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Mohamed Yusof NIS, Mohd Fauzi F. Nature's Toolbox for Alzheimer's Disease: A Review on the Potential of Natural Products as Alzheimer's Disease Drugs. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105738. [PMID: 38616012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Numerous clinical trials involving natural products have been conducted to observe cognitive performances and biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients. However, to date, no natural-based drugs have been approved by the FDA as treatments for AD. In this review, natural product-based compounds that were tested in clinical trials from 2011 to 2023, registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov were reviewed. Thirteen compounds, encompassing 7 different mechanisms of action were covered. Several observations were deduced, which are: i) several compounds showed cognitive improvement, but these improvements may not extend to AD, ii) compounds that are endogenous to the human body showed better outcomes, and iii) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and cerebrolysin had the most potential as AD drugs among the 13 compounds. Based on the current findings, natural products may be more suitable as a supplement than AD drugs in most cases. However, the studies covered here were conducted in a relatively short amount of time, where compounds acting on AD pathways may take time to show any effect. Given the diverse pathways that these natural products are involved in, they may potentially produce synergistic effects that would be beneficial in treating AD. Additionally, natural products benefit from both physicochemical properties being in more favorable ranges and active transport playing a more significant role than it does for synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fazlin Mohd Fauzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42 300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Center for Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42 300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Xu Q, Shen H, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Shen Z, Jiang J, Zhou J. Causal effects of genetically predicted testosterone on Alzheimer's disease: a two-sample mendelian randomization study. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:591-601. [PMID: 38007406 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although several studies have reported that testosterone may protect against Alzheimer's disease, no evidence of a causal relationship has been demonstrated. METHODS A Mendelian randomization (MR) study was performed to determine the causal role of testosterone in Alzheimer's disease. The study utilized public databases obtained from separately published genome-wide associationstudies (GWAS). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for testosterone were extracted from the most recent and largest published GWAS meta-analysis (178,782 participants), and SNPs for Alzheimer's disease were extracted from UK Biobank (954 AD cases and 487,331 controls). The odds ratio (OR) of the inverse variance weighting (IVW) approach was the primary outcome, and the weighted median and MR Egger regression were used for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Through IVW, we observed a causal association between genetically predicted testosterone and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, with an OR of 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.998-0.999, p = 0.047). In the sensitivity analyses, the weighted median regression showed directionally similar estimates (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.998-0.999, p = 0.048). The MR Egger regression showed similar estimates (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.998-1.00, p = 0.35), but with lower precision. Funnel plots, MR Egger intercepts, and Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) analysis indicated the absence of directional pleiotropy effects. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our MR study provides evidence of a causal relationship between testosterone levels and Alzheimer's disease; however, this relationship must be validated in future studies with larger sample sizes. Early testosterone monitoring may enable the prevention of Alzheimer's and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Wujiang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Suzhou Wujiang District Second People's Hospital), Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Wujiang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Suzhou Wujiang District Second People's Hospital), Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Wujiang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Suzhou Wujiang District Second People's Hospital), Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Wujiang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Suzhou Wujiang District Second People's Hospital), Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Zhongmei Shen
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Wujiang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Suzhou Wujiang District Second People's Hospital), Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Jianming Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Wujiang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Suzhou Wujiang District Second People's Hospital), Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Wujiang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Suzhou Wujiang District Second People's Hospital), Wujiang District, Suzhou, 215200, China.
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Tang S, Huang L, Lin F, Chen X, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang Y, Gao J, Xiao Q. Sex steroid and cognitive function among community-dwelling older men with or without vascular risk factors: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 38350861 PMCID: PMC10865607 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship of testosterone and estradiol concentrations with cognitive function among community-dwelling older men was inconclusive. To examine the association of serum testosterone and estradiol concentrations with cognitive function in older men with or without vascular risk factors (VRFs). METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 224 community-dwelling men aged 65-90 years in the Songjiang District of Shanghai, China. Serum testosterone and estradiol were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The following five factors were defined as VRFs in this study: obesity, history of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the association of testosterone and estradiol with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in participants with or without VRF. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was performed to account for the nonlinearity of these associations. RESULTS An inverted "U" shaped non-linear relationship was found between testosterone concentration and MMSE score in men with one VRF (P overall =.003, non-linear P =.002). Estradiol showed an inverted "U" shaped non-linear relationship with MMSE score independent of VRFs (men without VRF, P overall =.049, non-linear P =.015; men with one VRF, overall P =.007, non-linear P =.003; men with two or more VRFs, overall P =.009, non-linear P =.005). CONCLUSION In older men, an optimal level of sex steroid concentration may be beneficial to cognitive function and the VRFs should be considered when interpreting the relationship between sex steroid and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Huang
