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Chakkalakal M, Pan A, Nadora D, Gahoonia N, Chaudhuri RK, Burney W, Thacker S, Shakhbazova A, Subramanyam C, Chambers CJ, Sivamani RK. Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Supplementation with Standardized Terminalia chebula Fruit Extracts Reduces Facial Sebum Excretion, Erythema, and Wrinkle Severity. J Clin Med 2023; 12. [PMID: 36836126 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminalia chebula (TC) is a medicinal plant that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties and that is widely used in Ayurveda and herbal formulations. However, the skin effects of TC as an oral supplement have not been studied. The objective of this study is to determine if oral TC fruit extract supplementation can modulate the skin's sebum production and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. A prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on healthy females aged 25-65. Subjects were supplemented with an oral placebo or Terminalia chebula (250 mg capsule, Synastol TC) capsules twice daily for eight weeks. A facial image collection and analysis system was used to assess the facial appearance of wrinkle severity. Standardized, non-invasive tools were used to measure facial moisture, sebum production, transepidermal water loss, melanin index and erythema index. For those who had a baseline sebum excretion rate >80 ug/cm2, TC supplementation produced a significant decrease in forehead sebum excretion rate compared to the placebo at four weeks (-17 decrease vs. 20% increase, p = 0.07) and at eight weeks (-33% decrease vs. 29% increase, p < 0.01). Cheek erythema decreased by 2.2% at eight weeks, while the placebo treatment increased cheek erythema by 1.5% (p < 0.05). Facial wrinkles decreased by 4.3% in the TC group and increased by 3.9% in the placebo group after eight weeks of supplementation (p < 0.05). TC supplementation reduces facial sebum and improves the appearance of wrinkles. Future studies should consider evaluating oral TC as adjuvant therapy for acne vulgaris.
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Kim HL, Choi B, Yang SH. Terminalia chebula Medicinal Uses: A Review of in vitro and in vivo Studies. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hassan Bulbul MR, Uddin Chowdhury MN, Naima TA, Sami SA, Imtiaj MS, Huda N, Uddin MG. A comprehensive review on the diverse pharmacological perspectives of Terminalia chebula Retz. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10220. [PMID: 36051270 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminalia chebula Retz, commonly known as 'Haritaki/Myrobalan,' has been utilised as a traditional medicine for a long time. It has been extensively exercised in various indigenous medicine practices like Unani, Tibb, Ayurveda, and Siddha to remedy human ailments such as bleeding, carminative, dysentery, liver tonic, digestive, antidiarrheal, analgesic, anthelmintic, antibacterial and helpful in skin disorders. Studies on the pharmacological effects of T. chebula and its phytoconstituents documented between January, 1996 and December, 2021 were explored using various electronic databases. During the time mentioned above, several laboratory approaches revealed the biological properties of T. chebula, including antioxidative, antiproliferative, anti-microbial, proapoptotic, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiepileptic. It is also beneficial in glucose and lipid metabolism and prevents atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. Different parts of T. chebula such as fruits, seeds, galls, barks extracted with various solvent systems (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, ethyl-acetate) revealed major bioactive compounds like chebulic acid, chebulinic acid, and chebulaginic acid, which in turn proved to have valuable pharmacological properties through broad scientific investigations. There is a common link between chebulagic acid and chebulanin with its antioxidant property, antiaging activity, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic activity, and cardioprotective activity. The actions may be through neutralizing the free radicals responsible for producing tissue damage alongside interconnecting many other diseases. The current review summarises the scientifically documented literature on pharmacological potentials and chemical compositions of T. chebula, which is expected to investigate further studies on this subject.
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Menezes IO, Scherf JR, Martins AOBPB, Ramos AGB, Quintans JDSS, Coutinho HDM, Ribeiro-Filho J, de Menezes IRA. Biological properties of terpinolene evidenced by in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies: A systematic review. Phytomedicine 2021; 93:153768. [PMID: 34634744 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terpinolene, a monoterpene that is naturally found in a variety of herbs, is widely used as a flavoring agent in the industry. Although it's well established in the literature that terpinolene is an important component of plant extracts, the biological properties and the potential therapeutic use of this compound remain poorly explored. PURPOSE This work aimed to answer the following guiding question: "What are the biological activities of terpinolene demonstrated through in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays?". STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY A systematic review was carried out in four electronic databases (Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, using the following search terms: terpinolene "AND" activity "OR" properties "OR" therapeutic "OR" treatment. This search included manuscripts published between 1960 and June 2020. Study selection was conducted by two independent reviewers according to predefined criteria. RESULTS The initial search found a total of 2449 articles. However, only 57 of them were selected as they met the inclusion criteria and answered the guiding question. The analysis of these studies indicated that terpinolene presents a series of biological effects, from which the antioxidant, larvicide, and insecticide activities stand out. Despite the evidence demonstrating that terpinolene has the potential to be used in a broad pharmacological context, the mechanisms underlying its cellular and molecular effects remain to be better elucidated. In addition, the in vivo efficacy and safety of the administration of this compound have been poorly evaluated through either preclinical and clinical trials. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of characterizing the biological aspects and mechanisms of action of this natural compound. CONCLUSION The data summarized in the present systematic review demonstrates the pharmacological potential of terpinolene. Nevertheless, most studies included in this review provide a superficial characterization of terpinolene biological effects and therefore, further research elucidating its mechanism of action and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials are required. Nevertheless, due to its wide range of different biological activities, terpinolene will certainly attract the interest of scientific research, which could significantly contribute to the development of new products with both therapeutic and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Oliveira Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry - LFQM, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Jackelyne Roberta Scherf
- Antibiotics department - DB, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Andreza Guedes Barbosa Ramos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry - LFQM, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Genetics and Translational Hematology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Salvador, BA 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry - LFQM, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil.
