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Briceag R, Caraiane A, Raftu G, Bratu ML, Buzatu R, Dehelean L, Bondrescu M, Bratosin F, Bumbu BA. Validation of the Romanian Version of the Halitosis Associated Life-Quality Test (HALT) in a Cross-Sectional Study among Young Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2660. [PMID: 37830697 PMCID: PMC10572815 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is a common condition with a significant impact on individuals' quality of life. The Halitosis Associated Life-Quality Test (HALT) is a reliable instrument for measuring this impact. This study aimed to introduce and validate the Romanian translation of the HALT questionnaire (R-HALT). We hypothesized that the R-HALT would demonstrate good reliability and validity in measuring the impact of halitosis on quality of life among Romanian teenagers and young adults. Our objectives were to translate and adapt the HALT, validate it among a cross-sectional group, and evaluate the extent of halitosis in this population. A multicentric cross-sectional design followed, which was approved by the Ethics Research Committee in Romania. The translation process involved independent translations, retro-translations, expert review, and pre-testing. The psychometric properties were evaluated among 150 patients (mean age 23.6 ± 1.8; 51% males) at dental clinics, including reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity, using accepted statistical measures such as Cronbach's alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The R-HALT revealed strong internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.93 to 0.96, and an ICC value of 0.87 (95% CI = 0.70-0.99), demonstrating excellent test-retest reliability. Mean scores of individual items ranged from 0.82 ± 0.94 (Q3) to 3.23 ± 1.15 (Q11). The corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.30 (Q2) to 0.90 (Q19). Organoleptic test scores diagnosed 41% (62 patients) with a score of 2, with increasing severity in 9% (13 patients) with a score of 5. The R-HALT exhibited robust reliability and validity in assessing the impact of halitosis among Romanian teenagers and young adults. The questionnaire is a strong tool for understanding, diagnosing, and managing halitosis in Romania, ultimately aiming to improve the quality of life of affected individuals. Further studies with diverse populations could enhance the applicability of the R-HALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Briceag
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (R.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Aureliana Caraiane
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900684 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Gheorghe Raftu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, 7 Ilarie Voronca Street, 900684 Constanta, Romania; (R.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Melania Lavinia Bratu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of General Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Buzatu
- Department of Dental Aesthetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Revolutiei Boulevard 9, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Liana Dehelean
- Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, Faculty of General Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariana Bondrescu
- Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, Faculty of General Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of General Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Andrei Bumbu
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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Alssum L, Alsaleh L, Alzoman H. Self-perceived halitosis and its social impact on females: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35164. [PMID: 37747001 PMCID: PMC10519477 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis refers to socially unacceptable levels of breath odors. This affects the social life and psychological well-being of individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-perceived halitosis (SPH) among females and its effect on social life. This was a cross-sectional study. A previously validated questionnaire was distributed electronically through a secure link. The questionnaire consisted of 5 different parts that collected information on sociodemographic, medical history, oral hygiene and other health habits. It also included questions related to participant's knowledge and perception of halitosis and its social impact. All females who were at least 18 years were invited to participate. Data were transferred for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program for Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26, Chicago, IL). Simple descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and percentages were calculated for the study variables. The relationship between the variables and SPH was also evaluated using the chi-squared test of independence at 95% confidence (P ≤ .05). In total, 1089 subjects completed the questionnaire. The SPH prevalence was 62% among females. The correlation between SPH and sinusitis, gastrointestinal tract disorders, periodontal diseases were significant (P < .05). In addition, subjects with good tooth brushing habits reported no halitosis (91.6%) compared to subjects with poor tooth brushing habits who reported no halitosis (8.9%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .001). Not using floss and tounge cleaners daily was significantly related to self-reported halitosis (P < .001). Females who reported SPH indicated that they were hesitant to talk to others (68.1%), uncomfortable around others (80.5%), did not like meeting others (44.2%), avoided by others (15%), and that halitosis affected their personal life (31.9%). This association was statistically significant for all variables of social life (P < .001). The prevalence of SPH is high and can have an incapacitating effect on females social lives. The management of halitosis includes active involvement of dental professionals and the incorporation of psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamees Alssum
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Alsaleh
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Khounganian RM, Alasmari ON, Aldosari MM, Alghanemi NM. Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43742. [PMID: 37727189 PMCID: PMC10506127 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is defined as the presence of an unpleasant odor in exhaled air, regardless of its cause. In most patients with halitosis, the condition causes embarrassment and interferes with social interactions and daily life. Furthermore, bad breath can be a sign of an underlying disease. Understanding the factors and causes that lead to halitosis and its manifestations could facilitate proper management of this condition. To properly diagnose and treat patients, healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians and dental professionals, must be familiar with the etiology and appropriate management of the disease. Consequently, this review aims to provide practitioners with up-to-date information on the etiological factors of halitosis to facilitate the establishment of preventive measures and provide accurate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osama N Alasmari
