1
|
Chen Q, Deng Q, Liu Y, Long Z, Li S, Liu Q, Lv Y, Qin J, Yang A, Huang Y, Tan Z, Wang D, Xing X, Xiao Y. Co-exposure of petrochemical workers to noise and mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene: Impact on mild renal impairment and interaction. Environ Pollut 2024; 346:123628. [PMID: 38395129 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence concerning effects of simultaneous exposure to noise and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene (BTEXS) on renal function remains uncertain. In 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1160 petrochemical workers in southern China to investigate effects of their co-exposure on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and mild renal impairment (MRI). Noise levels were assessed using cumulative noise exposure (CNE). Urinary biomarkers for BTEXS were quantified. We found the majority of workers had exposure levels to noise and BTEXS below China's occupational exposure limits. CNE, trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA), and the sum of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGMA) were linearly associated with decreased eGFR and increased MRI risk. We observed U-shaped associations for both N-acetyl-S-phenyl-L-cysteine (SPMA) and o-methylhippuric acid (2-MHA) with MRI. In further assessing the joint effect of BTEXS (β, -0.164 [95% CI, -0.296 to -0.033]) per quartile increase in all BTEXS metabolites on eGFR using quantile g-computation models, we found SPMA, tt-MA, 2-MHA, and PGMA played pivotal roles. Additionally, the risk of MRI associated with tt-MA was more pronounced in workers with lower CNE levels (P = 0.004). Multiplicative interaction analysis revealed antagonisms of CNE and PGMA on MRI risk (P = 0.034). Thus, our findings reveal negative dose-effect associations between noise and BTEXS mixture exposure and renal function in petrochemical workers. With the exception of toluene, benzene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and styrene are all concerning pollutants for renal dysfunction. Effects of benzene, ethylbenzene, and styrene exposure on renal dysfunction were more pronounced in workers with lower CNE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Qifei Deng
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihao Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuangqi Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanrong Lv
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyao Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Aichu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, No. 68 Haikang Street, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, No. 68 Haikang Street, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoqing Tan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saldaña-Villanueva K, Méndez-Rodríguez KB, Zamora-Mendoza BN, Gómez-Gómez A, Díaz-Barriga F, Pérez-Vázquez FJ. Health effects of informal precarious workers in occupational environments with high exposure to pollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27769-6. [PMID: 37247138 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim is to investigate and describe the health conditions of workers who are employed in precarious work settings in Mexico. Specifically, the study aims to provide insight on the health status of workers who are vulnerable due to the informal nature of their employment. Through the evaluation of three different scenarios of precarious employment (n = 110), including workers in mercury miner (workers A), brick-kilns (workers B), and quarries workers (workers C). The study analyzes clinical parameters to determine the workers' renal health condition and assesses their pulmonary function using spirometry. Multivariate analyses and Spearman correlation are performed to determine the contribution of length of service to workers' health parameters. Workers B have the highest incidence of clinical health alterations, with the highest BMI and prediabetes/diabetes index, albumin creatinine ratio, and eGFR. Moreover, pulmonary function parameters show a decrease in %FEV1/FVC in workers B and C compared to workers A, while workers A demonstrate a more significant decrease in %FEV1. Additionally, a negative correlation is observed between the length of service in precarious work settings and lung parameters (r = -0.538, p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study highlights the need to address the issue of precarious employment in Mexico by improving working conditions, access to healthcare and promoting social protection for workers, which can reduce the number of work-related illnesses and deaths and ensure the safety and health of workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Saldaña-Villanueva
- Coordination for the Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, 550 Sierra Leona Av., CP 78210, Col. Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Karen Beatriz Méndez-Rodríguez
