a profound impact on development. We demonstrate here that the developing mammary gland expresses high levels of inflammatory CC-chemokines, which are essential in vivo regulators of macrophage migration. We further demonstrate that the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2, which scavenges inflammatory CC-chemokines, is differentially expressed during mammary gland development. We have previously shown that ACKR2 regulates macrophage dynamics during lymphatic vessel development. Here, we extend these observations to reveal a novel role for ACKR2 in regulating the postnatal development of the mammary gland. Specifically, we show that Ackr2−/− mice display precocious mammary gland development. This is associated with increased macrophage recruitment to the developing gland and increased density of the ductal epithelial network. These data demonstrate that ACKR2 is an important regulator of branching morphogenesis in diverse biological contexts and provide the first evidence of a role for chemokines and their receptors in postnatal development processes. Summary:Ackr2−/− mice display precocious mammary gland development as a result of impaired chemokine scavenging and increased macrophage recruitment to the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J Wilson
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kay D Hewit
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kenneth J Pallas
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Claire J Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kit M Lee
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Christopher A Hansell
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
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Langenes V, Svensson H, Börjesson L, Gustavsson B, Bemark M, Sjöling Å, Quiding-Järbrink M. Expression of the chemokine decoy receptor D6 is decreased in colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1687-95. [PMID: 24013383 PMCID: PMC11028942 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of immune cells to tumors is a complex process crucial for both inflammation-driven tumor progression and specific anti-tumor cytotoxicity. Chemokines control the directed migration of immune cells, and their actions are partly controlled by nonsignaling chemokine decoy receptors. The role of the receptors such as D6, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines and ChemoCentryx chemokine receptor in immunity to tumors is still unclear. Using real-time PCR, we detected significantly decreased expression of D6 mRNA in colon tumors compared to unaffected mucosa. D6 protein was expressed by lymphatic endothelium and mononuclear cells in the colon lamina propria and detected by immunohistochemistry in two out of six tissue samples containing high D6 mRNA levels, whereas no staining was observed in any tissue samples expressing low mRNA levels. When examining the density of lymphatic vessels in colon tumors, we detected a marked increase in vessels identified by the lymphatic endothelial marker Lyve-1, excluding passive regulation of D6 due to decreased lymphatic vessel density. In parallel, the Treg-recruiting chemokine CCL22, which is sequestered by D6, was threefold increased in tumor tissue. Furthermore, we could show that low D6 expression correlated to more invasive tumors and that tumor location influences D6 expression, which is lower in the more distal parts of the colon. The data support that regulation of D6 by colon tumors results in altered levels of proinflammatory CC chemokines, thereby shaping the local chemokine network to favor tumor survival. This may have implications for the design of future immunotherapy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Langenes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden,
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Bazzan E, Saetta M, Turato G, Borroni EM, Cancellieri C, Baraldo S, Savino B, Calabrese F, Ballarin A, Balestro E, Mantovani A, Cosio MG, Bonecchi R, Locati M. Expression of the atypical chemokine receptor D6 in human alveolar macrophages in COPD. Chest 2013; 143:98-106. [PMID: 22797410 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D6 is an atypical chemokine receptor involved in chemokine degradation and resolution of acute inflammatory responses in mice. Emerging evidence suggests that D6 might behave differently in human chronic inflammatory conditions. We, therefore, investigated the involvement of D6 in the immune responses in COPD, a chronic inflammatory condition of the lung. METHODS D6 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry in surgical resected lung specimens from 16 patients with COPD (FEV(1), 57% ± 6% predicted) and 18 control subjects with normal lung function (nine smokers and nine nonsmokers). BAL was also obtained and analyzed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and molecular analysis for further assessment of D6 involvement. RESULTS D6 expression in the lung was mainly detected in alveolar macrophages (AMs). The percentage of D6(+) AMs was markedly increased in patients with COPD as compared with both smoker and nonsmoker control subjects (P < .0005 for both). D6 expression was detected at both transcript and protein level in AMs but not in monocyte-derived macrophages. Finally, D6 expression was positively correlated with markers of immune activation (CD8(+) T lymphocytes, IL-32, tumor necrosis factor-α, B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) and negatively with lung function (FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC). CONCLUSIONS D6 is expressed in AMs from patients with COPD, and its expression correlates with the degree of functional impairment and markers of immune activation. Upregulation of D6 in AMs could indicate that, besides its known scavenger activity in acute inflammation, D6 may have additional roles in chronic inflammatory conditions possibly promoting immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova.