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
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Mezied MS, Al Bouri D, Al Omani A, Al Ramadhan G, Al Bootie S, Barakat A, Koppolu P. A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perceived Halitosis among Undergraduate University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2023; 15:S575-S581. [PMID: 37654341 PMCID: PMC10466654 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_680_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of halitosis among undergraduate university students at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods A survey of 301 participants who answered a questionnaire on their self-perceived halitosis was undertaken. Results The response rate was 35% (301/863). Of the total, 54.5% of participants reported that they had experienced halitosis. A majority of participants (61.4%) responded to having experienced an unpleasant bad taste in the morning when they woke up, with most participants (42.4%) stating that their breath was the worst early in the morning. A majority of respondents (59.6%) reported that they were aware of their condition. Only 27% of the respondents stated that they had admitted to having undergone an examination for bad breath from their dentist, and 22.9% of the respondents reported that they had undergone an examination for conditions associated with bad breath. The measures used to reduce the condition were evenly distributed, with approximately one-third using mouthwash (34.6%), gum/mentos (38.3%), and toothpaste (27.2%). Conclusion The incidence of self-perceived halitosis that was revealed in the current study is normal compare to others studies. It is unrelated to age and sex. Non-usage of dental floss, no use of mouthwash, and smoking, on the other hand, were shown to be associated with self-perceived halitosis. Furthermore, tongue cleaning was not linked to introspection halitosis. Halitosis may be also due to underlying systemic conditions. Hence it is necessary to evaluate the condition's prevalence and examine the relationship with other etiological variables with halitosis in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha S. Mezied
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Al Bouri
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Al Omani
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Al Ramadhan
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Al Bootie
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Barakat
- Restorative and Prosthetic Department, College of Dentistry, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Koppolu
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cheah H, Gray M, Aboelmagd S, Barmak AB, Arany S. Anticholinergic Medication and Caries Status Predict Xerostomia under 65. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11040087. [PMID: 37185465 PMCID: PMC10136720 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of anticholinergic medications is increasing in younger ages, yet information about xerostomia, the most common anticholinergic side effect, is limited. This case–control retrospective study examines the relationship between anticholinergic medication-induced xerostomia and caries status among adults between 18 and 65 years of age. The study sample comprised 649 cases with xerostomia and 649 age- and gender-matched controls. The anticholinergic burden was estimated using the anticholinergic drug scale (ADS). Caries experience was recorded by calculating the Decayed, Missing, Filled Tooth (DMFT) index. Individuals with xerostomia had a higher mean DMFT index (16.02 ± 9.50), which corresponded with a higher level of anticholinergic exposure from medications (3.26 ± 2.81) compared to their age and gender-matched controls without xerostomia (13.83 + 8.83 and 1.89 ± 2.45, respectively). Logistic regression analysis verified the effects of DMFT, the total number of AC medications, and the ADS burden on xerostomia status. Comparing adults with or without xerostomia revealed statistical differences in several risk factors, such as smoking, diabetes, sleep apnea, and the utilization of anticholinergic medications. A personalized dental care plan should include the evaluation of the anticholinergic burden from medications regardless of the patient’s age to prevent increased caries severity.
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Oshiro A, Zaitsu T, Inoue Y, Srinarupat J, Nguyen VTN, Nagai M, Aida J. Concerning perceived and clinically-measured levels of halitosis. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac9db3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The different types of self-reported halitosis complaints include those where one feels that one’s breath smells bad, where one feels that one has bad breath because of the attitudes of others, and where others have pointed out the presence of bad breath. The results of previous studies comparing the objective and subjectives measures of halitosis are inconsistent, and few studies have used gas chromatography (GC) to measure halitosis in a large sample. This study aimed to examine the objectively measured halitosis levels based on the reasons individuals are concerned about halitosis. We included 2063 patients who visited the halitosis clinic at a university dental hospital. Halitosis was assessed using GC, self-administered questionnaires, and oral examinations. Levels of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs; H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3)2S) were set as objective measures of halitosis. Patients were grouped based on their answers to ‘What made you concerned about bad breath?’ into groups: ‘self-perceived,’ ‘attitudes of others,’ ‘told by others,’ and other reasons. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine factors associated with VSCs and objective halitosis levels. Age, sex, oral health status, smoking, drinking, and breakfast habits were used as confounders. Patients who answered ‘told by others’ (n = 691, 33.5%) showed the highest VSCs. Individuals whose halitosis was pointed out by others had higher objectively measured halitosis levels, while those concerned about the attitudes of others or perceived their own halitosis had lower objectively measured halitosis levels. These results suggest that the objective level of halitosis can differ on the basis of the reason underlying an individual’s concern about their bad breath. Categorizing halitosis complaints and comparing them with objective halitosis levels may help reduce the anxiety of those who are concerned about halitosis and confirm the need for intervention for those with objective halitosis.