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Nam YJ, Hwang YS. Antibacterial and antioxidant effect of ethanol extracts of Terminalia chebula on Streptococcus mutans. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 7:987-994. [PMID: 34184430 PMCID: PMC8638286 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental caries is a high prevalent chronic bacterial infectious disease caused by plaque, a bacterial colony deposited on tooth surfaces and gum tissues. Streptococcus mutans is a primary cariogenic bacterium commonly found in the human oral cavity. Oral hygiene products containing antibacterial ingredients can be helpful in caries management. In this study, we investigated the anticaries mechanism of the ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula (EETC) on S. mutans and suggest its possible application as a functional ingredients for oral hygiene products. MATERIALS AND METHODS The EETC was prepared from the Terminalia chebula fruit. Disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and colony forming unit (CFU) were analyzed to observe the antibacterial activity of EETC. The glucan formation was measured using the filtrate of bacterial culture medium and sucrose. Gene expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. Cytotoxicity was analyzed using the MTT assay. The radical-scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS were also tested to verify the antioxidant activity of EETC. RESULTS The antibacterial activity of the EETC was explored through a disc diffusion analysis and CFU measurement. EETC treatment decreased insoluble glucan formation and gene expression of glycosyltransferase B (gtf B), glycosyltransferase C (gtf C), glycosyltransferase D (gtf D), and fructosyltransferase (ftf). The MIC and MBC of EETC on S. mutans were not cytotoxic to gingival fibroblasts. In addition, we observed DPPH and ABTS-radical scavenging activities of EETC. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of EETC may contribute to oral hygiene products for dental caries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Ji Nam
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Ikram A, Saeed F, Munir H, Sultan MT, Afzaal M, Ahmed A, Anjum FM. Exploring the amino acid profile and microbial properties of locally sweet preserved kachra hareer ( Terminalia chebula). Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:909-919. [PMID: 33598174 PMCID: PMC7866582 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research was designed to determine the amino acid profile and microbial properties of kachra hareer. For the purpose, kachra hareer was purchased with their brand names coded as S1, S2, S3, and S4 from five towns named as L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5. The samples were analyzed for their amino acid profile and microbial properties, while the water and alcohol extractive values were analyzed to obtain the different levels of purity during processing. The results explained that physicochemical analyses, that is, pH, moisture, acidity, and vitamin C, ranged from 4.67% to 9.44%, 22% to 40%, 0.054% to 1.44%, and 7.67% to 19.36%, respectively. However, essential amino acids histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and valine ranged from 470.3 to 484.5, 516.1 to 527.5, 805.5 to 817.4, 910.1 to 922.5, 240.2 to 250.5, 508.2 to 518.2, 1,160.5 to 1,172.6, 466.9 to 476.3, and 502.5 to 513.4 mg/kg, respectively, whereas nonessential amino acids alanine, arginine, aspartic acid cysteine, glutamic acid, serine, tyrosine, and glycine ranged from 612.7 to 628.2, 1,212.3 to 1,225.9, 7,254.2 to 7,258.8, ND, 1,561.2 to 1,575.2, 634.8 to 648.9, 618.4 to 630.4, and 712.8 to 723.7 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusively, sample S2 showed the maximum nutritional content and minimum microbial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ikram
- Institute of Home and Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Institute of Home and Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Haroon Munir
- Institute of Home and Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Institute of Home and Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Institute of Home and Food SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
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Sawant RS, Zinjurke BD, Binorkar SV. Preventive aspect of ayurveda and yoga towards newly emerging disease COVID-19. J Complement Integr Med 2021; 18:667-678. [PMID: 33544526 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) and unique in various facets. The earlier experience from the past severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemics seem to be insufficient and there is need for better strategies in public health and medical care. Ayurved & Yog are well known for their preventive and therapeutic aspect, but not getting utilized properly for prevention of Covid 19 crisis which may also be helpful as supportive therapy along with current line of management. This paper is aimed at unrevealing the role of Ayurved and Yoga guidelines established by Department of AYUSH for prevention from SARS-CoV-2 by providing help to improving the quality of supportive/prophylactic therapy in relation with their immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet S Sawant
- Department of Rasashastra & BK, Smt. K. G. Mittal Punarvasu Ayurved College, Mumbai, India
| | - Bharat D Zinjurke
- Department of Swasthavritta & Yoga, Smt. K. G. Mittal Punarvasu Ayurved College, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandeep V Binorkar
- Department of Agadatantra, R. A. Podar Medical (Ayu.) College, Mumbai, India