| | - Graziella Turato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Elena M Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Cinzia Cancellieri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Benedetta Savino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Andrea Ballarin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Elisabetta Balestro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Manuel G Cosio
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, Padova; Respiratory Division at Royal Victoria Hospital and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories in the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QB, Canada
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy
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Halsey C, Docherty M, McNeill M, Gilchrist D, Le Brocq M, Gibson B, Graham G. The GATA1s isoform is normally down-regulated during terminal haematopoietic differentiation and over-expression leads to failure to repress MYB, CCND2 and SKI during erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. J Hematol Oncol 2012; 5:45. [PMID: 22853316 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although GATA1 is one of the most extensively studied haematopoietic transcription factors little is currently known about the physiological functions of its naturally occurring isoforms GATA1s and GATA1FL in humans—particularly whether the isoforms have distinct roles in different lineages and whether they have non-redundant roles in haematopoietic differentiation. As well as being of general interest to understanding of haematopoiesis, GATA1 isoform biology is important for children with Down syndrome associated acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (DS-AMKL) where GATA1FL mutations are an essential driver for disease pathogenesis. Methods Human primary cells and cell lines were analyzed using GATA1 isoform specific PCR. K562 cells expressing GATA1s or GATA1FL transgenes were used to model the effects of the two isoforms on in vitro haematopoietic differentiation. Results We found no evidence for lineage specific use of GATA1 isoforms; however GATA1s transcripts, but not GATA1FL transcripts, are down-regulated during in vitro induction of terminal megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation in the cell line K562. In addition, transgenic K562-GATA1s and K562-GATA1FL cells have distinct gene expression profiles both in steady state and during terminal erythroid differentiation, with GATA1s expression characterised by lack of repression of MYB, CCND2 and SKI. Conclusions These findings support the theory that the GATA1s isoform plays a role in the maintenance of proliferative multipotent megakaryocyte-erythroid precursor cells and must be down-regulated prior to terminal differentiation. In addition our data suggest that SKI may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of children with DS-AMKL.
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Hansell CA, Schiering C, Kinstrie R, Ford L, Bordon Y, McInnes IB, Goodyear CS, Nibbs RJ. Universal expression and dual function of the atypical chemokine receptor D6 on innate-like B cells in mice. Blood 2011; 117:5413-24. [PMID: 21450903 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-317115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse innate-like B cells are a heterogeneous collection of multifunctional cells that control infection, play housekeeping roles, contribute to adaptive immunity, and suppress inflammation. We show that, among leukocytes, chemokine internalization by the D6 receptor is a unique and universal feature of all known innate-like B-cell populations and, to our knowledge, the most effective unifying marker of these cells. Moreover, we identify novel D6(active) B1-cell subsets, including those we term B1d, which lack CD5 and CD11b but exhibit typical B1-cell properties, including spontaneous ex vivo production of IgM, IL-10, and anti-phosphorylcholine antibody. The unprecedented opportunity to examine D6 on primary cells has allowed us to clarify its ligand specificity and show that, consistent with a scavenging role, D6 internalizes chemokines but cannot induce Ca(2+) fluxes or chemotaxis. Unexpectedly, however, D6 can also suppress the function of CXCR5, a critical chemokine receptor in innate-like B-cell biology. This is associated with a reduction in B1 cells and circulating class-switched anti-phosphorylcholine antibody in D6-deficient mice. Therefore, in the present study, we identify a unifying marker of innate-like B cells, describe novel B1-cell subsets, reveal a dual role for D6, and provide the first evidence of defects in resting D6-deficient mice.
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors adorn the surface of leukocytes and other cell types ready to translate the extracellular chemokine environment into functional cellular outcomes. However, there are several molecules that, in many respects, look like chemokine receptors, but which do not have the ability to confer chemotactic potential to cell lines. This apparent silence spurred the search for signalling-independent functions and led to the development of new paradigms of chemokine regulation. In this review, we summarise the experimental basis for these ideas focussing on DARC and D6, the most studied members of this group of molecules. We discuss data generated using in vitro systems and genetically deficient mice, include results from observational human studies, and summarise the key findings of recent research. We take a critical look at current models of in vivo function highlighting important gaps in our knowledge and demonstrating that there is still much to find out about these enigmatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A H Hansell
- Institute for Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA
| | - Catherine E Hurson
- Institute for Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute for Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA
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Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACRs) are cell surface receptors with seven transmembrane domains structurally homologous to chemokine G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, upon ligation by cognate chemokines, ACRs fail to induce classical signaling and downstream cellular responses characteristic for GPCRs. Despite this, by affecting chemokine availability and function, ACRs impact on a multitude of pathophysiological events and have emerged as important molecular players in health and disease. This review discusses individual characteristics of the currently known ACRs, highlights their similarities and differences and attempts to establish their group identity. It summarizes the progress made in mapping ACR expression, understanding their diverse in vitro and in vivo functions of ACRs and uncovering their contributions to disease pathogeneses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Ulvmar