- Songjiang Center of Disease Prevention and Control, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangting Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Songjiang Center of Disease Prevention and Control, 201620, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Wang
- Songjiang District Xinqiao Town Community Health Service Center, 201600, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixiang Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qianyi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Health Communication Institute, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang Y, Chen M, Chen H, Mi S, Wang C, Zuo H, Song L, Du J, Cui H, Li S. Testosterone reduces hippocampal synaptic damage in an androgen receptor-independent manner. J Endocrinol 2024; 260:e230114. [PMID: 37991884 PMCID: PMC10762536 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related reduction in androgen levels may be a possible risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to cognitive impairment. Androgens may affect synaptic function and cognition in an androgen receptor (AR)-independent manner; however, the mechanisms connecting theses effects are unknown. Therefore, we used testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) male mice, a model with AR mutation, to test the effects of testosterone on synaptic function and cognition. Our results showed that testosterone ameliorated spatial memory deficit and neuronal damage, and increased dendritic spines density and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and glutamate receptor 1 (GluA1) expression in the hippocampus of Tfm male mice. And these effects of testosterone were not inhibited by anastrozole, which suppressed conversion of testosterone to estradiol. Mechanistically, testosterone activated the extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus of Tfm male mice. Meanwhile, Erk1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 blocked the upregulation of phospho-CREB, PSD95, and GluA1 induced by testosterone in HT22 cells pretreated with flutamide, an androgen antagonist. Collectively, our data indicate that testosterone may ameliorate hippocampal synaptic damage and spatial memory deficit by activating the Erk1/2-CREB signaling pathway in an AR-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Meiqin Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shixiong Mi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hongchun Zuo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Leigang Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Kavoosi S, Shahraki A, Sheervalilou R. Identification of microRNA-mRNA Regulatory Networks with Therapeutic Values in Alzheimer's Disease by Bioinformatics Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:671-689. [PMID: 38427479 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurological disorder worldwide, affecting approximately 24 million individuals. Despite more than a century of research on AD, its pathophysiology is still not fully understood. Objective Recently, genetic studies of AD have focused on analyzing the general expression profile by employing high-throughput genomic techniques such as microarrays. Current research has leveraged bioinformatics advancements in genetic science to build upon previous efforts. Methods Data from the GSE118553 dataset used in this investigation, and the analyses carried out using programs such as Limma and BioBase. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRs) associated with AD identified in the studied areas of the brain. Target genes of the DEmiRs identified using the MultiMiR package. Gene ontology (GO) completed using the Enrichr website, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for these genes drawn using STRING and Cytoscape software. Results The findings introduced DEGs including CTNNB1, PAK2, MAP2K1, PNPLA6, IGF1R, FOXL2, DKK3, LAMA4, PABPN1, and GDPD5, and DEmiRs linked to AD (miR-106A, miR-1826, miR-1253, miR-10B, miR-18B, miR-101-2, miR-761, miR-199A1, miR-379 and miR-668), (miR-720, miR-218-2, miR-25, miR-602, miR-1226, miR-548K, miR-H1, miR-410, miR-548F2, miR-181A2), (miR-1470, miR-651, miR-544, miR-1826, miR-195, miR-610, miR-599, miR-323, miR-587 and miR-340), and (miR-1282, miR-1914, miR-642, miR-1323, miR-373, miR-323, miR-1322, miR-612, miR-606 and miR-758) in cerebellum, frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and entorhinal cortex, respectively. Conclusions The majority of the genes and miRNAs identified by our findings may be employed as biomarkers for prediction, diagnosis, or therapy response monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Kavoosi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali Shahraki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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Hassan M, Shahzadi S, Yasir M, Chun W, Kloczkowski A. Computational prognostic evaluation of Alzheimer's drugs from FDA-approved database through structural conformational dynamics and drug repositioning approaches. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18022. [PMID: 37865690 PMCID: PMC10590448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug designing is high-priced and time taking process with low success rate. To overcome this obligation, computational drug repositioning technique is being promptly used to predict the possible therapeutic effects of FDA approved drugs against multiple diseases. In this computational study, protein modeling, shape-based screening, molecular docking, pharmacogenomics, and molecular dynamic simulation approaches have been utilized to retrieve the FDA approved drugs against AD. The predicted MADD protein structure was designed by homology modeling and characterized through different computational resources. Donepezil and galantamine were implanted as standard drugs and drugs were screened out based on structural similarities. Furthermore, these drugs were evaluated and based on binding energy (Kcal/mol) profiles against MADD through PyRx tool. Moreover, pharmacogenomics analysis showed good possible associations with AD mediated genes and confirmed through detail literature survey. The best 6 drug (darifenacin, astemizole, tubocurarine, elacridar, sertindole and tariquidar) further docked and analyzed their interaction behavior through hydrogen binding. Finally, MD simulation study were carried out on these drugs and evaluated their stability behavior by generating root mean square deviation and fluctuations (RMSD/F), radius of gyration (Rg) and soluble accessible surface area (SASA) graphs. Taken together, darifenacin, astemizole, tubocurarine, elacridar, sertindole and tariquidar displayed good lead like profile as compared with standard and can be used as possible therapeutic agent in the treatment of AD after in-vitro and in-vivo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