- Coordination for the Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, 550 Sierra Leona Av., CP 78210, Col. Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | | | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Coordination for the Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, 550 Sierra Leona Av., CP 78210, Col. Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordination for the Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, 550 Sierra Leona Av., CP 78210, Col. Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pech K, Pérez-Herrera N, Vértiz-Hernández ÁA, Lajous M, Farías P. Health Risk Assessment in Children Occupationally and Para-Occupationally Exposed to Benzene Using a Reverse-Translation PBPK Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2275. [PMID: 36767642 PMCID: PMC9915979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a known human carcinogen and one of the ten chemicals of major public health concern identified by the World Health Organization. Our objective was to evaluate benzene's carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks (current and projected) in highly exposed children in Yucatan, Mexico. Benzene exposure was estimated through a reverse-translation, four-compartment, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) based on previously performed urine trans, trans-muconic acid (benzene metabolite) determinations. Using a risk assessment methodology, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of benzene were estimated for 6-12-year-old children from a family of shoemakers. The children's hazard quotients for decreased lymphocyte count were 27 and 53 for 4 and 8 h/day exposure, respectively, and 37 for the projected 8 h/day exposure in adults. The risks of developing leukemia were 2-6 cases in 1000 children exposed 4 h/day; 4-10 cases in 1000 children exposed 8 h/day, and 2-9 cases in 1000 adults with an 8 h/day lifetime exposure. Children in Yucatan working in shoe-manufacturing workshops, or living next to them, are exposed to benzene concentrations above the reference concentration and have unacceptably high risks of presenting with non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic hematologic symptoms, now and in the future. Interventions to prevent further exposure and mitigate health risks are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristal Pech
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
| | - Norma Pérez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Crónicas y Degenerativas, Unidad Interinstitucional de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97000, Mexico
| | | | - Martín Lajous
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paulina Farías
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aoun M, Chelala D. Where do you live and what do you do? Two questions that might impact your kidney health. Front Nephrol 2022; 2:1011964. [PMID: 37675017 PMCID: PMC10479685 DOI: 10.3389/fneph.2022.1011964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In many cases the social determinants of health need to be assessed through their interaction with environmental factors. This review looks at the impact of physical location and occupation of individuals on their kidney health. It examines the effect of living at high altitude on kidney function and the relationship between extreme cold or hot temperatures and the incidence of kidney injury. It reviews as well the many occupations that have been linked to kidney disease in high-income and low-and-middle-income countries. As a conclusion, this overview proposes preventive recommendations that could be individualized based on weather, altitude, socio-economic level of the country and occupation of the individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Aoun
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Díaz de León-Martínez L, Ortega-Romero MS, Barbier OC, Pérez-Herrera N, May-Euan F, Perera-Ríos J, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Flores-Ramírez R. Evaluation of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers of early kidney damage in indigenous children from Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:52001-52013. [PMID: 33997934 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental persistent chemicals, produced by the incomplete combustion of solid fuels, found in smoke. PAHs are considered carcinogenic, teratogenic, and genotoxic. Children are susceptible to environmental pollutants, particularly those living in high-exposure settings. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure to PAHs through hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs), 1-hydroxynaphtalene (1-OH-NAP), and 2-hydroxynaphtalene (2-OH-NAP); 2-,3-, and 9-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-FLU, 3-OH-FLU, 9-OH-FLU); 1-,2-,3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-PHE, 2-OH-PHE, 3-OH-PHE, 4-OH-PHE); and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), as well as kidney health through biomarkers of early kidney damage (osteopontin (OPN), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), and cystatin C (Cys-C)) in children from an indigenous community dedicated to footwear manufacturing and pottery in Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico. The results show a high exposure to PAHs from the found concentrations of OH-PAHs in urine in 80.5% of the children in median concentrations of 18.4 (5.1-71.0) μg/L of total OH-PAHs, as well as concentrations of kidney damage proteins in 100% of the study population in concentrations of 4.8 (3-12.2) and 7.9 (6.5-13.7) μg/g creatinine of NGAL and Cys-C respectively, and 97.5% of the population with concentrations of OPN and α1-MG at mean concentrations of 207.3 (119.8-399.8) and 92.2 (68.5-165.5) μg/g creatinine. The information provided should be considered and addressed by the health authorities to establish continuous biomonitoring and programs to reduce para-occupational exposure in the vulnerable population, particularly children, based on their fundamental human right to health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Manolo S Ortega-Romero
