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Thames HT, Fancher CA, Colvin MG, McAnally M, Tucker E, Zhang L, Kiess AS, Dinh TTN, Sukumaran AT. Spoilage Bacteria Counts on Broiler Meat at Different Stages of Commercial Poultry Processing Plants That Use Peracetic Acid. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1439. [PMID: 35681902 PMCID: PMC9179590 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In poultry processing, spoilage microbes are persistent microorganisms, which affect the quality of broiler meat. Peracetic acid (PAA) is the most common antimicrobial used by commercial processing plants, which can reduce the prevalence of these microbes. The goal of this study was to determine the concentrations of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria, and Pseudomonas on broiler meat in processing plants that use peracetic acid in various concentrations as the primary antimicrobial. Samples were collected from three processing plants at five processing steps: post-pick (defeathering), pre-chill, post-chill, mechanically deboned meat (MDM), and drumsticks. Samples were rinsed in buffered peptone water for bacteria isolation. Over six log CFU/sample of aerobic plate counts (APC), lactic acid bacteria, and coliforms were detected on post-pick samples. All spoilage bacteria were reduced to nondetectable levels on post-chill samples (p < 0.001). However, the presence of all bacteria on mechanically deboned meat (MDM) samples indicated varying degrees of cross contamination from post-chill and MDM samples. These results suggest PAA effectively reduces spoilage microbes in chilling applications irrespective of differences in PAA concentrations. However, due to the levels of spoilage microbes detected in MDM, it may be worth investigating the potential interventions for this stage of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (H.T.T.); (C.A.F.); (M.G.C.); (M.M.); (E.T.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (T.T.N.D.)
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Briganti S, Truglio M, Angiolillo A, Lombardo S, Leccese D, Camera E, Picardo M, Di Costanzo A. Application of Sebum Lipidomics to Biomarkers Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120819. [PMID: 34940576 PMCID: PMC8708591 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipidomics is strategic in the discovery of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The skin surface lipidome bears the potential to provide biomarker candidates in the detection of pathological processes occurring in distal organs. We investigated the sebum composition to search diagnostic and, possibly, prognostic, biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The observational study included 64 subjects: 20 characterized as “probable AD with documented decline”, 20 as “clinically established PD”, and 24 healthy subjects (HS) of comparable age. The analysis of sebum by GCMS and TLC retrieved the amounts (µg) of 41 free fatty acids (FFAs), 7 fatty alcohols (FOHs), vitamin E, cholesterol, squalene, and total triglycerides (TGs) and wax esters (WEs). Distributions of sebum lipids in NDDs and healthy conditions were investigated with multivariate ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA). The deranged sebum composition associated with the PD group showed incretion of most composing lipids compared to HS, whereas only two lipid species (vitamin E and FOH14:0) were discriminant of AD samples and presented lower levels than HS sebum. Thus, sebum lipid biosynthetic pathways are differently affected in PD and AD. The characteristic sebum bio-signatures detected support the value of sebum lipidomics in the biomarkers search in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Briganti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute—IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (M.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Mauro Truglio
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute—IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (M.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Antonella Angiolillo
- Centre for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.A.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Salvatore Lombardo
- Centre for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.A.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Deborah Leccese
- Centre for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.A.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute—IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (M.T.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5266-6241; Fax: +39-06-5266-6247
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute—IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (M.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Centre for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.A.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.D.C.)
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Golden CE, Rothrock MJ, Mishra A. Mapping foodborne pathogen contamination throughout the conventional and alternative poultry supply chains. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101157. [PMID: 34089937 PMCID: PMC8182426 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a consumer push for natural and organic food products. This has caused alternative poultry production, such as organic, pasture, and free-range systems, to grow in popularity. Due to the stricter rearing practices of alternative poultry production systems, different types of levels of microbiological risks might be present for these systems when compared to conventional production systems. Both conventional and alternative production systems have complex supply chains that present many different opportunities for flocks of birds or poultry meat to be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. As such, it is important to understand the risks involved during each step of production. The purpose of this review is to detail the potential routes of foodborne pathogen transmission throughout the conventional and alternative supply chains, with a special emphasis on the differences in risk between the two management systems, and to identify gaps in knowledge that could assist, if addressed, in poultry risk-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase E Golden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA, USA.