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Song L, Chen H, Qiao D, Zhang B, Guo F, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li S, Cui H. ZIP9 mediates the effects of DHT on learning, memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity of male Tfm and APP/PS1 mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139874. [PMID: 37305050 PMCID: PMC10248430 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens are closely associated with functions of hippocampal learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. The zinc transporter ZIP9 (SLC39A9) regulates androgen effects as a binding site distinct from the androgen receptor (AR). However, it is still unclear whether androgens regulate their functions in hippocampus of mice through ZIP9. Compared with wild-type (WT) male mice, we found that AR-deficient male testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) mice with low androgen levels had learning and memory impairment, decreased expression of hippocampal synaptic proteins PSD95, drebrin, SYP, and dendritic spine density. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) supplementation significantly improved these conditions in Tfm male mice, although the beneficial effects disappeared after hippocampal ZIP9 knockdown. To explore the underlying mechanism, we first detected the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and eIF4E in the hippocampus and found that it was lower in Tfm male mice than in WT male mice, it upregulated with DHT supplementation, and it downregulated after hippocampal ZIP9 knockdown. Next, we found that the expression of PSD95, p-ERK1/2, and p-eIF4E increased in DHT-treated mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cells, and ZIP9 knockdown or overexpression inhibited or further enhanced these effects. Using the ERK1/2 specific inhibitor SCH772984 and eIF4E specific inhibitor eFT508, we found that DHT activated ERK1/2 through ZIP9, resulting in eIF4E phosphorylation, thus promoting PSD95 protein expression in HT22 cells. Finally, we found that ZIP9 mediated the effects of DHT on the expression of synaptic proteins PSD95, drebrin, SYP, and dendritic spine density in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice through the ERK1/2-eIF4E pathway and affected learning and memory. This study demonstrated that androgen affected learning and memory in mice through ZIP9, providing new experimental evidence for improvement in learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease with androgen supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Sports Human Science, Hebei Sport University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fangzhen Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Niu PP, Wang X, Xu YM. Causal effects of serum testosterone levels on brain volume: a sex-stratified Mendelian randomization study. J Endocrinol Invest 2023:10.1007/s40618-023-02028-0. [PMID: 36780066 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the causal effects of serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels on brain volumetric measurements in women and men. METHODS We performed a sex-stratified two-sample Mendelian randomization study using the random-effects inverse variance-weighted method as the primary analysis method. Sex-specific genetic instruments were obtained from a study with up to 194,453 men and 230,454 women. For testosterone, variants with dominant effects on both total and bioavailable testosterone but no aggregate effect on sex hormone-binding globulin were used as the main genetic instruments. Sex-specific summary-level data for magnetic resonance imaging brain volumetric measurements were obtained from a study with 11,624 women and 10,514 men. RESULTS Analyses showed per standard deviation (approximately 3.7 nmol/L) higher testosterone levels in men were suggestively associated with larger gray matter volume (beta = 0.208, 95% confidence interval = 0.067 to 0.349, p = 0.004). The association remained in sensitivity analyses and multivariable analyses. Further analyses showed the effect was mainly act on peripheral cortical gray matter, but not on subcortical gray matter. Testosterone in men was not associated with hippocampal volume. Testosterone in women and sex hormone binding globulin in both sexes had no effect on all outcomes. CONCLUSION Our findings overall support previous evidence that testosterone might have neuroprotective properties in elderly men. Future larger trials with long duration of intervention are warranted to assess the efficacy of testosterone for elderly men with cognitive impairment, especially in those with hypoandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-P Niu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jian She Road 1#, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - X Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jian She Road 1#, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Y-M Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jian She Road 1#, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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Cunliffe G, Lim YT, Chae W, Jung S. Alternative Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Neuromodulator Function. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123064. [PMID: 36551821 PMCID: PMC9776382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, comprising 70% of dementia diagnoses worldwide and affecting 1 in 9 people over the age of 65. However, the majority of its treatments, which predominantly target the cholinergic system, remain insufficient at reversing pathology and act simply to slow the inevitable progression of the disease. The most recent neurotransmitter-targeting drug for AD was approved in 2003, strongly suggesting that targeting neurotransmitter systems alone is unlikely to be sufficient, and that research into alternate treatment avenues is urgently required. Neuromodulators are substances released by neurons which influence neurotransmitter release and signal transmission across synapses. Neuromodulators including neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, ATP and metal ions display altered function in AD, which underlies aberrant neuronal activity and pathology. However, research into how the manipulation of neuromodulators may be useful in the treatment of AD is relatively understudied. Combining neuromodulator targeting with more novel methods of drug delivery, such as the use of multi-targeted directed ligands, combinatorial drugs and encapsulated nanoparticle delivery systems, may help to overcome limitations of conventional treatments. These include difficulty crossing the blood-brain-barrier and the exertion of effects on a single target only. This review aims to highlight the ways in which neuromodulator functions are altered in AD and investigate how future therapies targeting such substances, which act upstream to classical neurotransmitter systems, may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the sustained search for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cunliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Tang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Woori Chae
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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Hirokawa K, Kasuga A, Matsumoto K, Omori Y, Masui Y, Nakagawa T, Ogawa M, Ishioka Y, Inagaki H, Ikebe K, Arai Y, Ishizaki T, Kamide K, Gondo Y. Associations between salivary testosterone levels and cognitive function among 70‐year‐old Japanese elderly: A cross‐sectional analysis of the
SONIC
study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:1040-1046. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Hirokawa
- Faculty of Societal Safety Sciences Kansai University Takatsuki Japan
| | - Ayaka Kasuga