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Sarjit A, Ravensdale JT, Coorey R, Fegan N, Dykes GA. Salmonella survival after exposure to heat in a model meat juice system. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103628. [PMID: 33279093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of heat against eleven Salmonella strains in model meat juices was examined. Juices from beef, lamb and goat were made from either the fatty layer (FL), muscle (M) or a mixture of both (FLM). The pH of each FLM sample was altered to match the pH of PBS and vice versa to determine the pH effect on the survival of Salmonella against the effect of heat. Salmonella were exposed to either gradual heating to 70 °C in FLM, M and FL or heat shock at 70 °C for 5 min in FLM. Fat, fatty acid profile and iron content of the juices were determined. Gradual heat treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced Salmonella as compared to the untreated controls (~1.92-7.61 log CFU ml-1) while heat shock significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced Salmonella as compared to the untreated controls (~5.80-7.36 log CFU ml-1). Survival of Salmonella was higher in lamb juices than other juices. The fat content in lamb FL (3.25%) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than beef (1.30%) and goat FL (1.42%). Iron content in lamb FLM (~127 mg kg-1) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower than beef (~233 mg kg-1) and goat FLM (~210 mg kg-1). The omega 6 and linoleic acid content in goat FLM (~36.0% and ~34.4%) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than beef (~29.1% and ~27.1%). Fat, fatty acids and iron may differentially protect Salmonella against the effect of heat in these juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreeta Sarjit
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua T Ravensdale
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Karthick Raja Namasivayam S, Angel J, Bharani RSA, Nachiyar CV. Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa principles mediated repression of novel drug target Las R - the transcriptional regulator and its controlled virulence factors produced by multiple drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Biocompatible formulation against drug resistant bacteria. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104412. [PMID: 32798672 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa- major group of an aerobic bacteria associated with nosocomial and other life threatening infections. Diverse virulence factors produced by P. aeruginosa is due to distinct molecular cell signaling mechanism termed as quorum sensing (QS). Interfering with normal QS mechanism by active biomolecules is an effective strategy for attenuating its virulence. With this objective, the present study is undertaken to evaluate the inhibition of quorum sensing of clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa by repression of Las R-a transcriptional regulator for QS by ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa. Las R repression by the plant extracts was measured in inhibition of various virulence factors like biofilm, pyocyanin production, total proteolytic activity, swarming and twisting motility. Fabrication of the extracted metabolites on the wound dressing and its effect on anti bacterial activity was also investigated. Compatibility of plant extracts on zebra fish development and blood cells was further studied. P. aeruginosa was isolated from the post operative patient and the isolated pure culture was identified by cultural, biochemical, molecular characteristics. Active principles of both the plants were readily extracted in ethanol and effectively repressed the expression of Las R. Both the tested plant extracts effectively repressed Las R expression which in turn affect the production of various virulence factors like biofilm formation, pyocyanin production, swarming motility, twisting motility, total proteolytic activity, cell adhesion and signaling molecule acyl honoserine lactone (AHL) production. Plant extract treatment brought about drastic reduction of all the tested virulence factors and AHL production. Extracted metabolites were fabricated on the wound dressing material adopting simple dip or immersion method reveals uniform coating, effective embedding of phytochemicals with the fibers and retained the anti bacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. Biocompatibility studies with zebra fish model shows both the tested plant extracts treatment was not exhibited any sign of toxicity on the developmental stages of Zebra fish. Hemolysis and changes in anti oxidative enzymes were not recorded in the plant extracts treated blood which demonstrated the best biocompatibility of the tested plant extracts. These results shows that the presence of potential phytochemicals in the ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula and Ficus racemosa effectively represses the Las R followed by inhibition of quorum sensing mediated virulence factors production may be useful in the lead of anti bacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karthick Raja Namasivayam
- Centre for Bioresource Research & Development (C-BIRD), Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jerry Angel
- Centre for Bioresource Research & Development (C-BIRD), Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R S Arvind Bharani
- Centre for Bioresource Research & Development (C-BIRD), Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Valli Nachiyar
- Centre for Bioresource Research & Development (C-BIRD), Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nigam M, Mishra AP, Adhikari-Devkota A, Dirar AI, Hassan MM, Adhikari A, Belwal T, Devkota HP. Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz.: A review on traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2518-2533. [PMID: 32307775 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) are widely used as crude drugs in various traditional medicine systems. The aim of this article is to review the available scientific information regarding the traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and the pharmacological activities of T. chebula. Numerous researches conducted on T. chebula have confirmed the presence of wide range of the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids and other bioactive compounds. T. chebula is also widely studied regarding its pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities among others. However, more in vivo and clinical studies for mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation should be conducted in future to provide stronger scientific evidences for their traditional uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Abhay P Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Amina Ibrahim Dirar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Md Mahadi Hassan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuwan University, Kritipur, Nepal