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Karaman E, Yazıcı AR, Doğan BG, Gökalp S, Eni N, Etçi Ş, Yazıcı MK. Oral Health Status of Outpatients with Schizophrenia in Ankara, Türkiye: A Descriptive Study. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2023; 34:262-271. [PMID: 38173327 PMCID: PMC10786350 DOI: 10.5080/u27364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the oral health status and denture treatment needs of a group of outpatients with schizophrenia. METHODS One hundred and eighty-eight patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were evaluated. Socio-demographic characteristics, eating habits, alcohol consumption, smoking status, oral hygiene attitudes, medical status, medications and the data related to dental visit were obtained via structured questionnaire of 45 questions. Medication information were confirmed from hospital records. The DMFT score (the Total of decayed, missing and filled teeth), denture status, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment (CPITN) and attachment loss were recorded in accordance with the criteria defined by the WHO. RESULTS The mean DMFT score was 11.1±8.6. Total number of teeth decreased, while the number of decayed teeth and DMFT scores increased with age (p<0.001). There was no relationship between the anticholinergic effects of antipsychotics and the teeth count, number of decayed, filled and missing teeth, and the DMFT scores. The CPITN assessment revealed that 71.6% of the patients had healthy periodontium, 7.4% exhibited gingival bleeding upon probing, and 21% had dental calculus. Psychotropic medication and tooth brushing habits were associated with CPITN scores. Male sex was associated with higher frequency of denture need (p<0.001), while no association was observed with the education level and antipsychotic use (p>0.001). CONCLUSION Physicians and dentists have to work in coordination to maintain good oral health of patients with schizophrenia. Patients should be encouraged for regular dental check-ups and dentist should take utmost care of the oral hygiene maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Karaman
- Assoc. Prof., Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Samsun
| | - Ayşe Rüya Yazıcı
- Prof, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Ankara
| | - Bahar Güçiz Doğan
- Prof., Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Ankara
| | - Saadet Gökalp
- Retired Prof., Hacettepe University School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ankara
| | - Nurhayat Eni
- Nurse, Hacettepe University School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ankara
| | - Şengül Etçi
- Dentist, DDS, PhD, Burdur Oral and Dental Health Center, Burdur, Turkey
| | - M. Kâzım Yazıcı
- Retired Prof., Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Departmentof Psychiatry, Ankara
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Balappanavar AY, Rijhwani K, Chahar P, Gupta R. Self-Perceived Halitosis and Related Factors Among the Mask-Wearing Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Delhi, India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e32507. [PMID: 36654644 PMCID: PMC9840413 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Halitosis (oral malodor) is a common health condition throughout the world. In India, data on self-reported halitosis and related factors is limited. Mouth mask usage has been made compulsory after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This could possibly alter oral microflora and environment and contribute to halitosis. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of self-perceived halitosis (SPH) among mask-wearing patients visiting a tertiary care dental hospital in Delhi, India. Methods A cross‑sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 300 patients visiting a tertiary care dental hospital in the capital of India. SPH status was measured using a self-designed and structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic factors, mask-related habits, and self-perceived oral health status. Statistical analysis was done using Jamovi software (The jamovi project, Sydney, Australia) version 1.8. Descriptive analysis followed by a chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression test was applied. Results Bad breath was perceived by 86 study subjects. Of the participants, 16.7% felt that they had bad breath before the pandemic, and 38% of the participants had an increased perception or feeling of bad breath since regular mask usage. Of the participants, 42.7% felt that they had an increased feeling of dryness in the mouth post-pandemic. SPH status was associated with mask usage frequency (p<0.001), change (p<0.001) and type of mask (p=0.004), increased feeling of dryness (p<0.001), frequency of toothbrushing (p<0.001), self-reported oral disease (p=0.007), and dental treatment in the past 12 months (p=0.005). Conclusion The SPH status of the study population was associated with mask-related habits and self-reported oral health status. The findings highlight the importance of possible amendments in preventive and curative care for patients with halitosis post-COVID-19 pandemic.
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Izidoro C, Botelho J, Machado V, Reis AM, Proença L, Alves RC, Mendes JJ. Revisiting Standard and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Halitosis: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11303. [PMID: 36141577 PMCID: PMC9516975 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Halitosis, or bad breath, is an oral health problem characterized by an unpleasant malodor emanating from the oral cavity. This condition can have different origins and causes a negative burden in social interactions, communication and quality of life, and can in uncommon cases be indicative of underlying non-oral non-communicable diseases. Most cases of halitosis are due to inadequate oral hygiene, periodontitis and tongue coating, yet the remaining proportion of cases are due to ear-nose-throat-associated (10%) or gastrointestinal/endocrine (5%) disorders. For this reason, the diagnosis, treatment and clinical management of halitosis often require a multidisciplinary team approach. This comprehensive review revisits the etiology of halitosis as well as standard and novel treatment that may contribute to higher clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Izidoro
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Botelho
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Pedro Hispano, 4464-513 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luís Proença
- Quantitative Methods for Health Research Unit (MQIS), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Castro Alves