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Suita Japan
| | | | - Yasuko Omori
- Faculty of Human Studies Jin‐ai University Fukui Japan
| | - Yukie Masui
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Madoka Ogawa
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishioka
- Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities O.P. Jindal Global University Sonipat India
| | | | - Kazunori Ikebe
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Kei Kamide
- Division of Health Sciences Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Gondo
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Suita Japan
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11
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Farfán-García ED, Rosales-Hernández MC, Castillo-García EL, Abad-García A, Ruiz-Maciel O, Velasco-Silveyra LM, González-Muñiz AY, Andrade-Jorge E, Soriano-Ursúa MA. Identification and evaluation of boronic compounds ameliorating cognitive deficit in orchiectomized rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126979. [PMID: 35364473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boron is a trace element with increasing importance in drug design. In this sense, boronic acids are emerging as therapeutic agents for several diseases. METHODS Herein, 3- and 4- acetamidophenylboronic acids and 4-acetamidophenylboronic acid pinacol ester were identified as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase through docking assays on eel, rat, and human acetylcholinesterases indicating binding on the gorge region of the target enzymes. Then, these compounds were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS It was found these compounds showed ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase as competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. But also, these compounds were non-toxic to PC12 cells at micromolar concentration, and they have the ability to protect those cells against damage by amyloid-beta. CONCLUSIONS Noticeably, intraperitoneal administration of these boronic compounds to rats with the cognitive deficit induced by orchiectomy provided ameliorative effects on disrupted behavior and neuronal damage induced by hormonal deprivation. Additional approaches are required to evaluate the possibility of multiple mechanisms of action for the observed effects in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice D Farfán-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México.
| | - Martha C Rosales-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis. Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Emily L Castillo-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Antonio Abad-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Omar Ruiz-Maciel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Luz M Velasco-Silveyra
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Alejandra Y González-Muñiz
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis. Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Erik Andrade-Jorge
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 México City, México.
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12
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Кузнецов КО, Хайдарова РР, Хабибуллина РХ, Стыценко ЕС, Философова ВИ, Нуриахметова ИР, Хисамеева ЭМ, Важоров ГС, Хайбуллин ФР, Иванова ЕА, Горбатова КВ. [Testosterone and Alzheimer's disease]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 2022; 68:97-107. [PMID: 36337024 PMCID: PMC9762454 DOI: 10.14341/probl13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes dementia in half of the cases. Asthma is usually found in people over 65 years of age. The etiopathogenesis of the disease is multifactorial and includes genetic factors, nutritional disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and aging. Sex hormones have an important influence on the development of AD, as evidenced by a higher incidence in women than in men. Considering the significant influence of T on the maintenance of normal brain function, the present study is aimed at evaluating the impact of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), as well as testosterone therapy, on the risk of AD development and progression. Although there is some clinical inconsistency between studies, androgens have a significant effect on brain function and are beneficial for AD patients. Low levels of circulating androgens should be considered as a significant risk factor for the development of AD and memory loss. With a reduced level of T in the plasma of men, its administration improves cognitive performance and memory, treatment should be started at an early stage of the disease. In men and women with AD, androgens improve mental state and slow the progression of the disease, providing a protective effect. In the future, it is necessary to conduct studies on a large population, taking into account personality factors and a more specific approach to assessing cognitive functions and the causal relationship of T administration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- К. О. Кузнецов
- Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова
| | | | - Р. Х. Хабибуллина
- Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова
| | - Е. С. Стыценко
- Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет
| | - В. И. Философова
- Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова
| | | | | | - Г. С. Важоров
- Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н. Ульянова
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13
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Cao Z, Yang F, Lin Y, Shan J, Cao H, Zhang C, Zhuang Y, Xing C, Hu G. Selenium Antagonizes Cadmium-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Suppressing the Interplay between NLRP3 Inflammasome and HMGB1/NF-κB Pathway in Duck Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116252. [PMID: 35682929 PMCID: PMC9181349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the liver of animals, damaging liver function. Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered primary causes of Cd-induced liver damage. Selenium (Se) is an antioxidant and can resist the detrimental impacts of Cd on the liver. To elucidate the antagonism of Se on Cd against hepatocyte injury and its mechanism, duck embryo hepatocytes were treated with Cd (4 μM) and/or Se (0.4 μM) for 24 h. Then, the hepatocyte viability, oxidative stress and inflammatory status were assessed. The findings manifested that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of pro-inflammatory factors were elevated in the Cd group. Simultaneously, immunofluorescence staining revealed that the interaction between NOD-like receptor pyran domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) was enhanced, the movement of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from nucleus to cytoplasm was increased and the inflammatory response was further amplified. Nevertheless, the addition of Se relieved the above-mentioned effects, thereby alleviating cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. Collectively, the results suggested that Se could mitigate Cd-stimulated oxidative stress and inflammation in hepatocytes, which might be correlated with the NLRP3 inflammasome and HMGB1/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenghong Xing
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (G.H.); Tel.: +86-18770046182 (C.X.); +86-13807089905 (G.H.)