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Vemuri PK, Dronavalli L, Nayakudugari P, Kunta A, Challagulla R. Phytochemical Analysis and Biochemical Characterization f Terminalia Chebula Extracts For its Medicinal use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alternative medicine has become popular these days as it is gaining practices across the globe. Our studies aim to detect phytocompounds and biochemical activities of aqueous, dichloro methane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula. Antioxidant, flurorescence and anitmicrobial studies were carried out for the phytocompounds. Methonolic extracts at 517nm exhibited maximum activity with 82% of free radical scavenging property. Methanolic extract also showed highest antimicrobial activity towards S.aureus of 7mm and S.pyogenes of 6mm respectiviely. Hence, it can be concluded that Terminalia chebula may be a promising candidate in pharmaceuticals and future medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Vemuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lohitha Dronavalli
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Poojitha Nayakudugari
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ankitha Kunta
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rishitha Challagulla
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Salih EYA, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Lampi AM, Kanninen M, Luukkanen O, Sipi M, Lehtonen M, Vuorela H, Fyhrquist P. Terminalia laxiflora and Terminalia brownii contain a broad spectrum of antimycobacterial compounds including ellagitannins, ellagic acid derivatives, triterpenes, fatty acids and fatty alcohols. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 227:82-96. [PMID: 29733942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels, (Sudanese Arabic name: Darout الدروت) and Terminalia brownii Fresen (Sudanese Arabic name: Alshaf ألشاف) (Combretaceae) are used in Sudanese traditional folk medicine and in other African countries for treatment of infectious diseases, TB and its symptoms, such as cough, bronchitis and chest pain. AIM OF STUDY Because of the frequent use of T. laxiflora and T. brownii in African traditional medicine and due to the absence of studies regarding their antimycobacterial potential there was a need to screen extracts of T. laxiflora and T. brownii for their growth inhibitory potential and to study the chemical composition and compounds in growth inhibitory extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The plant species were collected in Sudan (Blue Nile Forest, Ed Damazin Forestry areas) and selected according to their uses in traditional medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections, including TB. Eighty extracts and fractions of the stem bark, stem wood, roots, leaves and fruits of T. laxiflora and T. brownii and nine pure compounds present in the active extracts were screened against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 using agar diffusion and microplate dilution methods. Inhibition zones and MIC values were estimated and compared to rifampicin. HPLC-UV/DAD, GC/MS and UHPLC/Q-TOF MS were employed to identify the compounds in the growth inhibitory extracts. RESULTS The roots of T. laxiflora and T. brownii gave the best antimycobacterial effects (IZ 22-27 mm) against Mycobacterium smegmatis. The lowest MIC of 625 µg/ml was observed for an acetone extract of the root of T. laxiflora followed by methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, both giving MIC values of 1250 µg/ml. Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography purification of T. brownii roots resulted in low MIC values of 62.5 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml for acetone and ethanol fractions, respectively, compared to 5000 µg/ml for the crude methanol extract. Methyl (S)-flavogallonate is suggested to be the main active compound in the Sephadex LH- 20 acetone fraction, while ellagic acid xyloside and methyl ellagic acid xyloside are suggested to give good antimycobacterial activity in the Sephadex LH-20 ethanol fraction. RP-18 TLC purifications of an ethyl acetate extract of T. laxiflora roots resulted in the enrichment of punicalagin in one of the fractions (Fr5). This fraction gave a five times smaller MIC (500 µg/ml) than the crude ethyl acetate extract (2500 µg/ml) and this improved activity is suggested to be mostly due to punicalagin. 1,18-octadec-9-ene-dioate, stigmast-4-en-3-one, 5α-stigmastan-3,6-dione, triacontanol, sitostenone and β-sitosterol were found in antimycobacterial hexane extracts of the stem bark of both studied species. Of these compounds, 1,18-octadec-9-ene-dioate, stigmast-4-en-3-one, 5α-stigmastan-3,6-dione, triacontanol, sitostenone have not been previously identified in T. brownii and T. laxiflora. Moreover, both plant species contained friedelin, betulinic acid, β-amyrine and two unknown oleanane-type triterpenoids. Of the listed compounds, friedelin, triacontanol and sitostenone gave a MIC of 250 µg/ml against M. smegmatis, whereas stigmasterol and β-sitosterol gave MIC values of 500 µg/ml. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that T. laxiflora and T. brownii contain antimycobacterial compounds of diverse polarities and support the traditional uses of various parts of T. laxiflora and T.brownii as decoctions for treatment of tuberculosis. Further investigations are warranted to explore additional (new) antimycobacterial compounds in the active extracts of T. laxiflora and T. brownii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enass Y A Salih
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, Finland.
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Lampi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kanninen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Olavi Luukkanen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Marketta Sipi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Mari Lehtonen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vuorela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Pia Fyhrquist
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, Finland.
