1
|
Guiberson ER, Good CJ, Wexler AG, Skaar EP, Spraggins JM, Caprioli RM. Multimodal Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Murine Gastrointestinal Tract with Retained Luminal Content. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2022; 33:1073-1076. [PMID: 35545232 PMCID: PMC9264265 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, including luminal content, harbors a complex mixture of microorganisms, host dietary content, and immune factors. Existing imaging approaches remove luminal content and only visualize small regions of the GI tract. Here, we demonstrate a workflow for multimodal imaging using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry, autofluorescence, and bright field microscopy for mapping intestinal tissue and luminal content. Results comparing tissue and luminal content in control murine tissue show both unique molecular and elemental distributions and abundances using multimodal protein, lipid, and elemental imaging. For instance, lipid PC(42:1) is 2× higher intensity in luminal content than tissue, while PC(32:0) is 80× higher intensity in tissue. Additionally, some ions such as the protein at m/z 3443 and the element manganese are only detected in luminal content, while the protein at m/z 8564 was only detected in tissue and phosphorus had 2× higher abundance in tissue. These data highlight the robust molecular information that can be gained from the gastrointestinal tract with the inclusion of luminal content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Guiberson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - Christopher J Good
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - Aaron G Wexler
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203g, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wexler AG, Guiberson ER, Beavers WN, Shupe JA, Washington MK, Lacy DB, Caprioli RM, Spraggins JM, Skaar EP. Clostridioides difficile infection induces a rapid influx of bile acids into the gut during colonization of the host. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109683. [PMID: 34496241 PMCID: PMC8445666 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial intestinal infections in the United States. Ingested C. difficile spores encounter host bile acids and other cues that are necessary for germinating into toxin-producing vegetative cells. While gut microbiota disruption (often by antibiotics) is a prerequisite for C. difficile infection (CDI), the mechanisms C. difficile employs for colonization remain unclear. Here, we pioneered the application of imaging mass spectrometry to study how enteric infection changes gut metabolites. We find that CDI induces an influx of bile acids into the gut within 24 h of the host ingesting spores. In response, the host reduces bile acid biosynthesis gene expression. These bile acids drive C. difficile outgrowth, as mice receiving the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine display delayed colonization and reduced germination. Our findings indicate that C. difficile may facilitate germination upon infection and suggest that altering flux through bile acid pathways can modulate C. difficile outgrowth in CDI-prone patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Wexler
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emma R Guiberson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William N Beavers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John A Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Knippel RJ, Wexler AG, Miller JM, Beavers WN, Weiss A, de Crécy-Lagard V, Edmonds KA, Giedroc DP, Skaar EP. Clostridioides difficile Senses and Hijacks Host Heme for Incorporation into an Oxidative Stress Defense System. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:411-421.e6. [PMID: 32526159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection of the colon leads to severe inflammation and damage to the gastrointestinal epithelium due to the production of potent toxins. This inflammatory tissue damage causes the liberation of high concentrations of host heme at infection sites. Here, we identify the C. difficile heme-sensing membrane protein system (HsmRA) and show that this operon induces a protective response that repurposes heme to counteract antimicrobial oxidative stress responses. HsmR senses vertebrate heme, leading to increased expression of the hsmRA operon and subsequent deployment of HsmA to capture heme and reduce redox damage caused by inflammatory mediators of protection and antibiotic therapy. Strains with inactivated hsmR or hsmA have increased sensitivity to redox-active compounds and reduced colonization persistence in a murine model of relapse C. difficile infection. These results define a mechanism exploited by C. difficile to repurpose toxic heme within the inflamed gut as a shield against antimicrobial compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reece J Knippel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron G Wexler
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeanette M Miller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William N Beavers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andy Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wexler AG, Schofield WB, Degnan PH, Folta-Stogniew E, Barry NA, Goodman AL. Human gut Bacteroides capture vitamin B 12 via cell surface-exposed lipoproteins. eLife 2018; 7:37138. [PMID: 30226189 PMCID: PMC6143338 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gut Bacteroides use surface-exposed lipoproteins to bind and metabolize complex polysaccharides. Although vitamins and other nutrients are also essential for commensal fitness, much less is known about how commensal bacteria compete with each other or the host for these critical resources. Unlike in Escherichia coli, transport loci for vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and other corrinoids in human gut Bacteroides are replete with conserved genes encoding proteins whose functions are unknown. Here we report that one of these proteins, BtuG, is a surface-exposed lipoprotein that is essential for efficient B12 transport in B. thetaiotaomicron. BtuG binds B12 with femtomolar affinity and can remove B12 from intrinsic factor, a critical B12 transport protein in humans. Our studies suggest that Bacteroides use surface-exposed lipoproteins not only for capturing polysaccharides, but also to acquire key vitamins in the gut. Eating is the first step in an hours-long process that extracts the nutrients we need to live. It not only nourishes us, but also a vast community of bacteria in our gut called the microbiota. The gut microbiota acts like an extension of our immune system and helps us stay healthy in many ways. For example, it blocks pathogens from making us sick. But too many gut bacteria in the wrong parts of our intestines can be harmful. Some people are prone to developing a dangerous overgrowth of bacteria in their