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (G.H.); Tel.: +86-18770046182 (C.X.); +86-13807089905 (G.H.)
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14
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Achard V, Ceyzériat K, Tournier BB, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V, Zilli T. Biomarkers to Evaluate Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration: Old Drugs, New Concerns. Front Oncol 2022; 11:734881. [PMID: 34970480 PMCID: PMC8712866 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.734881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for prostate cancer patients, routinely used in the palliative or in the curative setting in association with radiotherapy. Among the systemic long-term side effects of ADT, growing data suggest a potentially increased risk of dementia/Alzheimer’s disease in prostate cancer patients treated with hormonal manipulation. While pre-clinical data suggest that androgen ablation may have neurotoxic effects due to Aβ accumulation and increased tau phosphorylation in small animal brains, clinical studies have measured the impact of ADT on long-term cognitive function, with conflicting results, and studies on biological changes after ADT are still lacking. The aim of this review is to report on the current evidence on the association between the ADT use and the risk of cognitive impairment in prostate cancer patients. We will focus on the contribution of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers, namely through imaging, to investigate potential ADT-induced brain modifications. The evidence from these preliminary studies shows brain changes in gray matter volume, cortical activation and metabolism associated with ADT, however with a large variability in biomarker selection, ADT duration and cognitive outcome. Importantly, no study investigated yet biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, namely amyloid and tau. These preliminary data emphasize the need for larger targeted investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vérane Achard
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, and NimtLab, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Memory Clinic, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University and University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, and NimtLab, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zilli
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Reiss AB, Saeedullah U, Grossfeld DJ, Glass AD, Pinkhasov A, Katz AE. Prostate cancer treatment and the relationship of androgen deprivation therapy to cognitive function. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:733-741. [PMID: 34743290 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in men. For advanced, high risk prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the preferred treatment and can induce remission, but resistance to ADT brings biochemical recurrence and progression of cancer. ADT brings adverse effects such as erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, and diminished physical strength. It is estimated that between 25 and 50% of men on ADT manifest some form of cognitive dysfunction that may be self-reported or reported by a family member. There is concern that impaired cognitive function with ADT is due to loss of testosterone support. Testosterone and its metabolites are known to possess neuroprotective properties. While a direct causal relationship between ADT and cognitive decline in prostate cancer patients has not been established, this review describes the controversy surrounding the possible connection between ADT and neurocognitive deterioration. The cellular and molecular mechanisms believed to underlie the protection of neuronal integrity by androgens are discussed. Results from animal models and human clinical studies are presented. Finally, we call attention to lifestyle modifications that may minimize cognitive issues in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Reiss
- Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - U Saeedullah
- Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - D J Grossfeld
- Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - A D Glass
- Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - A Pinkhasov
- Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - A E Katz
- Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
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16
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Li JZ, Hao XH, Wu HP, Li M, Liu XM, Wu ZB. An enriched environment delays the progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1320. [PMID: 34630674 PMCID: PMC8495563 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study demonstrated that middle-aged (5-6 months of age) senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice can be used as animal models of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). An enriched environment (EE) can mitigate cognitive decline and decrease the pathological changes associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, the learning-memory abilities of SAMP8 mice during the MCI phase (5 months of age) was evaluated and neuropathological changes in the hippocampus were examined after the mice were exposed to an EE for 60 days. In the Morris water maze test, EE-exposed mice demonstrated significantly decreased escape latency and increased time spent in the target quadrant and number of platform crossings compared with control mice. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Nissl staining showed that EE-exposed mice had reduced neuronal apoptosis and increased number of surviving neurons compared with control mice. Golgi staining, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that EE-exposed mice exhibited increased dendritic spine densities among secondary and tertiary apical dendrites; increases in synaptic numerical density, synaptic surface density, and expression of synaptophysin; and reduced deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and expression of amyloid-precursor protein (APP) in the hippocampal CA1 region compared with control mice. These results demonstrate that EE exposure effectively decreases neuronal loss and regulates neuronal synaptic plasticity by reducing the expression of APP and the deposition of Aβ in the hippocampal CA1 region, thereby mitigating cognitive decline in SAMP8 mice during the MCI phase and delaying the progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shangxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Hao
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shangxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ping Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shangxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shangxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Min Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shangxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shangxi 046000, P.R. China
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17