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Abstract
Phenylpropenes such as eugenol, chavicol, estragole, and anethole contribute to the flavor and aroma of a number of important herbs and spices. They have been shown to function as floral attractants for pollinators and to have antifungal and antimicrobial activities. Phenylpropenes are also detected as free volatiles and sequestered glycosides in a range of economically important fresh fruit species including apple, strawberry, tomato, and grape. Although they contribute a relatively small percentage of total volatiles compared with esters, aldehydes, and alcohols, phenylpropenes have been shown to contribute spicy anise- and clove-like notes to fruit. Phenylpropenes are typically found in fruit throughout development and to reach maximum concentrations in ripe fruit. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropenes have been characterized and manipulated in strawberry and apple, which has validated the importance of these compounds to fruit aroma and may help elucidate other functions for phenylpropenes in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR) , Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
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14
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Abstract
Summary
Ayurveda, whispered to be the ancient practice of healthcare existed and contributes a holistic approach to health, healing and longevity. Terminalia chebula Retz. is a popular plant and widely spread all over southern Asia. T. chebula is a native plant of India and its dried fruit is extensively used in various types of home remedies. Dried fruit of T. chebula contains high quantities phenolic compounds that consist of ellagic acid, gallic acid and chebulic acid. The fruit extract of T. chebula is known to display different biological properties like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-protozoal, antimicrobial, hepato and renal protective activities, and in the management of metabolic syndrome. The phenolic active compounds might play vital role in the influence of biological activity. Fruit extract of T. chebula is widely employed as an important ingredient in various ayurvedic preparations like ‘Triphala’. This formulation is beneficial as detoxifying agent of the colon, purgative in chronic constipation, aids in digestion and as a body rejuvenator. The fruit has great medicinal significance and conventionally applied for the management of various illness conditions, such as sore throat, high cough, asthma, ulcers, gout, heart burn, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles and bladder diseases. It is also utilized as mild laxative, antispasmodic and stomachic. Because of these enormous medicinal properties, T. chebula is commonly termed as ‘King of Medicine’ in Tibet and can be called as a ‘wonder herb’. In the present review, recent advances in medicinal properties of T. chebula are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraj M. Kulkarni
- Hetero Research Foundation Plot No B80 & 81, A.P.I.E. Balanagar, Hyderabad-500018 Telangana , India
| | - Rathanakar Reddy Kura
- Hetero Research Foundation Plot No B80 & 81, A.P.I.E. Balanagar, Hyderabad-500018 Telangana , India
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Lee J, Nho YH, Yun SK, Hwang YS. Use of ethanol extracts of Terminalia chebula to prevent periodontal disease induced by dental plaque bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17:113. [PMID: 28202081 PMCID: PMC5312597 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruit of the Terminalia chebula tree has been widely used for the treatment of various disorders. Its anti-diabetic, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral effects have been studied. Dental plaque bacteria (DPB) are intimately associated with gingivitis and periodontitis. In the quest for materials that will prove useful in the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, we investigated the preventive effects of an ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula (EETC) on DPB-induced inflammation and bone resorption. METHODS The anti-bacterial effect of EETC was analyzed using the disc diffusion method. The anti-inflammatory effect of EETC was determined by molecular biological analysis of the DPB-mediated culture cells. Prevention of osteoclastic bone resorption by EETC was explored using osteoclast formation and pit formation assays. RESULTS EETC suppressed the growth of oral bacteria and reduced the induction of inflammatory cytokines and proteases, abolishing the expression of PGE2 and COX-2 and inhibiting matrix damage. By stimulating the DPB-derived lipopolysaccharides, EETC inhibited both osteoclast formation in osteoclast precursors and RANKL expression in osteoblasts, thereby contributing to the prevention of bone resorption. CONCLUSIONS EETC may be a beneficial supplement to help prevent DPB-mediated periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 164-19, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hwa Nho
- COSMAX R&I Center, COSMAX Inc., Seongnam, 134-86, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Kyun Yun
- COSMAX R&I Center, COSMAX Inc., Seongnam, 134-86, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, 553, Sansung-Daero, Soojung-Gu, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
In recent years, the use of medicinal plants increased considerably; so that today, the use of traditional medicine, as well as medicinal plants is necessary for the aim of producing more effective drugs with fewer side effects and determining the effective doses. With the scientific name of Juglans regia, walnut plant is a medicinal plant with different properties that is considered less, despite having great therapeutic potential in the traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to review the dispersal of walnut plants, the chemical compounds, and therapeutic effects of walnuts on antioxidant activity, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive activities, as well as liver protection. Data of this review study have been collected from the books and scientific articles published in databases such as Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database. While this plant having high antioxidant capabilities, walnuts are composed of many chemical compounds such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, quercetin, and caffeic acid. Experimental studies have shown that walnuts reduced blood glucose and lipids and also decreased blood pressure. They have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and liver-protective properties. The use of walnuts in traditional medicine and review of experimental studies demonstrated the presence of multiple, effective, and useful compounds which may provide the opportunity for the production of lipid-lowering, antidiabetes, and liver protective drugs. Due to the effects of walnuts on improving the complications of various diseases, the need for doing comprehensive clinical trials for the use of walnuts in the treatment of diseases is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdollah Delaviz
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Jamshid Mohammadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Bahram Mohammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Naser Farhadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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Afshari AR, Sadeghnia HR, Mollazadeh H. A Review on Potential Mechanisms of Terminalia chebula in Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:8964849. [PMID: 26941792 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8964849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and NMDA receptor antagonists, although outcomes are not completely favorable. Hence, novel agents found in herbal plants are gaining attention as possible therapeutic alternatives. The Terminalia chebula (Family: Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of medicinal properties and is reported to contain various biochemicals such as hydrolysable tannins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, so it may prove to be a good therapeutic alternative. In this research, we reviewed published scientific literature found in various databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Scirus, and Google Scholar, with the keywords: T. chebula, AD, neuroprotection, medicinal plant, antioxidant, ellagitannin, gallotannin, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. This review shows that T. chebula extracts and its constituents have AChEI and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, all of which are currently relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Zhang XB, Zou CL, Duan YX, Wu F, Li G. Activity guided isolation and modification of juglone from Juglans regia as potent cytotoxic agent against lung cancer cell lines. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:396. [PMID: 26530090 PMCID: PMC4632350 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Juglans regia has been found to exhibit significant anticancer activity against various human cancer cell lines. This study was undertaken to isolate the active chemical constituent (Juglone) and to investigate its cytotoxic activity along with its various analogs against different human cancer cell lines. Methods Isolation of juglone, a napthoquinone, from the chloroform extract of the root part of Juglans regia was executed by flash chromatography using silica gel as stationary phase. The isolated Juglone was used as starting material for the further synthesis of a novel series of triazolyl analogs using click chemistry approach to investigate their cytotoxic potential against different human cancer cell lines using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-yl)-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. Results The different extracts of Juglans regia and the isolated compound (juglone) exhibited satisfactory cytotoxic activity against a panel of eight different human cancer cell lines namely, prostate colon (Colo-205 and HCT-116), breast (T47D), prostate (PC-3 and DU-145), skin (A-431) and lung (NCI-H322 and A549). Interestingly, all the synthesised analogs displayed enhanced and selective cytotoxic activity against lung cancer cell lines only. Of the synthesized derivatives, 15a and 16a displayed the best activity with IC50 of 4.72 and 4.67 μM against A549 cells. Both these derivatives exhibited superior potency to BEZ-235 against both the lung cancer cell lines. So far as the structural aspects are concerned, electron withdrawing substituents at the ortho position of R moiety of the triazolyl analogs seem to be essential for attaining better activity. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the selective and enhanced cytotoxic activity of the triazolyl analogs of juglone against NCI-H322 and A549 human lung cancer cell lines. Some derivatives exhibited superior potency to BEZ-235, a commercially available anticancer agent.
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Bag A, Bhattacharyya SK, Chattopadhyay RR. The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 3:244-52. [PMID: 23620847 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), is called the 'King of Medicine' in Tibet and is always listed at the top of the list of 'Ayurvedic Materia Medica' because of its extraordinary power of healing. The whole plant possesses high medicinal value and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments for human beings. Some of the folklore people used this plant in the treatment of asthma, sore throat, vomiting, hiccough, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles, ulcers, gout, heart and bladder diseases. The plant has been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological and medicinal activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, radioprotective, cardioprotective, antiarthritic, anticaries, gastrointestinal motility and wound healing activity. But no systematic updated information on the therapeutic effectiveness of Terminalia chebula, a popular herbal remedy in India and South-East Asia has so far been reported. This review highlights an updated information particularly on the phytochemistry and various pharmacological and medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. and some of its isolated compounds, along with their safety evaluation. This may provide incentive for proper evaluation of the plant as medicinal agent against the human diseases and also to bridge the lacunae in the existing literature and future scope which may offer immense opportunity for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and development of safe and effective botanical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesa Bag
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road Kolkata-700 108, India
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Rekha V, Jayamathi, RamaKrishnan, Vijayalakshmi D, Prabu, Kumar N, Manipal S, Keerthidaa. Anti cariogenic effect of terminalia chebula. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC51-4. [PMID: 25302268 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9844.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminalia chebula is one of the traditional medicines used in the treatment of many diseases and possesses a wide variety of therapeutic activities. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial properties of Terminalia chebula against oral pathogens related to caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, Antimicrobial activity was tested using Kirby bouer method by streaking. Total phenol and total flavonoid content were analysed. Twenty high caries risk patients were subjected to rinse aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula. Salivary samples were collected for pH and microbial screening. Oral pathogens were identified by qualitative biochemical analysis. RESULTS The total phenol content of extract was found to be 21.33 ±1.633 (mean ± SD) and total flavonoids was found to be 23.17 ± 2.317 (mean ± SD). There was a gradual increase in pH till 45mts post-rinse when compared to pre-rinse was observed. Antimicrobial effect of Terminalia Chebula aganist microbes showed that there was a significant reduction between the pre-rinse and post-rinse samples. CONCLUSION These promising findings suggested the presence of antimicrobial activity of Terminalia Chebula against oral pathogens and proven to be an effective alternate antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Rekha
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayamathi
- Professor and HOD, Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - RamaKrishnan
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaki Vijayalakshmi
- Professor and HOD, Department of Orthodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabu
- Professor and HOD, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandha Kumar
- Professor and HOD, Department of Orthodontics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences , Pondicherry, India
| | - Sunayana Manipal
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Keerthidaa
- Under Graduate Student, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jaganathan R, Ravinayagam V, Panchanadham S, Palanivelu S. Potential therapeutic role of Tridham in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line through induction of p53 independent apoptosis. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13:323. [PMID: 24256980 PMCID: PMC4222730 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths reported worldwide. The incidence is higher in Asia and Africa, where there is greater endemic prevalence of hepatitis B and C. The devastating outcome of cancer can be minimized only by the use of potent therapeutic agents. Tridham (TD) has been acknowledged since olden days for its wide spectrum of biological properties and was used by traditional practitioners of Siddha and other indigenous systems of medicine. The present study aims at investigating the mechanistic action of TD by assessing the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7). METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis assay using MTT analysis and trypan blue staining, DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were determined in Huh7 cells. RESULTS Viability studies of TD treated Huh7 cells showed an inhibition in cell growth in time and dose dependent manner. Chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic bodies, which are structural changes characteristic of apoptosis, were found following TD treatment of Huh7 cells. DAPI staining and agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the induction of apoptosis by TD. Cell cycle analysis of Huh7 cells treated with TD exhibited a marked accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle in a dose dependent manner. Immunofluorescent staining for Ki-67 showed a higher level of expression in untreated cells as compared to TD treated cells. We observed a significant loss in the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol in TD treated cells. Down regulation of Bcl-2, up regulation of Bax and Bad as well as activation of caspases-3 and 9 were also observed. The p53 gene expression was found to be unaltered in TD treated cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TD induces apoptosis of Huh7 cells through activation of Bax and triggered caspase cascade, independent of p53 function. This study throws light on the mechanistic action of TD in triggering apoptosis in Huh 7 cells.
