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Ring T, Witte C, Vasudevan S, Das S, Ranecky ST, Lee H, Ladda N, Senftleben A, Braun H, Baumert T. Self-referencing circular dichroism ion yield measurements for improved statistics using femtosecond laser pulses. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:033001. [PMID: 33820110 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of circular dichroism with laser mass spectrometry via the measurement of ion yields is a powerful tool in chiral recognition, but the measured anisotropies are generally weak. The method presented in this contribution reduces the measurement error significantly. A common path optical setup generates a pair of counter-rotating laser foci in the interaction region of a time-of-flight spectrometer. As the space focus condition is fulfilled for both foci individually, this becomes a twin-peak ion source with well separated and sufficiently resolved mass peaks. The individual control of polarization allows for in situ correction of experimental fluctuations measuring circular dichroism. Our robust optical setup produces reliable and reproducible results and is applicable for dispersion sensitive femtosecond laser pulses. In this contribution, we use 3-methyl-cyclopentanone as a prototype molecule to illustrate the evaluation procedure and the measurement principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ring
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - C Witte
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - S Vasudevan
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - S Das
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - S T Ranecky
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - H Lee
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - N Ladda
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - A Senftleben
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - H Braun
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - T Baumert
- Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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2
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Wolter B, Pullen MG, Le AT, Baudisch M, Doblhoff-Dier K, Senftleben A, Hemmer M, Schröter CD, Ullrich J, Pfeifer T, Moshammer R, Gräfe S, Vendrell O, Lin CD, Biegert J. Ultrafast electron diffraction imaging of bond breaking in di-ionized acetylene. Science 2017; 354:308-312. [PMID: 27846561 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing chemical reactions as they occur requires atomic spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution. Here, we report imaging of the molecular structure of acetylene (C2H2) 9 femtoseconds after ionization. Using mid-infrared laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED), we obtained snapshots as a proton departs the [C2H2]2+ ion. By introducing an additional laser field, we also demonstrate control over the ultrafast dissociation process and resolve different bond dynamics for molecules oriented parallel versus perpendicular to the LIED field. These measurements are in excellent agreement with a quantum chemical description of field-dressed molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wolter
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M G Pullen
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A-T Le
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-2604, USA
| | - M Baudisch
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Doblhoff-Dier
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A Senftleben
- Universität Kassel, Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - M Hemmer
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C D Schröter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Gräfe
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - O Vendrell
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C D Lin
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-2604, USA
| | - J Biegert
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Schnorr K, Senftleben A, Schmid G, Rudenko A, Kurka M, Meyer K, Foucar L, Kübel M, Kling MF, Jiang YH, Düsterer S, Treusch R, Schröter CD, Ullrich J, Pfeifer T, Moshammer R. Multiple ionization and fragmentation dynamics of molecular iodine studied in IR-XUV pump-probe experiments. Faraday Discuss 2014; 171:41-56. [PMID: 25415043 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ionization and fragmentation dynamics of iodine molecules (I(2)) are traced using very intense (∼10(14) W cm(-2)) ultra-short (∼60 fs) light pulses with 87 eV photons of the Free-electron LASer at Hamburg (FLASH) in combination with a synchronized femtosecond optical laser. Within a pump-probe scheme the IR pulse initiates a molecular fragmentation and then, after an adjustable time delay, the system is exposed to an intense FEL pulse. This way we follow the creation of highly-charged molecular fragments as a function of time, and probe the dynamics of multi-photon absorption during the transition from a molecule to individual atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schnorr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Schnorr K, Senftleben A, Kurka M, Rudenko A, Schmid G, Pfeifer T, Meyer K, Kübel M, Kling MF, Jiang YH, Treusch R, Düsterer S, Siemer B, Wöstmann M, Zacharias H, Mitzner R, Zouros TJM, Ullrich J, Schröter CD, Moshammer R. Electron rearrangement dynamics in dissociating I(2)^(n+) molecules accessed by extreme ultraviolet pump-probe experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:073001. [PMID: 25170702 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The charge rearrangement in dissociating I_{2}^{n+} molecules is measured as a function of the internuclear distance R using extreme ultraviolet pulses delivered by the free-electron laser in Hamburg. Within an extreme ultraviolet pump-probe scheme, the first pulse initiates dissociation by multiply ionizing I_{2}, and the delayed probe pulse further ionizes one of the two fragments at a given time, thus triggering charge rearrangement at a well-defined R. The electron transfer between the fragments is monitored by analyzing the delay-dependent ion kinetic energies and charge states. The experimental results are in very good agreement with predictions of the classical over-the-barrier model demonstrating its validity in a thus far unexplored quasimolecular regime relevant for free-electron laser, plasma, and chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schnorr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Senftleben
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kurka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Rudenko
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - G Schmid
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kübel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M F Kling
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Y H Jiang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - R Treusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Siemer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - M Wöstmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - H Zacharias
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - R Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T J M Zouros
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, Post Office Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - J Ullrich
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C D Schröter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Zhang SF, Fischer D, Schulz M, Voitkiv AB, Senftleben A, Dorn A, Ullrich J, Ma X, Moshammer R. Two-center interferences in dielectronic transitions in H2(+) + He collisions. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:023201. [PMID: 24484006 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.023201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular two-center interferences in a collision induced excitation of H2(+) projectile ions, with simultaneous ionization of helium target atoms, are investigated in a kinematically complete experiment. In the process under investigation, the helium atom is singly ionized and simultaneously the molecular hydrogen ion is dissociated. Different collision mechanisms are identified and interference fringes emerging from a correlated first-order mechanism and from an independent second-order process are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China and Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Physics Department and LAMOR, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - A B Voitkiv