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Sirichaiwetchakoon K, Suksuphew S, Srisawat R, Eumkeb G. Butea superba Roxb. Extract Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive and Memory Impairment in Aged Male Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:2703138. [PMID: 34671404 PMCID: PMC8523236 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2703138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Butea superba Roxb. (B. superba) is a herb that has been used for rejuvenation, to improve sexual performance, or to prevent erectile dysfunction function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is the main cause of progressive dementia. This study aimed to investigate the amelioration for cognitive and memory dysfunction of B. superba ethanolic extract (BSE), a possible mechanism of action, and its toxicity. The results from the Y-maze test, novel object recognition test, and passive avoidance test exhibited that the administration of BSE at 50 mg/kg (BSL) and 200 mg/kg (BSH) could ameliorate scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in all behavior testing. Moreover, BSE could prevent the cognitive deficit in a dose-dependent manner in a passive avoidance test. Furthermore, BSE inhibited acetylcholinesterase's (AChE) ex vivo activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Also, the in vitro and ex vivo antioxidative effects of BSE revealed that BSE had free radical scavenging activities in both DPPH and FRAP assay. Furthermore, male rats treated with BSE at 200 mg/kg/day for two weeks could significantly increase serum testosterone compared with control (P < 0.05). The GC-MS analysis and previous studies revealed that BSE contained propanoic acid, 3,3'-thiobis-, didodecyl ester, oleic acid, gamma-sitosterol, and stigmasterol which may play an important role in cognitive and memory impairment prevention. The toxicity test of BSE in rats at 50 and 200 mg/kg/day for two weeks showed that relative organ weight, serum creatinine, ALT, ALP, and CBC levels of both treated groups were not significantly different compared to the CON (P > 0.05). These results suggest that BSE may not be toxic to the vital organ and blood. In conclusion, BSE has the potential to be developed as a health supplement product or medicine for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipot Sirichaiwetchakoon
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Suksuphew
- Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rungrudee Srisawat
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Griangsak Eumkeb
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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18
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Kondashevskaya MV, Nikolskaya KA, Tolchennikova VV. The Role of the Hippocampus in the Neuroendocrine Response to Neurobiological Stimuli in Experiment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:494-8. [PMID: 34542755 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We compared the levels of functional activity of cells in each adrenal zone with blood levels of corticosterone, testosterone, and neuropeptide Y in control and hippocampectomized F1(C57BL/6×DBA/2) mice during modeling of metabolic, motivational, and cognitive tension. The morphofunctional state of the adrenal glands was studied using a new morphometric approach. It was found that hippocampectomy changed the testosterone response to neurobiological stimuli; similar changes were observed in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex producing dehydroepiandrosterone that is involved in the regulation of testosterone secretion. At the same time, hippocampectomy enhanced the response of the peptide hormone; the index of functional activity of chromaffin cells producing this hormone also increased. These findings allow us to put forward a hypothesis that the hippocampus is involved in the regulation of mutual influences of the studied hormones and that it modulates the sensitivity of testosterone and NPY to metabolic and cognitive factors.
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Zhang B, Zhao J, Guo P, Wang Z, Xu L, Liu A, Du G. Effects of Naodesheng tablets on amyloid beta-induced dysfunction: A traditional Chinese herbal formula with novel therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease revealed by systems pharmacology. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111916. [PMID: 34328103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naodesheng (NDS) tablets have been widely used to treat ischemic stroke clinically. NDS relieves neurological function impairment and improve learning and memory in rats with focal cerebral ischemia, suggesting that NDS has potential for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. However, there are no studies about its effective material basis and possible mechanisms. In this study, a systems pharmacology method was applied to reveal the potential molecular mechanism of NDS in the treatment of AD. First, we obtained 360 NDS candidate constituents through ADMET filter analysis. Then, 115 AD-related targets were uncovered by pharmacophore model prediction via mapping the predicted targets against AD-related proteins. In addition, compound-target and target-function networks were established to suggest potential synergistic effects among the candidate constituents. Furthermore, potential targets regulated by NDS were integrated into AD-related pathways to demonstrate the therapeutic mechanism of NDS in AD treatment. Subsequently, a validation experiment proved the therapeutic effect of NDS on cognitive dysfunction in rats with intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ. We found that administration of NDS tablets regulates β-amyloid metabolism, improves synaptic plasticity, inhibits neuroinflammation and improves learning and memory function. In conclusion, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive systems pharmacology approach to elucidate the potential therapeutic mechanism of NDS tablets for AD treatment. We suggest that the protective effects of NDS in neurodegenerative conditions could be partly attributed to its role in improving synaptic plasticity and inhibiting neuroinflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition and cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lvjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Gadomsky L, Dos Santos Guilherme M, Winkler J, van der Kooij MA, Hartmann T, Grimm M, Endres K. Elevated Testosterone Level and Urine Scent Marking in Male 5xFAD Alzheimer Model Mice. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:80-92. [PMID: 32065104 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200217105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Function of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (AβPP) and its various cleavage products still is not unraveled down to the last detail. While its role as a source of the neurotoxic Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is undisputed and its property as a cell attachment protein is intriguing, while functions outside the neuronal context are scarcely investigated. This is particularly noteworthy because AβPP has a ubiquitous expression profile and its longer isoforms, AβPP750 and 770, are found in various tissues outside the brain and in non-neuronal cells. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed at analyzing the 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model in regard to male sexual function. The transgenes of this mouse model are regulated by Thy1 promoter activity and Thy1 is expressed in testes, e.g. by Sertoli cells. This allows speculation about an influence on sexual behavior. METHODS We analyzed morphological as well as biochemical properties of testicular tissue from 5xFAD mice and wild type littermates and testosterone levels in serum, testes and the brain. Sexual behavior was assessed by a urine scent marking test at different ages for both groups. RESULTS While sperm number, testes weight and morphological phenotypes of sperms were nearly indistinguishable from those of wild type littermates, testicular testosterone levels were significantly increased in the AD model mice. This was accompanied by elevated and prolonged sexual interest as displayed within the urine scent marking test. CONCLUSION We suggest that overexpression of AβPP, which mostly is used to mimic AD in model mice, also affects male sexual behavior as assessed additional by the Urine Scent Marking (USM) test. The elevated testosterone levels might have an additional impact on central nervous system androgen receptors and also have to be considered when assessing learning and memory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gadomsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malena Dos Santos Guilherme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob Winkler
