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Yang S, Wang W, Tan X, Zhu H, Litnovsky A, Klein F, Mao Y, Coenen J, Linsmeier C, Luo L, Li P, Wu Y. Influence of the applied pressure on the microstructure evolution of W-Cr-Y-Zr alloys during the FAST process. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang W, Tan X, Liu J, Chen X, Wu M, Luo L, Zhu X, Chen H, Mao Y, Litnovsky A, Coenen J, Linsmeier C, Wu Y. The influence of heating rate on W-Cr-Zr alloy densification process and microstructure evolution during spark plasma sintering. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Litnovsky A, Peng J, Kreter A, Krasikov Y, Rasinski M, Nordlund K, Granberg F, Jussila J, Breuer U, Linsmeier C. Optimization of single crystal mirrors for ITER diagnostics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Litnovsky A, Klein F, Schmitz J, Wegener T, Linsmeier C, Gilbert M, Rasinski M, Kreter A, Tan X, Mao Y, Coenen J, Bram M, Gonzalez-Julian J. Smart first wall materials for intrinsic safety of a fusion power plant. Fusion Engineering and Design 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schmitz J, Litnovsky A, Klein F, Wegener T, Tan X, Rasinski M, Mutzke A, Hansen P, Kreter A, Pospieszczyk A, Möller S, Coenen J, Linsmeier C, Breuer U, Gonzalez-Julian J, Bram M. WCrY smart alloys as advanced plasma-facing materials – Exposure to steady-state pure deuterium plasmas in PSI-2. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Coenen J, Mao Y, Almanstötter J, Calvo A, Sistla S, Gietl H, Jasper B, Riesch J, Rieth M, Pintsuk G, Klein F, Litnovsky A, Mueller A, Wegener T, You JH, Broeckmann C, Garcia-Rosales C, Neu R, Linsmeier C. Advanced materials for a damage resilient divertor concept for DEMO: Powder-metallurgical tungsten-fibre reinforced tungsten. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Litnovsky A, Krasikov Y, Rasinski M, Kreter A, Linsmeier C, Mertens P, Unterberg B, Breuer U, Wegener T. First direct comparative test of single crystal rhodium and molybdenum mirrors for ITER diagnostics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Hong SH, Kim KM, Song JH, Bang EN, Kim HT, Lee KS, Litnovsky A, Hellwig M, Seo DC, Lee HH, Kang CS, Lee HY, Hong JH, Bak JG, Kim HS, Juhn JW, Son SH, Kim HK, Douai D, Grisolia C, Wu J, Luo GN, Choe WH, Komm M, Van Den Berg M, De Temmerman G, Pitts R. Toward Tungsten Plasma-Facing Components in KSTAR: Research on Plasma-Metal Wall Interaction. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst14-897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-H. Hong
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
- Hanyang University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology, Department of Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Science Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - K.-M. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - J.-H. Song
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - E.-N. Bang
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H.-T. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - K.-S. Lee
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - A. Litnovsky
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Hellwig
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Plasmaphysik Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D. C. Seo
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H. H. Lee
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - C. S. Kang
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H.-Y. Lee
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - J.-H. Hong
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Physics Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - J. G. Bak
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H.-S. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - J.-W. Juhn
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - S.-H. Son
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H.-K. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - D. Douai
- CEA, IRFM, Association Euratom-CEA, 13108 St Paul lez Durance, France
| | - C. Grisolia
- CEA, IRFM, Association Euratom-CEA, 13108 St Paul lez Durance, France
| | - J. Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - G.-N. Luo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - W.-H. Choe
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Physics Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - M. Komm
- Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M. Van Den Berg
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Association EURATOM-FOM Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Postbus 1207, 3430BE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - G. De Temmerman
- ITER Organization, Route de vinon sur verdon, 13115 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - R. Pitts
- ITER Organization, Route de vinon sur verdon, 13115 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
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Litnovsky A, Matveeva M, Rudakov DL, Chrobak CP, Allen SL, Leonard AW, Taylor PL, Wong CPC, Fitzpatrick BWN, Davis JW, Haasz AA, Stangeby PC, Breuer U, Philipps V, MÖller S. Impact of Thermo-Oxidative Wall Conditioning on the Performance of Diagnostic Mirrors for ITER. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst12-a14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Litnovsky
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Matveeva
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
| | - D. L. Rudakov
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - C. P. Chrobak
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - S. L. Allen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - A. W. Leonard
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - P. L. Taylor
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - C. P. C. Wong