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Senftleben
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Dorn
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - X Ma
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - R Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Dura J, Camus N, Thai A, Britz A, Hemmer M, Baudisch M, Senftleben A, Schröter CD, Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Biegert J. Ionization with low-frequency fields in the tunneling regime. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2675. [PMID: 24043222 PMCID: PMC3775091 DOI: 10.1038/srep02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong-field ionisation surprises with richness beyond current understanding despite decade long investigations. Ionisation with mid-IR light has promptly revealed unexpected kinetic energy structures that seem related to unanticipated quantum trajectories of the electrons. We measure first 3D momentum distributions in the deep tunneling regime (γ = 0.3) and observe surprising new electron dynamics of near-zero momentum electrons and extremely low momentum structures, below the eV, despite very high quiver energies of 95 eV. Such level of high-precision measurements at only 1 meV above the threshold, despite 5 orders higher ponderomotive energies, has now become possible with a specifically developed ultrafast mid-IR light source in combination with a reaction microscope, thereby permitting a new level of investigations into mid-IR recollision physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dura
- ICFO-Institut de Ciences Fotoniques, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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7
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Schnorr K, Senftleben A, Kurka M, Rudenko A, Foucar L, Schmid G, Broska A, Pfeifer T, Meyer K, Anielski D, Boll R, Rolles D, Kübel M, Kling MF, Jiang YH, Mondal S, Tachibana T, Ueda K, Marchenko T, Simon M, Brenner G, Treusch R, Scheit S, Averbukh V, Ullrich J, Schröter CD, Moshammer R. Time-resolved measurement of interatomic coulombic decay in Ne2. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:093402. [PMID: 24033032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.093402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime of interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) [L. S. Cederbaum et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4778 (1997)] in Ne2 is determined via an extreme ultraviolet pump-probe experiment at the Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg. The pump pulse creates a 2s inner-shell vacancy in one of the two Ne atoms, whereupon the ionized dimer undergoes ICD resulting in a repulsive Ne+(2p(-1))-Ne+(2p(-1)) state, which is probed with a second pulse, removing a further electron. The yield of coincident Ne+-Ne2+ pairs is recorded as a function of the pump-probe delay, allowing us to deduce the ICD lifetime of the Ne2(+)(2s(-1)) state to be (150±50) fs, in agreement with quantum calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schnorr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Meyer K, Ott C, Raith P, Kaldun A, Jiang Y, Senftleben A, Kurka M, Moshammer R, Ullrich J, Pfeifer T. Enhancing temporal resolution in pump-probe experiments with noisy pulses. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Ren X, Pflüger T, Xu S, Colgan J, Pindzola MS, Senftleben A, Ullrich J, Dorn A. Strong molecular alignment dependence of H2 electron impact ionization dynamics. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:123202. [PMID: 23005945 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.123202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy (E(0) = 54 eV) electron impact single ionization of molecular hydrogen (H(2)) has been investigated as a function of molecular alignment in order to benchmark recent theoretical predictions [Colgan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 233201 (2008) and Al-Hagan et al., Nature Phys. 5, 59 (2009)]. In contrast to any previous work, we observe distinct alignment dependence of the (e,2e) cross sections in the perpendicular plane in good overall agreement with results from time-dependent close-coupling calculations. The cross section behavior can be consistently explained by a rescattering of the ejected electron in the molecular potential resulting in an effective focusing along the molecular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ren
- Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Xu S, Chaluvadi H, Ren X, Pflüger T, Senftleben A, Ning CG, Yan S, Zhang P, Yang J, Ma X, Ullrich J, Madison DH, Dorn A. Low energy (e, 2e) study from the 1t2 orbital of CH4. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:024301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4732539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Durá J, Grün A, Bates PK, Teichmann SM, Ergler T, Senftleben A, Pflüger T, Schröter CD, Moshammer R, Ullrich J, Jaroń-Becker A, Becker A, Biegert J. Wavelength Dependence of the Suppressed Ionization of Molecules in Strong Laser Fields. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:2662-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207257j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Durá
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - A. Grün
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - P. K. Bates
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - S. M. Teichmann
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - T. Ergler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - A. Senftleben
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T. Pflüger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. D. Schröter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Jaroń-Becker
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, UCB 440, Boulder 80309-0440, United States
| | - A. Becker
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, UCB 440, Boulder 80309-0440, United States
| | - J. Biegert
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Ren X, Senftleben A, Pflüger T, Holzwarth M, Dorn A, Bartschat K, Bray I, Fursa DV, Colgan J, Pindzola MS, Al-Hagan O, Madison DH, Ullrich J. Three-dimensional cross sections for electron impact ionization of atoms and molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/212/1/012003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Lemaire L, Senftleben A, Heinlein UA. Characterization by enriched polyclonal antibodies of developmentally regulated and cell type specific mouse testis antigens. Life Sci 1992; 51:439-48. [PMID: 1378921 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90412-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal antisera directed against testicular proteins were characterized by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Antibodies binding to testis-specific, developmentally regulated protein bands were eluted from their antigens and used for further characterization of the developmental profile and cell type-specific expression of two antigens, PSM33 and NNA75. While PSM33 was found to be present in spermatocytes from the late pachytene stage on, NNA75 could be localized in neonatal interstitial cells. NNA75 expression ceases by to postnatal day ten, when first meiosis starts within the seminiferous tubules, thus suggesting an interactive role of Leydig cells during the onset of meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lemaire
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf 1, Germany
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