- Periodontology Department, Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC), Egas Moniz, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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Riad A, Buchbender M, Howaldt HP, Klugar M, Krsek M, Attia S. Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors (KAB) of German Dental Students: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:852660. [PMID: 35372410 PMCID: PMC8965700 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.852660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germany's 2030-oral health agenda incorporates behavioral targets such as twice-daily toothbrushing and routine dental check-ups. Given the professional and social roles of dentists in oral health promotion, the oral health-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) of dentists and dental students became worth investigation. The present study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional study that aimed to evaluate oral health KAB of German dental students using the Hiroshima University - Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI). A total of 508 dental students filled in the questionnaire, out of which 74.2% were females, 38.8% were clinical students, 11.4% reported tobacco smoking at least once week, 26.6% reported drinking alcohol at least once a week, and 82.9% reported suffering from problematic internet use. The overall HU-DBI score was high (7.67 ± 1.32), and it was slightly higher among females (7.70 ± 1.33) than males (7.59 ± 1.29), and gender-diverse students (7.33 ± 1.37). Clinical students (7.88 ± 1.26) had a significantly higher HU-DBI score, especially in the domain of oral health behaviors, compared with preclinical students (7.53 ± 1.34). A significant improvement in oral health behaviors and HU-DBI score was found between the third- vs. the fourth year, which corresponds to the period when prophylaxis, hygiene, and periodontology courses are delivered. Tobacco smoking was significantly associated with poor oral health knowledge, behaviors, and overall HU-DBI score. Problematic internet use and alcohol drinking had slightly lower HU-DBI scores. The findings of the present study call for early implementation of preventive dentistry elements in German curricula and addressing oral health needs of gender minorities in Germany by future epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Riad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Mayte Buchbender
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Howaldt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Miloslav Klugar
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation (Cochrane Czech Republic, Czech EBHC: JBI Centre of Excellence, Masaryk University GRADE Centre), Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Krsek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sameh Attia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Riad A, Buchbender M, Howaldt HP, Klugar M, Krsek M, Attia S. Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors (KAB) of German Dental Students: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.852660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Germany's 2030–oral health agenda incorporates behavioral targets such as twice-daily toothbrushing and routine dental check-ups. Given the professional and social roles of dentists in oral health promotion, the oral health-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) of dentists and dental students became worth investigation. The present study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional study that aimed to evaluate oral health KAB of German dental students using the Hiroshima University – Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI). A total of 508 dental students filled in the questionnaire, out of which 74.2% were females, 38.8% were clinical students, 11.4% reported tobacco smoking at least once week, 26.6% reported drinking alcohol at least once a week, and 82.9% reported suffering from problematic internet use. The overall HU-DBI score was high (7.67 ± 1.32), and it was slightly higher among females (7.70 ± 1.33) than males (7.59 ± 1.29), and gender-diverse students (7.33 ± 1.37). Clinical students (7.88 ± 1.26) had a significantly higher HU-DBI score, especially in the domain of oral health behaviors, compared with preclinical students (7.53 ± 1.34). A significant improvement in oral health behaviors and HU-DBI score was found between the third- vs. the fourth year, which corresponds to the period when prophylaxis, hygiene, and periodontology courses are delivered. Tobacco smoking was significantly associated with poor oral health knowledge, behaviors, and overall HU-DBI score. Problematic internet use and alcohol drinking had slightly lower HU-DBI scores. The findings of the present study call for early implementation of preventive dentistry elements in German curricula and addressing oral health needs of gender minorities in Germany by future epidemiologic studies.
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Riad A, Al-Khanati NM, Issa J, Zenati M, Abdesslem NB, Attia S, Krsek M. Oral Health-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Arab Dental Students: Multi-National Cross-Sectional Study and Literature Analysis 2000-2020. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:1658. [PMID: 35162682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dental students are the future leaders of oral health in their respective communities; therefore, their oral health-related attitudes and behaviours are of practical value for primary disease prevention. The present study aimed to evaluate oral health-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of dental students in Arab countries and explore the potential sociodemographic predictors of their oral health outcomes. A multi-centre, cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year 2019/2020 in three Arab countries: Lebanon, Syria, and Tunisia. The study used a validated Arabic version of the Hiroshima University Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) composed of original twenty items that assess the level of oral health-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours, and four additional dichotomous items related to tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, problematic internet use, and regular dental check-up The HU-DBI score ranges between 0 and 12. A total of 1430 students took part in this study, out of which 60.8% were females, 57.8% were enrolled in clinical years, 24.5% were tobacco smokers, 7.2% were alcohol drinkers, and 87% reported internet addiction. The mean HU-DBI score was 6.31 ± 1.84, with Lebanon having the highest score (6.67 ± 1.83), followed by Syria (6.38 ± 1.83) and Tunisia (6.05 ± 1.83). Clinical students (6.78 ± 1.70) had higher HU-DBI scores than their preclinical peers (5.97 ± 1.86). The year-over-year analysis revealed that dental public health and preventive dentistry courses had significantly and positively impacted the undergraduate students’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. The gender-based differences were not statistically significant, with a modest trend favouring males, especially oral health behaviours. Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and problematic internet use were associated with lower HU-DBI scores. In the Arab world, the economic rank of the country where the dental students live/study was weakly correlated with the students’ mean HU-DBI score.