- German Institute for Dementia Prevention (GIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael A van der Kooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- German Institute for Dementia Prevention (GIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Marcus Grimm
- German Institute for Dementia Prevention (GIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Elfouly A, Awny M, Ibrahim MK, Aboelsaad M, Tian J, Sayed M. Effects of Long-Acting Testosterone Undecanoate on Behavioral Parameters and Na + , K +-ATPase mRNA Expression in Mice with Alzheimer`s Disease. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2238-2248. [PMID: 34036518 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that testosterone attenuates stress-induced mood dysfunction and memory deterioration. However, the exact mechanism is still unknown. This study was conducted to investigate the role of long-term testosterone undecanoate on the behavioral responses in AD induced by AlCl3 + D-galactose administration and the possible alteration of the gene expression level of the Na/K ATPase pump. Adult male mice received AlCl3 in drinking water (10 mg/kg/day) and (D-gal 200 mg/kg/day), subcutaneously for 90 consecutive days, then received a single intramuscular (I.M) injection of castor oil (vehicle) on day 91, while treated groups received a single I.M injection of either low (100 mg/kg/45 days) or high dose (500 mg/kg/45 days) respectively of long-acting testosterone undecanoate on day 91. The time spent in the interaction zone during the open field test, preference index to novel objects in the novel object recognition test, spontaneous alternation percentage (SAP) in Y-maze test, and escape latency time in the Morris water maze test were used to measure the locomotor activity, long-term memory, and spatial memory in mice, respectively. The results showed that testosterone undecanoate treatment improved locomotor activity, improved preference to novel objects, improved spatial memory, and reversed anxiety and depression induced by AlCl3 + D-galactose administration in male mice, suggesting the enhancement of behavioral and memory functions brought by testosterone treatment. Moreover, testosterone undecanoate treatment did alter gene expression levels of Na/K ATPase isoforms in the brain hippocampus. In most cases, altered gene expression was significant and correlated with the observed behavioral changes. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into the effects of long-acting testosterone undecanoate administration on locomotor activity, long-term memory, anxiety, and spatial memory in male mice with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elfouly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6Th University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Awny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6Th University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M K Ibrahim
- Department of Developmental Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - M Aboelsaad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El Shorouk City, Egypt
| | - J Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences &, Marshall Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (MIIR), Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - M Sayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El Shorouk City, Egypt. .,Center of Drug Research Development (CDRD), The British University in Egypt, El Shorouk City, Egypt.
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22
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Wan J, Shen CM, Wang Y, Wu QZ, Wang YL, Liu Q, Sun YM, Cao JP, Wu YQ. Repeated exposure to propofol in the neonatal period impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and the recognition function of rats in adulthood. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:63-72. [PMID: 33450329 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Anesthesia of neonates with propofol induces persistent behavioral abnormalities in adulthood. Although propofol-triggered apoptosis of neurons in the developing brain may contribute to the development of cognitive deficits, the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by neonatal exposure to propofol remains unclear. In this study, the effects of neonatal propofol anesthesia on synaptic plasticity and neurocognitive function were investigated. Postnatal day 7 (PND-7) Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with fat emulsion or 20, 40 or 60 mg/kg propofol for three consecutive days. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in the rat hippocampus at PND-10 and PND-12 was measured by Western blotting. The number of dendritic branches, total dendritic length and dendritic spine density were observed by Golgi-Cox staining 24 h and 72 h after the last propofol administration. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was measured electrophysiologically in hippocampus of PND-60 rats to evaluate the synaptic function. The learning and memory abilities of rats were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) experiments, Novel object recognition test (NORT) and Object location test (OLT) at PND-60. Our results showed that neonatal exposure to propofol significantly inhibited the expression of BDNF, TrkB and PSD-95 in the rat hippocampus. The number of dendritic branches, total dendritic length and dendritic spine density of neurons in the rat hippocampus were markedly reduced after neonatal propofol anesthesia. LTP was significantly diminished in hippocampus of PND-60 rats after repeated exposure to propofol in the neonatal period. Morris water maze experiments showed that repeated neonatal exposure to propofol significantly prolonged the escape latency and decreased the time spent in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings. NORT and OLT showed that repeated neonatal exposure to propofol markedly reduced the Investigation Time for novel object or location. All of the results above indicate that repeated exposure to propofol in the neonatal period can impair hippocampal synaptic plasticity and the recognition function of rats in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wan
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Chu-Meng Shen
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Qing-Zi Wu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Yi-Lei Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Yi-Man Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Jun-Ping Cao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China.