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Singh G, Kumar P. Extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and screening of fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. for its antimicrobial potential. Pharmacognosy Res 2013; 5:162-8. [PMID: 23901211 PMCID: PMC3719256 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminalia chebula is called the "king of medicines" in Tibet and is always listed first in the Ayurvedic meteria medica because of its extraordinary powers of healing. OBJECTIVE Identification, isolation and screening of pyrogallol which are responsible for antimicrobial property of fruits of Terminalia chebula. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethyl acetate fraction of fruits of Terminalia chebula was subjected to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the components present in the extract. RESULTS Sixty four constituents were identified out of which kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside flavonoid and Vitamin E has been detected for the first time in fruits of this plant. Pyrogallol (46.26%) which was the major component of the extract in GC-MS analysis was isolated and screened for antimicrobial activity against selected test pathogens by Disc Diffusion Assay. Crude ethyl acetate fraction of the fruits was showing the same activity potential as was observed for pure pyrogallol which was the major component as per GC-MS analysis. The most sensitive species among the bacteria was Enterobacter aerogenes with highest inhibition zone (IZ = 31 mm; AI = 1.409 ± 0.046) even at minimum inhibitory concentration (0.039 mg/ml). CONCLUSION Hence activity shown by crude ethyl acetate fraction might be due to pyrogallol present in the extract. On the basis of results it can be advocate that achieved crude ethyl acetate fraction can be explored for preparing antimicrobial drugs in future for the infectious caused by the pathogens tested in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Singh
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture and Secondary Metabolites, University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
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Bag A, Bhattacharyya S, Chattopadhyay R. Isolation and identification of a gallotannin 1,2,6-tri-O
-galloyl-β
-d
-glucopyranose from hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia chebula
fruits effective against multidrug-resistant uropathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:390-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bag
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit; Indian Statistical Institute; Kolkata India
| | - S.K. Bhattacharyya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit; Indian Statistical Institute; Kolkata India
| | - R.R. Chattopadhyay
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit; Indian Statistical Institute; Kolkata India
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Rahimi R, Baghaei A, Baeeri M, Amin G, Shams-Ardekani MR, Khanavi M, Abdollahi M. Promising effect of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis on the basis of biochemical and cellular findings. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1901-11. [PMID: 23569335 PMCID: PMC3613105 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i12.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the efficacy of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis.
METHODS: After botanical authentication of herbal ingredients, formulation of Magliasa, quantitative determination of total glucosinolates and total phenolic content, and analysis of the thin layer chromatography profile were performed. Colitis was then induced in male rats by instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in all groups, aside from the Sham group. The experimental groups consisted of: the Sham group that received only normal saline; the Mag-50, Mag-100 and Mag-200 groups, which received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg per day of Magliasa, respectively; the control group, which received vehicle water orally; the infliximab group, which received infliximab (5 mg/kg per day, subcutaneously); and the Dexa group, which received dexamethasone (1 mg/kg per day, orally). After completing the treatment period (2 wk), the rats were sacrificed, the colon was removed, its macroscopic and microscopic changes were recorded, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), total antioxidant capacity, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were assessed in colon homogenate.
RESULTS: The mean value of total glucosinolates in one gram of Magliasa was 19 ± 1 μmol. The mean value of the total phenolic content was 293.8 ± 17.6 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 gram of Magliasa. Macroscopic scores were significantly decreased in Mag-100 (1.80 ± 0.58, P = 0.019) and Mag-200 (1.20 ± 0.20, P = 0.001) compared to the control group (3.40 ± 0.24), although some inflammation and hyperemia were evident. Treatment of rats by dexamethasone (0.33 ± 0.21, P < 0.001) and infliximab (0.83 ± 0.31, P < 0.001) remarkably attenuated scores where mild hyperemia was observed macroscopically. In comparison to the control group (4.00 ± 0.32), only Mag-200 (1.60 ± 0.40) showed a significant decrease in colonic histopathological scores (P = 0.005). Minimal mucosal inflammation was observed in the Dexa group (0.67 ± 0.21, P < 0.001). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO were significantly lower in all groups compared to the controls (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in LPO was seen in the Mag-200 (3.27 ± 0.77, P = 0.01) and Dexa (3.44 ± 0.22, P = 0.011) groups in comparison to the control group (6.43 ± 0.61). Only dexamethasone caused a significant increase in antioxidant power in comparison to the control group (346.73 ± 9.9 vs 228.33 ± 2.75, P < 0.001). Infliximab and different doses of Magliasa did not show any remarkable increase in antioxidant capacity (P > 0.05). The effect of Magliasa in all of mentioned parameters, except antioxidant capacity, was dose dependent.