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Projahn M, Pacholewicz E, Becker E, Correia-Carreira G, Bandick N, Kaesbohrer A. Reviewing Interventions against Enterobacteriaceae in Broiler Processing: Using Old Techniques for Meeting the New Challenges of ESBL E. coli? Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:7309346. [PMID: 30426012 PMCID: PMC6218796 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7309346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing Enterobacteriaceae are frequently detected in poultry and fresh chicken meat. Due to the high prevalence, an impact on human colonization and the spread of antibiotic resistance into the environment is assumed. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae can be transmitted along the broiler production chain but also their persistence is reported because of insufficient cleaning and disinfection. Processing of broiler chickens leads to a reduction of microbiological counts on the carcasses. However, processing steps like scalding, defeathering, and evisceration are critical concerning fecal contamination and, therefore, cross-contamination with bacterial strains. Respective intervention measures along the slaughter processing line aim at reducing the microbiological load on broiler carcasses as well as preventing cross-contamination. Published data on the impact of possible intervention measures against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are missing and, therefore, we focused on processing measures concerning Enterobacteriaceae, in particular E. coli or coliform counts, during processing of broiler chickens to identify possible hints for effective strategies to reduce these resistant bacteria. In total, 73 publications were analyzed and data on the quantitative reductions were extracted. Most investigations concentrated on scalding, postdefeathering washes, and improvements in the chilling process and were already published in and before 2008 (n=42, 58%). Therefore, certain measures may be already installed in slaughterhouse facilities today. The effect on eliminating ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is questionable as there are still positive chicken meat samples found. A huge number of studies dealt with different applications of chlorine substances which are not approved in the European Union and the reduction level did not exceed 3 log10 values. None of the measures was able to totally eradicate Enterobacteriaceae from the broiler carcasses indicating the need to develop intervention measures to prevent contamination with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and, therefore, the exposure of humans and the further release of antibiotic resistances into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Projahn
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewa Pacholewicz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelyne Becker
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Correia-Carreira
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Bandick
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Guran HS, Mann D, Alali WQ. Salmonella prevalence associated with chicken parts with and without skin from retail establishments in Atlanta metropolitan area, Georgia. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tan SM, Lee SM, Dykes GA. Fat contributes to the buffering capacity of chicken skin and meat but enhances the vulnerability of attached Salmonella cells to acetic acid treatment. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Costa A, Siqueira Talarico A, Parra Duarte CDO, Silva Pereira C, de Souza Weimann ET, Sabino de Matos L, Della Coletta LC, Fidelis MC, Tannous TS, Vasconcellos C. Evaluation of the Quantitative and Qualitative Alterations in the Fatty Acid Contents of the Sebum of Patients with Inflammatory Acne during Treatment with Systemic Lymecycline and/or Oral Fatty Acid Supplementation. Dermatol Res Pract 2013; 2013:120475. [PMID: 24191156 PMCID: PMC3803126 DOI: 10.1155/2013/120475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Acne is a dermatosis that involves an altered sebum pattern. Objectives. (1) To evaluate if a treatment based on antibiotics (lymecycline) can alter fatty acids contents of the sebum of patients with acne; (2) to evaluate if oral supplementation of fatty acids can interfere with fatty acids contents of the sebum of patients with acne; (3) to evaluate if there is any interaction in fatty acids contents of the sebum of patients with acne when they use both antibiotics and oral supplementation of fatty acids. Methods. Forty-five male volunteers with inflammatory acne vulgaris were treated with 300 mg of lymecycline per day, with 540 mg of γ-linolenic acid, 1,200 mg of linoleic acid, and 510 mg of oleic acid per day, or with both regimens for 90 days. Every 30 days, a sample of sebum from the forehead was collected for fatty acids' chromatographic analysis. Results. Twelve fatty acids studied exhibited some kind of pattern changes during the study: C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1n9c+C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1, C22:0, and C24:0. Conclusions. The daily administration of lymecycline and/or specific fatty acids may slightly influence some fatty acids levels present in the sebum of patients with inflammatory acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Costa
- Service of Dermatology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- KOLderma Clinical Trials Institute, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Siqueira Talarico
- Service of Dermatology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Silva Pereira
- Service of Dermatology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lissa Sabino de Matos
- Service of Dermatology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Carolina Fidelis
- Service of Dermatology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Saddi Tannous
- Service of Dermatology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cidia Vasconcellos
- Department of Dermatology of the University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Menconi A, Shivaramaiah S, Huff G, Prado O, Morales J, Pumford N, Morgan M, Wolfenden A, Bielke L, Hargis B, Tellez G. Effect of different concentrations of acetic, citric, and propionic acid dipping solutions on bacterial contamination of raw chicken skin. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2216-20. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Salinas Y, Ros-Lis JV, Vivancos JL, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos MD, Aucejo S, Herranz N, Lorente I. Monitoring of chicken meat freshness by means of a colorimetric sensor array. Analyst 2012; 137:3635-43. [PMID: 22768392 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new optoelectronic nose to monitor chicken meat ageing has been developed. It is based on 16 pigments prepared by the incorporation of different dyes (pH indicators, Lewis acids, hydrogen-bonding derivatives, selective probes and natural dyes) into inorganic materials (UVM-7, silica and alumina). The colour changes of the sensor array were characteristic of chicken ageing in a modified packaging atmosphere (30% CO(2)-70% N(2)). The chromogenic array data were processed with qualitative (PCA) and quantitative (PLS) tools. The PCA statistical analysis showed a high degree of dispersion, with nine dimensions required to explain 95% of variance. Despite this high dimensionality, a tridimensional representation of the three principal components was able to differentiate ageing with 2-day intervals. Moreover, the PLS statistical analysis allows the creation of a model to correlate the chromogenic data with chicken meat ageing. The model offers a PLS prediction model for ageing with values of 0.9937, 0.0389 and 0.994 for the slope, the intercept and the regression coefficient, respectively, and is in agreement with the perfect fit between the predicted and measured values observed. The results suggest the feasibility of this system to help develop optoelectronic noses that monitor food freshness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad Mixta UniversitatPolitècnica de València-Universitat de València, Spain
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Thormar H, Hilmarsson H. Glycerol monocaprate (monocaprin) reduces contamination by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis on hard surfaces. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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HINTON JR ARTHUR, INGRAM KIMBERLYD. USE OF THE AGAR DIFFUSION ASSAY TO EVALUATE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF FORMULATIONS OF ALKALINE SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS AGAINST BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY PROCESSING. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thormar H, Hilmarsson H, Thráinsson J, Georgsson F, Gunnarsson E, Dadadóttir S. Treatment of fresh poultry carcases with emulsions of glycerol monocaprate (monocaprin) to reduce contamination withCampylobacterand psychrotrophic bacteria. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:11-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.537308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS Contamination in the kitchen with foodborne bacteria is a risk factor in human exposure to these pathogens, an important route being transfer of bacteria from contaminated cutting boards and other surfaces to humans. The aim of this study was to test microbicidal emulsions of glycerol monocaprate (monocaprin) against Campylobacter on contaminated cutting boards. METHODS AND RESULTS Plastic and wooden cutting boards, soiled with meat juice heavily contaminated with Campylobacter, were treated for 2 min with emulsions of monocaprin (MC) made in water or in buffer at low pH. Viable Campylobacter counts were reduced below the detectable level on plastic board surfaces after treatment with MC emulsions with or without 1.25% washing-up liquids (WUL). The counts were also greatly reduced on wooden boards (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Monocaprin emulsions and mixtures of MC emulsions and WUL may be useful as sanitizers/disinfectants in kitchens and in other food preparing and processing facilities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Cleaning with MC emulsions with or without WUL may reduce the risk of human exposure to Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thormar
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Kim KK, Eom SJ, Im JH, Lee KM, Yoo SJ, Kim HU, Kim GB. A Study on the Effects of Probiotic Yogurt on the Microbial Quality of Fresh Chicken Meat during Cold Storage. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2009. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2009.29.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hinton A, Northcutt J, Cason J, Smith D, Ingram K. Bacterial Populations of Broiler Carcasses Washed in Mixtures of Potassium Hydroxide and Lauric Acid. J APPL POULTRY RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/16.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of solutions of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and mixtures of KOH and lauric acid against microorganisms associated with poultry processing was determined. In vitro tests were performed by enumerating viable microorganisms recovered from bacterial cultures suspended in peptone water (control) and in solutions of 0.1% KOH or mixtures of 0.1% KOH and 0.25 or 0.50% lauric acid. Additional studies were conducted to identify changes in the native microbial flora of poultry skin washed in distilled water, KOH, or KOH-lauric acid. Although results of in vitro studies indicated that significantly fewer bacteria (P < or = 0.05) were recovered from cultures suspended in KOH than from cultures suspended in peptone water, there were also significantly fewer bacteria recovered from cultures suspended in KOH-lauric acid than from cultures suspended in KOH. Results of experiments with broiler skin indicated that although rinsates of skin washed in 1.0% KOH solutions contained significantly fewer total aerobic bacteria and enterococci than did skin washed in water, significantly fewer of these microorganisms were generally recovered from rinsates of skin washed in mixtures of 1.0% KOH and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0% lauric acid than from skin washed in KOH alone. Washing of broiler skin in solutions of 0.25 to 1.00% KOH or mixtures containing these concentrations of KOH and two parts lauric acid (wt/vol) also significantly reduced the populations of bacteria and yeasts in the native flora of broiler skin. Enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, and staphylococci in the native flora of the skin had the highest level of resistance to the bactericidal activity of KOH-lauric acid. These findings indicate that the antimicrobial activity of KOH-lauric acid is significantly greater than that of KOH alone in vitro and on poultry skin. Thus, KOH-lauric acid may be useful for reducing the level of microbial contamination associated with poultry processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hinton
- Poultry Processing Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 950 College Station Road, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that Campylobacter species may be responsible for the majority of cases of sporadic gastroenteritis in humans. These studies also suggest that poultry may be one of the most common sources of the bacteria for humans. Campylobacter and related genera in the family Campylobacteraceae are oral and intestinal commensals of vertebrates and some nonvertebrates, a characteristic that complicates rational approaches to controlling Campylobacter contamination of poultry. This review will discuss the phylogeny, genomics, and physiology of campylobacters with the intention of revealing how these organisms have evolved to fill their intestinal ecological niche in poultry and how their physiology must be understood in order to enact effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie D Lee
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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