| | - Yu-Qing Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China.
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Lara A, Esperante I, Meyer M, Liere P, Di Giorgio N, Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Gargiulo-Monachelli G, De Nicola AF, Gonzalez Deniselle MC. Neuroprotective Effects of Testosterone in Male Wobbler Mouse, a Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2088-2106. [PMID: 33411236 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) present motoneuron degeneration leading to muscle atrophy, dysphagia, and dysarthria. The Wobbler mouse, an animal model of ALS, shows a selective loss of motoneurons, astrocytosis, and microgliosis in the spinal cord. The incidence of ALS is greater in men; however, it increases in women after menopause, suggesting a role of sex steroids in ALS. Testosterone is a complex steroid that exerts its effects directly via androgen (AR) or Sigma-1 receptors and indirectly via estrogen receptors (ER) after aromatization into estradiol. Its reduced-metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone acts via AR. This study analyzed the effects of testosterone in male symptomatic Wobblers. Controls or Wobblers received empty or testosterone-filled silastic tubes for 2 months. The cervical spinal cord from testosterone-treated Wobblers showed (1) similar androgen levels to untreated control and (2) increased levels of testosterone, and its 5α-reduced metabolites, 5α- dihydrotestosterone, and 3β-androstanediol, but (3) undetectable levels of estradiol compared to untreated Wobblers. Testosterone-treated controls showed comparable steroid concentrations to its untreated counterpart. In testosterone- treated Wobblers a reduction of AR, ERα, and aromatase and high levels of Sigma-1 receptor mRNAs was demonstrated. Testosterone treatment increased ChAT immunoreactivity and the antiinflammatory mediator TGFβ, while it lessened vacuolated motoneurons, GFAP+ astrogliosis, the density of IBA1+ microgliosis, proinflammatory mediators, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Clinically, testosterone treatment in Wobblers slowed the progression of paw atrophy and improved rotarod performance. Collectively, our findings indicate an antiinflammatory and protective effect of testosterone in the degenerating spinal cord. These results coincided with a high concentration of androgen-reduced derivatives after testosterone treatment suggesting that the steroid profile may have a beneficial role on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Lara
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iván Esperante
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Meyer
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Noelia Di Giorgio
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Gisella Gargiulo-Monachelli
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Federico De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is currently considered to be the main cause of brain aging. Astaxanthin can improve oxidative stress under multiple pathological conditions. It is therefore hypothesized that astaxanthin might have therapeutic effects on brain aging. To validate this hypothesis and investigate the underlying mechanisms, a mouse model of brain aging was established by injecting amyloid beta (Aβ)25–35 (5 μM, 3 μL/injection, six injections given every other day) into the right lateral ventricle. After 3 days of Aβ25–35 injections, the mouse models were intragastrically administered astaxanthin (0.1 mL/d, 10 mg/kg) for 30 successive days. Astaxanthin greatly reduced the latency to find the platform in the Morris water maze, increased the number of crossings of the target platform, and increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, synaptophysin, sirtuin 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α. Intraperitoneal injection of the sirtuin 1 inhibitor nicotinamide (500 μM/d) for 7 successive days after astaxanthin intervention inhibited these phenomena. These findings suggest that astaxanthin can regulate the expression of synaptic proteins in mouse hippocampus through the sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α signaling pathway, which leads to improvements in the learning, cognitive, and memory abilities of mice. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee, China Medical University, China (approval No. CMU2019294) on January 15, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- 1Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wang Pan
- Department of Neurobiology of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong Lai
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Abstract
Androgens are some of the most important sex hormones in men, and they maintain important physiological activities in the human body. Cognitive impairment is one of the most common manifestations of aging in the elderly population and an important factor affecting the quality of life of elderly individuals. The levels of sex hormones in elderly people decrease with age, and low levels of androgens in older male individuals have been closely linked to the development of cognitive impairment. Basic studies have shown that androgens have neuroprotective effects and that androgen deficiency impairs cognitive function by increasing oxidative stress and decreasing synaptic plasticity, among other effects. Additionally, clinical studies have also shown that androgen deficiency is closely related to cognitive impairment. This article reviews the relationship between low androgen levels and cognitive impairment, their potential mechanisms, and the effects of testosterone supplementation in improving cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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