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Alhajj MN, Al-Maweri SA, Folayan MO, Halboub E, Khader Y, Omar R, Amran AG, Al-Batayneh OB, Celebić A, Persic S, Kocaelli H, Suleyman F, Alkheraif AA, Divakar DD, Mufadhal AA, Al-Wesabi MA, Alhajj WA, Aldumaini MA, Khan S, Al-Dhelai TA, Alqahtani AS, Murad AH, Makzoumé JE, Kohli S, Ziyad TA. Oral health practices and self-reported adverse effects of E-cigarette use among dental students in 11 countries: an online survey. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:18. [PMID: 35081945 PMCID: PMC8793181 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES E-cigarette use has become popular, particularly among the youth. Its use is associated with harmful general and oral health consequences. This survey aimed to assess self-reported oral hygiene practices, oral and general health events, and changes in physiological functions (including physical status, smell, taste, breathing, appetite, etc.) due to E-cigarette use among dental students. METHODS This online, multicounty survey involved undergraduate dental students from 20 dental schools across 11 different countries. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, E-cigarette practices, self-reported complaints, and associated physiological changes due to E-cigarette smoking. Data were descriptively presented as frequencies and percentages. A Chi-square test was used to assess the potential associations between the study group and sub-groups with the different factors. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS at P < 0.05. RESULTS Most respondents reported regular brushing of their teeth, whereas only 70% used additional oral hygiene aids. Reported frequencies of complaints ranged from as low as 3.3% for tongue inflammation to as high as 53.3% for headache, with significant differences between E-cigarette users and non-users. Compared to non-smokers, E-cigarette users reported significantly higher prevalence of dry mouth (33.1% vs. 23.4%; P < 0.001), black tongue (5.9% vs. 2.8%; P = 0.002), and heart palpitation (26.3%% vs. 22.8%; P = 0.001). Although two-thirds of the sample reported no change in their physiological functions, E-cigarette users reported significant improvement in their physiological functions compared to never smokers or tobacco users. CONCLUSION Dental students showed good oral hygiene practices, but E-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of health complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morenike O Folayan
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Esam Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Yousef Khader
- Department of Public Health, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ridwaan Omar
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah G Amran
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Ola B Al-Batayneh
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Asja Celebić
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine and Clinical Hospital Centre, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Persic
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine and Clinical Hospital Centre, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Humeyra Kocaelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Firas Suleyman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, İIstanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulaziz A Alkheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan D Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulbaset A Mufadhal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Mohammed A Al-Wesabi
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Wadhah A Alhajj
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Civilization University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Mokhtar A Aldumaini
- Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibb, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Saadika Khan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thiyezen A Al-Dhelai
- Department of Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibb, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Ahmed Shaher Alqahtani
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Murad
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, College of Dentistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniya, Iraq
| | - Joseph E Makzoumé
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shivani Kohli
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kauss AR, Antunes M, Zanetti F, Hankins M, Hoeng J, Heremans A, van der Plas A. Influence of tobacco smoking on the development of halitosis. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:316-22. [PMID: 35284240 PMCID: PMC8908054 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zanetti F, Zivkovic Semren T, Battey JND, Guy PA, Ivanov NV, van der Plas A, Hoeng J. A Literature Review and Framework Proposal for Halitosis Assessment in Cigarette Smokers and Alternative Nicotine-Delivery Products Users. Front Oral Health 2021; 2:777442. [PMID: 35048075 PMCID: PMC8757736 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.777442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is a health condition which counts cigarette smoking (CS) among its major risk factors. Cigarette smoke can cause an imbalance in the oral bacterial community, leading to several oral diseases and conditions, including intraoral halitosis. Although the best approach to decrease smoking-related health risks is quitting smoking, this is not feasible for many smokers. Switching to potentially reduced-risk products, like electronic vapor products (EVP) or heated tobacco products (HTP), may help improve the conditions associated with CS. To date, there have been few systematic studies on the effects of CS on halitosis and none have assessed the effects of EVP and HTP use. Self-assessment studies have shown large limitations owing to the lack of reliability in the participants' judgment. This has compelled the scientific community to develop a strategy for meaningful assessment of these new products in comparison with cigarettes. Here, we compiled a review of the existing literature on CS and halitosis and propose a 3-layer approach that combines the use of the most advanced breath analysis techniques and multi-omics analysis to define the interactions between oral bacterial species and their role in halitosis both in vitro and in vivo. Such an approach will allow us to compare the effects of different nicotine-delivery products on oral bacteria and quantify their impact on halitosis. Defining the impact of alternative nicotine-delivery products on intraoral halitosis and its associated bacteria will help the scientific community advance a step further toward understanding the safety of these products and their potentiall risks for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Dudzik A, Sozkes S, Michalak E, Olszewska-Czyz I. Efficacy of a Zinc Lactate Mouthwash and Tongue Scraping in the Reduction of Intra-Oral Halitosis: A Single-blind, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial-A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5532. [PMID: 34884234 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-oral halitosis is defined as an unpleasant odor that comes out of the mouth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc lactate mouthwash and tongue scraping on intra-oral halitosis. The study was conducted on 60 volunteers that were divided into two groups and fol-lowed two types of 14-day oral hygiene protocols on a cross-over basis after a 7-day wash-out period. One protocol was based on tooth brushing only, while the other was based on additional mouth rinsing with a zinc lactate product and tongue scraping. Morning mouth breath was as-sessed organoleptic and by volatile sulfur compound concentrations. The highest mean organo-leptic and volatile sulfur compound measurement values were found in the tooth brushing without mouth washing and tongue scraping oral hygiene protocol (p < 0.05). The zinc lactate mouthwash combined with tongue scraping appears to be an important hygienic procedure to reduce breath odor.