- Toxicology Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olivier C Barbier
- Toxicology Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Fernando May-Euan
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Javier Perera-Ríos
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Division, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Av. Erick Paolo Martínez, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Díaz de León-Martínez L, Flores-Ramírez R, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Berumen-Rodríguez A, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Díaz-Barriga F. Analysis of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precarious workers of highly exposed occupational scenarios in Mexico. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:23087-23098. [PMID: 33442806 PMCID: PMC7806253 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a risk factor for human health. Workers are a vulnerable group due to their high exposure and therefore require special attention to mitigation measurements; however, some groups of workers are especially vulnerable, precarious workers. The objective of this research was to evaluate mixtures of hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in precarious workers in Mexico. The following activities were evaluated: (i) brickmakers (TER), stonemasons (ESC), indigenous workers (TOC) and mercury miners (CAM). Ten OH-PAHS were analyzed: 1-hydroxynaphtalene and 2-hydroxynaphtalene; 2-,3- and 9-hydroxyfluorene; 1-,2-,3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene; and 1-hydroxypyrene in urine by GC-MS, chemical fingerprints of the sites were established by multivariate analysis. One hundred forty-nine precarious workers participated in the study. The populations presented total OH-PAHs concentrations of 9.20 (6.65-97.57), 14.8 (9.32-18.85), 15.7 (6.92-195.0), and 101.2 (8.02-134.4) μg/L for CAM, ESC, TER, and TOC, respectively (median (IQR)). The results of the multivariate analysis indicate that the indigenous population presented a different fingerprint compared to the three scenarios. The chemical fingerprints among the brickmakers and mercury mining population were similar. The results of the concentrations were similar and in some metabolites higher than workers in occupations classified as carcinogenic by the IARC; therefore, the control of exposure in these occupations acquires great importance and surveillance through biological monitoring of OH-PAHs should be applied to better estimate exposure in these working populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México.
| | | | - Alejandra Berumen-Rodríguez
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, SLP, México
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hoffman JF, Vergara VB, Fan AX, Kalinich JF. Effect of embedded metal fragments on urinary metal levels and kidney biomarkers in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:463-480. [PMID: 33717999 PMCID: PMC7933717 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wounds with embedded metal fragments are an unfortunate consequence of armed conflicts. In many cases the exact identity of the metal(s) and their long-term health effects, especially on the kidney, are not known. AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study was to quantitate the urinary levels of metals solubilized from surgically implanted metal pellets and to assess the effect of these metals on the kidney using a battery of biomarker assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a rodent model system developed in our Institute to simulate embedded fragment injuries, eight metals considered likely components of an embedded fragment wound were individually implanted into the gastrocnemius muscle of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were followed for 12 months post-implantation with urine collected prior to surgery then at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months post-implantation to provide a within-subjects cohort for examination. Urinary metal levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and urinary biomarkers assessed using commercially available kits to determine metal-induced kidney effects. RESULTS With few exceptions, most of the implanted metals rapidly solubilized and were found in the urine at significantly higher levels than in control animals as early as 1-month post-implantation. Surprisingly, many of the biomarkers measured were decreased compared to control at 1-month post-implantation before returning to normal at the later time points. However, two metals, iron and depleted uranium, showed increased levels of several markers at later time points, yet these levels also returned to normal as time progressed. CONCLUSION This study showed that metal pellets surgically implanted into the leg muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats rapidly solubilized with significant levels of the implanted metal found in the urine. Although kidney biomarker results were inconsistent, the changes observed along with the relatively low amounts of metal implanted, suggest that metal-induced renal effects need to be considered when caring for individuals with embedded metal fragment wounds.