CONCLUSION: The effects of Magliasa in TNBS-induced colitis are encouraging and warrant clinical trials for further confirmation.
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Bag A, Bhattacharyya SK, Pal NK, Chattopadhyay RR. In vitro antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts against multidrug–resistant uropathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:S1883-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA. Efficacy of anthelmintic properties of medicinal plant extracts against Haemonchus contortus. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:400-4. [PMID: 20980034 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of anthelmintic resistance has made the search for alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants imperative. Among these alternatives are several medicinal plants traditionally used as anthelmintics. This present work evaluated the efficacy of ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol dried leaf and seed extracts of five medicinal plants were tested in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities on Haemonchus contortus. The in vitro assay was based on egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA), all plant extracts were evaluated at five concentrations 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.13 mg/ml. The leaf and seed ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol of Annona squamosa, Eclipta prostrata, Solanum torvum, Terminalia chebula, and Catharanthus roseus extracts were showed complete inhibition (100%) at the maximum concentration tested (50 mg/ml). The overall findings of the present study have shown that our experimental plant extracts contain possible anthelmintic compounds.
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Abstract
The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not yet known, but many factors such as defects in the immune system, oxidative stress, microbial content in the gastrointestinal tract, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and leukotriene B4 (LB4) are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. In traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), several medicinal plants are thought to be effective for the treatment of IBD. In this study, information on all of these remedies were derived from all available old sources such as documents or notes and books and were added to the information derived from modern medical databases covering all in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials. For some of these plants, only one or two mechanisms of action have been found such as in Cassia fistula, Lepidium sativum, and Bunium persicum. However, for some plants various mechanisms of action are known. For example, Commiphora mukul is effective in IBD due to its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and it decreases NF-κB, NO and Cox-2. Another herb, Plantago ovata, has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities and decreases NO and LB4. Considering the mechanisms of action of these plants, the combination of some of them may be useful because of their many mechanisms of action such as Pistacia lentiscus, Bunium persicum, Solanum nigrum, Plantago ovata, Boswellia, Solanum nigrum, Plantago ovata and Commiphora mukul. For some of the herbal products used in TIM such as oleogum resin from Commiphora myrrha, seeds of Ocimum basilicum, seeds of Linum usitatissimum, gum resin of Dracaena cinnabari, seeds of Plantago major, seeds of Lallementia royleana, and seeds of Allium porrum, there is no or not enough studies to confirm their benefits in IBD. It is suggested that an evaluation of the effects of these plants on different aspects of IBD should be performed.
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Srivastav A, Chandra A, Singh M, Jamal F, Rastogi P, Rajendran SM, Bansode FW, Lakshmi V. Inhibition of hyaluronidase activity of human and rat spermatozoa in vitro and antispermatogenic activity in rats in vivo by Terminalia chebula, a flavonoid rich plant. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 29:214-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kung L, Williams P, Schmidt RJ, Hu W. A blend of essential plant oils used as an additive to alter silage fermentation or used as a feed additive for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 91:4793-800. [PMID: 19038954 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A blend of essential plant oils was evaluated for its effects on silage fermentation and animal performance. In the first experiment, the blend of essential oils was mixed with freshly chopped whole-plant corn to achieve a concentration of 0, 40, or 80 mg of active product per kilogram of fresh forage weight. Whole-plant corn was also mixed with a buffered propionic acid-based product at 0.2% of fresh forage weight. The blend of essential oils did not affect the populations of yeasts, molds, lactic acid bacteria, or enterobacteria; the fermentation end products; or the aerobic stability of the corn silage. Addition of the buffered propionic acid additive moderately reduced the production of acids during fermentation and resulted in a small reduction in the numbers of yeasts after ensiling, but did not affect aerobic stability. In a second experiment, 30 Holstein cows (4 primiparous and 26 multiparous) averaging 118 +/- 70 d in milk and producing 38 +/- 16 kg of milk/d were fed a total mixed ration, once daily, that consisted of (on a DM basis) 25% corn silage, 15% alfalfa silage, 10% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate. One-half of the cows were fed a blend of essential oils that was mixed directly into their total mixed ration to provide 1.2 g/cow per d for 9 wk. Cows fed the essential oils ate 1.9 kg more dry matter/d and produced 2.7 kg more 3.5% fat-corrected milk/d than did cows fed the control diet. The percentages of milk fat and protein, the somatic cell count numbers, and the concentrations of milk urea nitrogen were unaffected by treatment. Feed efficiency, change in body weight, and change in body condition scoring were also similar between treatments. After 12 h of incubation, the addition of a moderate dose and a high dose of essential oils to in vitro ruminal fermentations had no effect on the concentration of total VFA compared with the control treatment. However, they decreased the molar proportions of acetic, butyric, and valeric acids and increased the proportion of propionic acid. The blend of essential oils evaluated in this study altered in vitro ruminal fermentation and improved animal performance when fed directly to cows, but it did not affect the fermentation or aerobic stability of corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 South College Avenue, Newark 19716-2150, USA.
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