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Dos Santos DDL, Besegato JF, Vieira SM, Rached Dantas AA, Silva AM, da Silva AM. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on self-assessment and diagnosis of halitosis in undergraduate dental students. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:432-437. [PMID: 34667388 PMCID: PMC8452163 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_327_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effects of fixed orthodontic therapy on the occurrence of halitosis are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on self-assessment and diagnosis of halitosis in undergraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two undergraduate dental students were included in this cross-sectional study. Two groups (n = 31 per group) were composed of participants with (study group) or without (control group) fixed orthodontic appliance. Halitosis self-assessment and clinical diagnosis were assessed using a visual analogic scale (VAS) and sulfur volatile compounds (SVCs) assessment, respectively. The subjective (VAS) and objective (SVC) malodor assessments were classified in absence, light, moderate, or severe malodor. Chi-square Pearson test and Spearman's correlation were applied for data analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The use of fixed orthodontic appliances had no effect on self-assessment (P = 0.490) or clinical diagnosis (P = 0.610) of halitosis. Self-assessment was not significantly associated with the diagnosis of halitosis regardless the use of fixed orthodontic appliance (P ≥ 0.737). Male participants showed higher diagnosis of halitosis (P = 0.007). SVC measurements showed the absence of halitosis in 51.6% and 58.1% of participants with or without orthodontic appliances, respectively. Conclusion: The use of fixed orthodontic appliances affected the self-assessment of halitosis but no SVC measurements. It was not verified a correlation between subjective and objective methods to diagnose halitosis in dental students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmmea Martins Vieira
- Department of Dentistry, Faculdade Integral Diferencial - FACID/ Wyden, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Andrea Abi Rached Dantas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aryvelto Miranda Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Bojović MD, Kesić LG, Mitić AN, Kocić B, Obradović RR, Ignjatović A, Burić N, Jovanović M, Petrović MS. Oral Health-Related Risk Factors Among Students in Southeast Serbia. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929375. [PMID: 33596184 PMCID: PMC7898551 DOI: 10.12659/msm.929375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An association between insufficient or irregular oral hygiene with the occurrence of dental caries, gingival/periodontal diseases, and consequently general diseases has been established. The null hypothesis that there is no difference in the oral health status among students in a preclinical medical program and those who went through a clinical medical program was tested. The main objective of the study was to analyze oral health risk factors (oral hygiene practices, attitudes, and behavior) as well as their impact on oral health by using convenience sampling. Material/Methods We investigated risk factors for oral health conditions by examining oral hygiene practices, attitudes, and behaviors among the students in the medical program of the University of Niš, collecting data using questionnaires. The study included 396 students of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and vocational studies. Participants filled out the anonymous questionnaire. Results In both groups, parents were mostly employed, with the representation of employed fathers significantly higher in student group 1 (P<0.05), which is also the only statistically significant difference between the groups. In terms of oral hygiene practices, students were most often trained by parents (68.69%). A very high percentage of students brushed their teeth every day (97.22%), and 54.55% did this twice a day. Of the total number of students, 78.28% thought that it was necessary to use interdental brushes/floss/toothpick. The duration of teeth cleaning was 3 minutes in 39.39%, whereas 55.30% thought that it should be longer than 3 minutes. The most common brushing movements were combined movements and were used by 60.35% of all students. Of all students, 253 (63.89%) never smoked, 182 (49.96%) regularly went to the dentist, and 141 (35.61%) visited the dentist 6 months ago. The majority of students, 265 (66.92%), obtained the greatest amount of information about oral and tooth care from their dentist, which was the case in both age groups. Conclusions This study highlights oral health risk factors among students at the University of Niš. It is essential to determine their oral health knowledge, as it is of great significance both to patients and to students. Also, these students will be the major providers of health services and will be responsible for public oral health promotion. It could help in reformation of the oral health education program. The results of this research indicate that it is necessary to educate preclinical students to solve oral health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija D Bojović
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Dental Clinic Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana G Kesić
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Dental Clinic Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar N Mitić
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Clinic Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Biljana Kocić
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Radmila R Obradović
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Dental Clinic Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatović
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nina Burić
- Inter Dental Clinic, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marija Jovanović
- Department of Prosthetics, Dental Clinic, Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milica S Petrović
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Dental Clinic Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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Atif S, Syed SA, Sherazi UR, Rana S. Determining the relationship among stress, xerostomia, salivary flow rate, and the quality of life of undergraduate dental students. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 16:9-15. [PMID: 33603626 PMCID: PMC7858027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Xerostomia may result in several oral conditions, which ultimately affect oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL). This study aims to evaluate the relationship of stress, xerostomia, salivary flow rate, and OHRQOL among young adults. Method We invited 72 participants to complete three validated questionnaires including the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), a shortened version of the Xerostomia Inventory (SXI), and the shortened Oral Health Impact Profile (S–OHIP). Unstimulated saliva was collected, and flow rate was determined. Based on the SXI scores and hyposalivation, the participants were categorised into four groups: subjective xerostomia, subjective and objective xerostomia, objective xerostomia, and true non-xerostomia. Based on the median PSS score, participants were categorised into high stress and low stress groups. Data were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. A p value of 0.05 was set for all tests. Results A significant difference was observed in the unstimulated salivary flow rate (χ2(3) = 26.677, p < 0.001) and PSS scores (X2(3) = 8.552, p = 0.036) between xerostomia groups, while OHIP scores were not statistically different (X2(3) = 5.488, p = 0.139). A significant correlation was observed between SXI and S–OHIP scores (r = 0.348, p = 0.003) and unstimulated salivary flow rate and PSS (r = −0.259, p = 0.028). Conclusion This study shows that perceived stress can influence salivary flow rate. Among the xerostomia groups, stress scores and salivary flow rates varied significantly. Additionally, subjective xerostomia has an impact on OHRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Atif