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Kozma GT, Martelli F, Verrucci M, Gutiérrez L, Migliaccio G, Sanchez M, Alfani E, Philipsen S, Migliaccio AR. Dynamic regulation of Gata1 expression during the maturation of conventional dendritic cells. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:489-503.e1. [PMID: 20303380 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the regulatory sequences driving Gata1 expression in conventional dendritic cells (cDC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The number and expression levels of Gata1, Gata1-target genes and hypersensitive site (HS) 2 (the eosinophil-specific enhancer)-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter of cDCs from mice lacking HS1 (the erythroid/megakaryocytic-specific enhancer, Gata1(low) mutation) and wild-type littermates, as well as the response to lipopolysaccharide of ex vivo-generated wild-type and Gata1(low) DCs were investigated. RESULTS cDC maturation was associated with bell-shaped changes in Gata1 expression that peaked in cDCs precursors from blood. The Gata1(low) mutation did not affect Gata1 expression in cDC precursors and these cells expressed the HS2-driven reporter, indicating that Gata1 expression is HS2-driven in these cells. By contrast, the Gata1(low) mutation reduced Gata1 expression in mature cDCs and these cells did not express GFP, indicating that mature cDCs express Gata1 driven by HS1. In blood, the number of cDC precursors expressing CD40/CD80 was reduced in Gata1(low) mice, while CD40(pos)/CD80(pos) cDC precursors from wild-type mice expressed the HS2-GFP reporter, suggesting that Gata1 expression in these cells is both HS1- and HS2-driven. In addition, the antigen and accessory molecules presentation process induced by lipopolysaccharide in ex vivo-generated wild-type DC was associated with increased acetylated histone 4 occupancy of HS1, while ex vivo-generated Gata1(low) cDCs failed to respond to lipopolysaccharide, suggesting that HS1 activation is required for cDC maturation. CONCLUSION These results identify a dynamic pattern of Gata1 regulation that switches from an HS1 to an HS2-dependent phase during the maturation of cDCs associated with the antigen-presentation process in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely T Kozma
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Savino B, Borroni EM, Torres NM, Proost P, Struyf S, Mortier A, Mantovani A, Locati M, Bonecchi R. Recognition versus adaptive up-regulation and degradation of CC chemokines by the chemokine decoy receptor D6 are determined by their N-terminal sequence. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26207-15. [PMID: 19632987 PMCID: PMC2758019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.029249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine decoy receptor D6 controls inflammatory responses by selective recognition and degradation of most CCR1 to CCR5 agonistic ligands. CCL14 is a homeostatic chemokine present at high concentrations in the serum with a weak agonist activity on CCR1. Under inflammatory conditions, plasmin and UPA-mediated truncation of 8 amino acids generates the potent CCR1/CCR3/CCR5 isoform CCL14(9-74), which is further processed and inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 that generates CCL14(11-74). Here we report that D6 efficiently binds both CCL14 and its truncated isoforms. Like other D6 ligands, the biologically active CCL14(9-74) induces adaptive up-regulation of D6 expression on the cell membrane and is rapidly and efficiently degraded. In contrast, the D6-mediated degradation of the biologically inactive isoforms CCL14(1-74) and CCL14(11-74) is very inefficient. Thus, D6 cooperates with CD26 in the negative regulation of CCL14 by the selective degradation of its biologically active isoform. Analysis of a panel of CC chemokines and their truncated isoforms revealed that D6-mediated chemokine degradation does not correlate with binding affinity. Conversely, degradation efficiency is positively correlated with D6 adaptive up-regulation. Sequence analysis indicated that a proline residue in position 2 of D6 ligands is dispensable for binding but crucial for D6 adaptive up-regulation and efficient degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Savino
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy, and
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy, and
| | - Nina Machado Torres
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy, and
| | - Paul Proost
- the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy, and
| | - Massimo Locati
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy, and
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, I-20089 Rozzano (Milan), Italy, and
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Bordon Y, Hansell CAH, Sester DP, Clarke M, Mowat AM, Nibbs RJB. The atypical chemokine receptor D6 contributes to the development of experimental colitis. J Immunol 2009; 182:5032-40. [PMID: 19342683 PMCID: PMC2786198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory CC chemokines control leukocyte recruitment and function during inflammation by engaging chemokine receptors expressed on circulating leukocytes. The D6 chemokine receptor can bind several of these chemokines, but appears unable to couple to signal transduction pathways or direct cell migration. Instead, D6 has been proposed to act as a chemokine scavenger, removing proinflammatory chemokines to dampen leukocyte responses. In this study, we have examined the role of D6 in the colon using the dextran sodium sulfate-induced model of colitis. We show that D6 is expressed in the resting colon, predominantly by stromal cells and B cells, and is up-regulated during colitis. Unexpectedly, D6-deficient mice showed reduced susceptibility to colitis and had less pronounced clinical symptoms associated with this model. D6 deletion had no impact on the level of proinflammatory CC chemokines released from cultured colon explants, or on the balance of leukocyte subsets recruited to the inflamed colon. However, late in colitis, inflamed D6-deficient colons showed enhanced production of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-gamma and IL-17A, and there was a marked increase in IL-17A-secreting gammadelta T cells in the lamina propria. Moreover, Ab-mediated neutralization of IL-17A worsened the clinical symptoms of colitis at these later stages of the response in D6-deficient, but not wild-type, mice. Thus, D6 can contribute to the development of colitis by regulating IL-17A secretion by gammadelta T cells in the inflamed colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bordon
- Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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