Collapse
Key Words
- AAALAC-I, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International
- AFRRI, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
- ALB, Albumin
- ALP, Alkaline phosphatase
- Al, Aluminum
- B2m, Beta-2-microglobulin
- Biomarker
- Co, Cobalt
- Cu, Copper
- DU, Depleted uranium
- DoD, Department of Defense
- Embedded metals
- Fe, Iron
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- ICP-MS, Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy
- IL-18, Interleukin-18
- KIM-1, Kidney injury molecule-1
- Kidney
- LoD, Limit of detection
- LoQ, Limit of quantitation
- NAG, N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase
- NGAL, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
- Ni, Nickel
- OPN, Osteopontin
- Pb, Lead
- RBP, Retinal binding protein
- Rat
- Ta, Tantalum
- Urine
- W, Tungsten
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Hoffman
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vernieda B. Vergara
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anya X. Fan
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John F. Kalinich
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Díaz de León-Martínez L, de la Sierra-de la Vega L, Palacios-Ramírez A, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Flores-Ramírez R. Critical review of social, environmental and health risk factors in the Mexican indigenous population and their capacity to respond to the COVID-19. Sci Total Environ 2020; 733:139357. [PMID: 32416536 PMCID: PMC7215151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a critical analysis of the social, environmental and health risk factors in the Mexican indigenous population in the context of the COVID-19 disease pandemic, and to propose strategies to mitigate the impacts on these communities. Regarding social factors, we identified the return of indigenous people to their communities, poor access to water, language barriers, and limited access to the Internet, as factors that will not allow them to take the minimum preventive measures against the disease. Additionally, environmental risk factors associated with pollutants from biomass burning were identified. In health, the lack of coverage in these areas and comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, respiratory tract infections, and chronic pulmonary diseases were identified. Some existing government programmes were identified that could be supported to address these social, environmental and health gaps. We believe that the best way to address these issues is to strengthen the health system with a community-based approach. Health is the best element of cohesion for inserting development and progress proposals in indigenous communities, given the vulnerability to which they are exposed in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, all information is provided (as possible) on risk factors and potential solutions in indigenous communities in the hope of providing solutions to this pandemic and providing a reference for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Luz de la Sierra-de la Vega
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Andrés Palacios-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Maribel Rodriguez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Díaz de León-Martínez L, Ortega-Romero M, Grimaldo-Galeana JM, Barbier O, Vargas-Berrones K, García-Arreola ME, Rodriguez-Aguilar M, Flores-Ramírez R. Assessment of kidney health and exposure to mixture pollutants in the Mexican indigenous population. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:34557-34566. [PMID: 32557022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The indigenous population is one of the most vulnerable to suffer from contaminated environments. One of the target organs to suffer early deterioration from exposure to toxins is the kidney. The objective of this article was to evaluate biomarkers of exposure to organic and inorganic toxins and biomarkers of early kidney damage in urine from an indigenous Tenek population in Mexico. The biomarkers of exposure were Li, Be, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Sn, Ba, and Pb evaluated by ICP-MS and hippuric acid for toluene exposure evaluated by UV-coupled with liquid chromatography; the biomarkers of kidney damage were cystatin C (Cys-C), osteopontin (OPN), retinol-binding protein-4 (RPB-4), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Thirty-one urine samples were obtained from indigenous people; 16, 42, 45.1, and 45.2% of the population exceeded the reference values for Pb, Zn, As, and hippuric acid respectively. Our results demonstrate significant correlations between the metals tested and the proteins associated with renal damage; Cys-C, OPN, and RPB4 showed a significant correlation with Li, B, and Mo, as well as hippuric acid in the case of Cys-C and Zn in OPN and RPB-4; NGAL did not present significant correlations with any of the pollutants of the study. This pilot study contributes to the evidence of great inequity in health associated to environmental pollution matters faced by indigenous people and addresses the need of initiatives for mitigation under the perspective that health is a fundamental human right.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Manolo Ortega-Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Moisés Grimaldo-Galeana
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Karla Vargas-Berrones
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - María Elena García-Arreola
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Maribel Rodriguez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
| |
Collapse
|