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Corresponding address: Institute of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College, Abdur Rehman Road, Lahore Cantt, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sofia A. Syed
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Science, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ume R. Sherazi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Rana
- Department of Oral Biology, Sharif Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
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Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L. Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment - a review of the literature. Aust Dent J 2019; 65:4-11. [PMID: 31610030 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis, an offensive breath odour, has multiple sources and negative impacts on people's social interactions and quality of life. It is important for health care professionals, including general physicians and dental professionals, to understand its aetiology and risk factors in order to diagnose and treat patients appropriately. In this study, we have reviewed the current literature on halitosis regarding its prevalence, classification, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Farella
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L Mei
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Nazir MA, Al-Ansari A, Abbasi N, Almas K. Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3659-3666. [PMID: 32010395 PMCID: PMC6986508 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Smoking is associated with various systemic conditions and contributes to a huge financial burden to economies around the world. AIM: The study aimed to evaluate global data about the prevalence of tobacco use among male and female adolescents and to discuss smoking-related oral complications. METHODS: The prevalence data of tobacco use among adolescents (13-15 years) was retrieved from the World Health Organization (Global Health Observatory). The World Bank’s statistics about gross national income (GNI) per capita were used to categorise low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched to gather updated evidence about the adverse consequences of smoking on oral health among adolescents. RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco use was 19.33%, and there were 23.29% of male and 15.35% female smoker adolescents in 133 countries (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of tobacco use in male (24.76%) and female (19.4) adolescents was found in high-income countries. Significantly higher proportions of male adolescents were smokers than female counterparts in low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income (p < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in tobacco use between male and female adolescents in high-income countries. Low-income countries had the lowest prevalence (14.95%) of tobacco use, while high-income countries had the highest prevalence estimates (22.08). Gingivitis (72.8%), gingival bleeding (51.2%), oral malodor or halitosis (39.6%) is common oral conditions among smoker adolescents. Smoking habit is significantly associated with dental caries, periodontal disease, hairy tongue, smoking-related melanosis, and hyperkeratosis among adolescents. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of tobacco use among male and female adolescents around the globe. Available evidence suggests a strong association between smoking and compromised oral health among adolescents. Globally, measures should be taken to prevent and control the menace of tobacco use to reduce systemic and oral complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashraf Nazir
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Al-Ansari
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeela Abbasi
- Department of Oral Biology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Almas
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Nazir MA, Almas K, Majeed MI. The prevalence of halitosis (oral malodor) and associated factors among dental students and interns, Lahore, Pakistan. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:480-485. [PMID: 29279674 PMCID: PMC5727733 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_142_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the prevalence of halitosis and the factors associated with it among dental students and interns in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study design was chosen, and a sample of dental students and interns was collected from seven dental colleges in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 833 participants were approached in person as convenient sample population. A self-reported questionnaire was administered and informed consent was obtained. The associations between oral malodor and different variables of the study were explored using analytical statistics (Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis). Statistical significance was determined using a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Six hundred and fifteen participants (aged 19-27 years) completed the survey with a response rate of 73.8%. The prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 75.1%. More female (51.4%) than male students (23.7%) reported oral malodor, and most participants (61%) reported early morning halitosis. Thirteen percent of respondents had examination for oral malodor by a dentist and 37.6% treated the condition with self-medication. Binary logistic regression model showed that male gender (odds ratio [OR] =0.44, CI = 0.22-0.87), daily use of dental floss (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.13-0.58), and drinking tea with mint (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.22-0.89) were significantly associated with oral malodor. The participants with tongue coating had higher odds (OR = 2.75, CI = 1.13-6.69) of having oral malodor than those without tongue coating, and the association was statistically significant. Conclusions The study identified high prevalence of oral malodor among dental students and interns. They should receive appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition from dentist. The regular use of dental floss and removal of tongue coating can significantly reduce halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashraf Nazir
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, University of Dammam College of Dentistry, Dammam, KSA
| | - Khalid Almas
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, University of Dammam College of Dentistry, Dammam, KSA
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Herman S, Lisowska G, Herman J, Wojtyna E, Misiołek M. Genuine halitosis in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of mouth odor: severity and role of oral hygiene behaviors. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126:101-109. [PMID: 29392764 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the severity of halitosis and the association between oral hygiene practices and the severity of malodor in patients with dental and laryngological etiologies of genuine halitosis. Thirty-five laryngological and 40 dental patients with halitosis completed a structured interview and underwent laryngological and dental examinations. Halitosis was assessed using organoleptic and halimeter tests. Greater halitosis severity in laryngological patients was associated with worse clinical status of the palatine tonsils, less frequent toothbrushing, less frequent use of tongue cleaners, fewer daily meals, and increased use of mouthrinses. Among dental patients, more severe halitosis was associated with worse clinical status of the periodontium, more tongue coating, less saliva secretion, and less frequent use of dental floss, interdental toothbrushes, and tongue cleaners. Oral hygiene was found to be a key moderator of the relationship between status of the periodontium or tonsils and severity of halitosis. The severity of halitosis in laryngological patients and dental patients is essentially similar; however, oral hygiene routines are associated with different effects in each group. Consequently, individual recommendations for patients with halitosis should be adjusted for the underlying disease and emphasize the role of effective specific hygiene behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grażyna Lisowska