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - B. W. N. Fitzpatrick
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - J. W. Davis
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - A. A. Haasz
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - P. C. Stangeby
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - U. Breuer
- Central Division of Analytical Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - V. Philipps
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
| | - S. MÖller
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
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Wegener T, Klein F, Litnovsky A, Rasinski M, Brinkmann J, Koch F, Linsmeier C. Development of yttrium-containing self-passivating tungsten alloys for future fusion power plants. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Neu R, Riesch J, Coenen J, Brinkmann J, Calvo A, Elgeti S, García-Rosales C, Greuner H, Hoeschen T, Holzner G, Klein F, Koch F, Linsmeier C, Litnovsky A, Wegener T, Wurster S, You JH. Advanced tungsten materials for plasma-facing components of DEMO and fusion power plants. Fusion Engineering and Design 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Konovalov VG, Voitsenya VS, Makhov MN, Ryzhkov IV, Shapoval AN, Solodovchenko SI, Stan AF, Bondarenko VN, Donné AJH, Litnovsky A. Image quality method as a possible way of in situ monitoring of in-vessel mirrors in a fusion reactor. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:093507. [PMID: 27782611 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The plasma-facing (first) mirrors in ITER will be subject to sputtering and/or contamination with rates that will depend on the precise mirror locations. The resulting influence of both these factors can reduce the mirror reflectance (R) and worsen the transmitted image quality (IQ). This implies that monitoring the mirror quality in situ is an actual desire, and the present work is an attempt towards a solution. The method we propose is able to elucidate the reason for degradation of the mirror reflectance: sputtering by charge exchange atoms or deposition of contaminated layers. In case of deposition of contaminants, the mirror can be cleaned in situ, but a rough mirror (due to sputtering) cannot be used anymore and has to be replaced. To demonstrate the feasibility of the IQ method, it was applied to mirror specimens coated with carbon film in laboratory conditions and to mirrors coated with contaminants during exposure in fusion devices (TRIAM-1M and Tore Supra), as well as to mirrors of different materials exposed to sputtering by plasma ions in the DSM-2 plasma stand (in IPP NSC KIPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Konovalov
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - V S Voitsenya
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - M N Makhov
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - I V Ryzhkov
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - A N Shapoval
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - S I Solodovchenko
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - A F Stan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - V N Bondarenko
- Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Akademichna St. 1, 61108 Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - A J H Donné
- EUROfusion, D-85748 Garching, Germany; Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Litnovsky
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung-Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Hong SH, Bang EN, Lim ST, Lee JY, Yang SJ, Litnovsky A, Hellwig M, Matveev D, Komm M, van den Berg M, Lho T, Park CR, Kim GH. Preliminary test results on tungsten tile with castellation structures in KSTAR. Fusion Engineering and Design 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hong SH, Yu Y, Kim KP, Bak JG, Park HJ, Oh YS, Chung J, Nam YU, Bang EN, Kim KR, Litnovsky A, Hellwig M, Matveev D, Komm M, van den Berg M, Kim WC, Kim HK, Rho TH, Chu Y, Oh YK, Yang HL, Park KR, Chung KS. Plasma-Surface Interaction Activities in KSTAR. Fusion Science and Technology 2013. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-a16879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-H. Hong
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
- Department of electrical engineering, HanYang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Science, University of Science and Technology, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y. Yu
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1045 Daeduk-Daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 801 Mukouyama, Naka, Ibaraki-ken, 311-0193, Japan
| | - K.-P. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - J. G. Bak
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H.-J. Park
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y.-S. Oh
- Department of electrical engineering, HanYang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J. Chung
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y.-U. Nam
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - E.-N. Bang
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - K.-R. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Science, University of Science and Technology, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - A. Litnovsky
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Hellwig
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - D. Matveev
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung–Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Association EURATOM-FZJ, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Komm
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, CZ-18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. van den Berg
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Postbus 1207, 3430BE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - W.-C. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H.-K. Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - T.-H. Rho