small intestine where most of our dietary nutrients get absorbed. This overgrowth can lead to many problems including vitamin B12 deficiency even when they eat plenty of it. To understand why, scientists must learn how microbes affect our ability to absorb nutrients from food and how the microbes themselves capture nutrients like vitamin B12 as they pass through our digestive tract. Now, Wexler et al. show that some gut microbes may be able to pirate vitamin B12 from us as it passes through the digestive tract. Wexler et al. showed that a protein called BtuG on the surface of a type of gut bacteria called Bacteriodes grabs onto vitamin B12 with extraordinary strength. In fact, these bacterial proteins bind to vitamin B12 so strongly that they can even pry it away from our own vitamin B12 collecting protein. When Bacteriodes with and without BtuG were placed in mice with no gut bacteria of their own, bacteria with BtuG rapidly outcompeted those lacking the protein. The experiments suggest that competition for vitamin B12 among microbes has favored bacteria that are better at capturing the nutrient. More studies are needed to learn whether BtuG contributes to vitamin B12 deficiencies in humans with gut bacteria overgrowth and determine the best ways to combat such deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Wexler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Whitman B Schofield
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Patrick H Degnan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Ewa Folta-Stogniew
- W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Natasha A Barry
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Russell AB, Wexler AG, Harding BN, Whitney JC, Bohn AJ, Goo YA, Tran BQ, Barry NA, Zheng H, Peterson SB, Chou S, Gonen T, Goodlett DR, Goodman AL, Mougous JD. A type VI secretion-related pathway in Bacteroidetes mediates interbacterial antagonism. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:227-236. [PMID: 25070807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroidetes are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria abundant in mammalian-associated polymicrobial communities, where they impact digestion, immunity, and resistance to infection. Despite the extensive competition at high cell density that occurs in these settings, cell contact-dependent mechanisms of interbacterial antagonism, such as the type VI secretion system (T6SS), have not been defined in this group of organisms. Herein we report the bioinformatic and functional characterization of a T6SS-like pathway in diverse Bacteroidetes. Using prominent human gut commensal and soil-associated species, we demonstrate that these systems localize dynamically within the cell, export antibacterial proteins, and target competitor bacteria. The Bacteroidetes system is a distinct pathway with marked differences in gene content and high evolutionary divergence from the canonical T6S pathway. Our findings offer a potential molecular explanation for the abundance of Bacteroidetes in polymicrobial environments, the observed stability of Bacteroidetes in healthy humans, and the barrier presented by the microbiota against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair B Russell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aaron G Wexler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Diversity Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Brittany N Harding
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John C Whitney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alan J Bohn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Bao Q Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Natasha A Barry
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Diversity Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Hongjin Zheng
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - S Brook Peterson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Seemay Chou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Diversity Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
| | - Joseph D Mougous
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Worley JN, Russell AB, Wexler AG, Bronstein PA, Kvitko BH, Krasnoff SB, Munkvold KR, Swingle B, Gibson DM, Collmer A. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 CmaL (PSPTO4723), a DUF1330 family member, is needed to produce L-allo-isoleucine, a precursor for the phytotoxin coronatine. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:287-96. [PMID: 23144243 PMCID: PMC3553850 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01352-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 produces the phytotoxin coronatine, a major determinant of the leaf chlorosis associated with DC3000 pathogenesis. The DC3000 PSPTO4723 (cmaL) gene is located in a genomic region encoding type III effectors; however, it promotes chlorosis in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana in a manner independent of type III secretion. Coronatine is produced by the ligation of two moieties, coronafacic acid (CFA) and coronamic acid (CMA), which are produced by biosynthetic pathways encoded in separate operons. Cross-feeding experiments, performed in N. benthamiana with cfa, cma, and cmaL mutants, implicate CmaL in CMA production. Furthermore, analysis of bacterial supernatants under coronatine-inducing conditions revealed that mutants lacking either the cma operon or cmaL accumulate CFA rather than coronatine, supporting a role for CmaL in the regulation or biosynthesis of CMA. CmaL does not appear to regulate CMA production, since the expression of proteins with known roles in CMA production is unaltered in cmaL mutants. Rather, CmaL is needed for the first step in CMA synthesis, as evidenced by the fact that wild-type levels of coronatine production are restored to a ΔcmaL mutant when it is supplemented with 50 μg/ml l-allo-isoleucine, the starting unit for CMA production. cmaL is found in all other sequenced P. syringae strains with coronatine biosynthesis genes. This characterization of CmaL identifies a critical missing factor in coronatine production and provides a foundation for further investigation of a member of the widespread DUF1330 protein family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay N. Worley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alistair B. Russell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Aaron G. Wexler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Philip A. Bronstein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian H. Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Stuart B. Krasnoff
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kathy R. Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Bryan Swingle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Donna M. Gibson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alan Collmer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|