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Wojtyna
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Misiołek
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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Bin Mubayrik A, Al Hamdan R, Al Hadlaq EM, AlBagieh H, AlAhmed D, Jaddoh H, Demyati M, Abu Shryei R. Self-perception, knowledge, and awareness of halitosis among female university students. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2017; 9:45-52. [PMID: 28603430 PMCID: PMC5457280 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s129679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Halitosis or oral malodor is defined as an unpleasant breath odor. It can become a serious problem affecting individuals’ social communication and self-confidence. Furthermore, it is a discomforting issue for the people around the person affected, because they consider it embarrassing to inform the person of the problem. Aim This study was designed to measure self-perception, knowledge, and awareness of halitosis among female university students in Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey was implemented with 392 volunteer participants who responded to a questionnaire on their self-perception, knowledge, and awareness of halitosis. Results The response rate was 89.1% (392/440). Self-perception of halitosis was low (21.4%), whereas a larger percentage (78.1%) indicated noticing people with bad breath. Most participants (80.4%) thought that the gastrointestinal tract is the primary source of halitosis. Seventy-seven percent preferred using personal methods such as mouthwash and chewing gum to treat oral malodor. According to 82.1% of respondents, a dentist is the most appropriate professional to treat halitosis. Conclusion The investigation revealed low self-perception and limited knowledge regarding halitosis. Therefore, the role of dentists in informing and educating their patients concerning oral malodor should be enhanced. Public education about the causes of and possible ways of managing bad breath should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dan AlAhmed
- Interns, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend Jaddoh
- Interns, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mawadh Demyati
- Interns, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Abu Shryei
- Interns, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hoceini A, Klouche Khelil N, Ben-yelles I, Mesli A, Ziouani S, Ghellai L, Aissaoui N, Nas F, Arab M. Caries-related factors and bacterial composition of supragingival plaques in caries free and caries active Algerian adults. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016; 6:720-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Background: Behavioral aspects play a major role in the prevention of oral diseases. Moreover, not many people are aware of the relationship of smoking with potential oral diseases. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyze oral hygiene behavior, smoking habits, and perceived oral health problems among a sample of university students in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire about oral hygiene behavior, smoking, and perceived oral health problems was developed. The questionnaires were mainly distributed in Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy colleges of the university. Questionnaires completed at other colleges were included under the term “other colleges.” Results: Overall, 380 questionnaires were returned. Majority of the students (92.4%) reported cleaning their teeth. Most of the students reported cleaning teeth once daily (48.7%). Just over a half (55.8%) reported having a dental check-up in the last 6 months, and a significantly higher number of dental students reported having a dental check-up (P < 0.05). Regarding smoking, the majority (63.4%) reported to have never smoked while 17.3% reported that they were smoking frequently. About 17.6% perceived oral health problems, including a significant proportion of those who reported frequent smoking. Conclusions: Oral hygiene behavior exhibited by the university students sample was similar. Majority cleaned their teeth, although only once. Smoking habit was not exhibited by the vast majority of students. Frequent smokers perceived oral health problems more than other students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Hussain Shah
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally A ElHaddad
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Kamalikhah T, Mazllomi Mahmood abad S, Khalighinejad N, Rahmati-Najarkolaei F. Dental flossing behaviour and its determinants among students in a suburb area of Tehran-Iran: using Transtheoretical Model. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 15:106-112. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kamalikhah
- Department of Health Education; Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences; Yazd Iran
| | | | - N Khalighinejad
- Torabinejad Research Center; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
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Abstract
Background: Regarding the fact that halitosis has social and personal aspects which can lead to social embarrassment and consequently low self-esteem and self-confidence in subjects suffering from the problem, especially children, its proper treatment is an important issue. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metronidazole as a nonspecific antimicrobial agent in the treatment of halitosis in children. Materials and Methods: In this study, 2-10 years old children with oral halitosis were enrolled. Children without H. pylori infection and parasitic infection were randomized in two interventional and control groups. Metronidazole was given 5mg/kg/day for one week. Information regarding the demographic characteristics of studied population and halitosis (duration and time of day with more halitosis and its severity) before and after intervention was recorded using a questionnaire Results: 77 children with halitosis were studied in two interventional (40 children) and control (37 children) groups. There was no significant difference between two groups before intervention. After intervention, halitosis improvement rate - according to the reports of mothers of studied children - was higher significantly in intervention group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results support the effectiveness of metronidazole in the treatment of halitosis. Moreover, it supports recent findings regarding the participation of specific bacteria specially unculturable ones in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Javad Sayedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Modaresi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Reza Modaresi, Pediatric Pulmonolary Division, Children’s Medical Center, No. 62, Dr Gharib St, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2161475, E-mail:
| | - Hosein Saneian
- Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
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