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y. Chu
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y.-K Oh
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - H.-L. Yang
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - K.-R. Park
- National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yusung-Gu, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - K.-S. Chung
- Department of electrical engineering, HanYang University, Seoul, Korea
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Krasikov Y, Baross T, Biel W, Litnovsky A, Hawkes N, Kiss G, Klinkhamer J, Koning J, Krimmer A, Neubauer O, Panin A. Development of design options for the port plug components of the ITER core CXRS diagnostic. Fusion Engineering and Design 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sadakov S, Baross T, Biel W, Borsuk V, Hawkes N, von Hellermann M, Gille P, Kiss G, Koning J, Knaup M, Klinkhamer F, Krasikov Y, Litnovsky A, Neubauer O, Panin A. Conceptual design of the ITER upper port plug for charge exchange diagnostic. Fusion Engineering and Design 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2008.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Litnovsky A, Rudakov D, De Temmerman G, Wienhold P, Philipps V, Samm U, McLean A, West W, Wong C, Brooks N, Watkins J, Wampler W, Stangeby P, Boedo J, Moyer R, Allen S, Fenstermacher M, Groth M, Lasnier C, Boivin R, Leonard A, Romanyuk A, Hirai T, Pintsuk G, Breuer U, Scholl A. First tests of diagnostic mirrors in a tokamak divertor: An overview of experiments in DIII-D. Fusion Engineering and Design 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Marot L, De Temmerman G, Oelhafen P, Covarel G, Litnovsky A. Rhodium coated mirrors deposited by magnetron sputtering for fusion applications. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:103507. [PMID: 17979419 DOI: 10.1063/1.2800779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metallic mirrors will be essential components of all optical spectroscopy and imaging systems for ITER plasma diagnostics. Any change in the mirror performance, in particular, its reflectivity, due to erosion of the surface by charge exchange neutrals or deposition of impurities will influence the quality and reliability of the detected signals. Due to its high reflectivity in the visible wavelength range and its low sputtering yield, rhodium appears as an attractive material for first mirrors in ITER. However, the very high price of the raw material calls for using it in the form of a film deposited onto metallic substrates. The development of a reliable technique for the preparation of high reflectivity rhodium films is therefore of the highest importance. Rhodium layers with thicknesses of up to 2 microm were produced on different substrates of interest (Mo, stainless steel, Cu) by magnetron sputtering. Produced films exhibit a low roughness and crystallite size of about 10 nm with a dense columnar structure. No impurities were detected on the surface after deposition. Scratch tests demonstrate that adhesion properties increase with substrate hardness. Detailed optical characterizations of Rh-coated mirrors as well as results of erosion tests performed both under laboratory conditions and in the TEXTOR tokamak are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Lipa M, Schunke B, Gil C, Bucalossi J, Voitsenya V, Konovalov V, Vukolov K, Balden M, De Temmerman G, Oelhafen P, Litnovsky A, Wienhold P. Analyses of metallic first mirror samples after long term plasma exposure in Tore Supra. Fusion Engineering and Design 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Finken KH, Abdullaev SS, de Bock MFM, von Hellermann M, Jakubowski M, Jaspers R, Koslowski HR, Krämer-Flecken A, Lehnen M, Liang Y, Nicolai A, Wolf RC, Zimmermann O, de Baar M, Bertschinger G, Biel W, Brezinsek S, Busch C, Donné AJH, Esser HG, Farshi E, Gerhauser H, Giesen B, Harting D, Hoekzema JA, Hogeweij GMD, Hüttemann PW, Jachmich S, Jakubowska K, Kalupin D, Kelly F, Kikuchi Y, Kirschner A, Koch R, Korten M, Kreter A, Krom J, Kruezi U, Lazaros A, Litnovsky A, Loozen X, Lopes Cardozo NJ, Lyssoivan A, Marchuk O, Matsunaga G, Mertens P, Messiaen A, Neubauer O, Noda N, Philipps V, Pospieszczyk A, Reiser D, Reiter D, Rogister AL, Sakamoto M, Savtchkov A, Samm U, Schmitz O, Schorn RP, Schweer B, Schüller FC, Sergienko G, Spatschek KH, Telesca G, Tokar M, Uhlemann R, Unterberg B, Van Oost G, Van Rompuy T, Van Wassenhove G, Westerhof E, Weynants R, Wiesen S, Xu YH. Toroidal plasma rotation induced by the dynamic ergodic divertor in the TEXTOR tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:015003. [PMID: 15698091 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The first results of the Dynamic Ergodic Divertor in TEXTOR, when operating in the m/n=3/1 mode configuration, are presented. The deeply penetrating external magnetic field perturbation of this configuration increases the toroidal plasma rotation. Staying below the excitation threshold for the m/n=2/1 tearing mode, this toroidal rotation is always in the direction of the plasma current, even if the toroidal projection of the rotating magnetic field perturbation is in the opposite direction. The observed toroidal rotation direction is consistent with a radial electric field, generated by an enhanced electron transport in the ergodic layers near the resonances of the perturbation. This is an effect different from theoretical predictions, which assume a direct coupling between rotating perturbation and plasma to be the dominant effect of momentum transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Finken
- Trilateral Euregio Cluster: Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, EURATOM Association, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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