1
|
Mallu ACT, Sivagurunathan S, Paul D, Aggarwal H, Nathan AA, Manikandan A, Ravi MM, Boppana R, Jagavelu K, Santra MK, Dixit M. Feeding enhances fibronectin adherence of quiescent lymphocytes through non-canonical insulin signalling. Immunology 2023; 170:60-82. [PMID: 37185810 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional availability during fasting and refeeding affects the temporal redistribution of lymphoid and myeloid immune cells among the circulating and tissue-resident pools. Conversely, nutritional imbalance and impaired glucose metabolism are associated with chronic inflammation, aberrant immunity and anomalous leukocyte trafficking. Despite being exposed to periodic alterations in blood insulin levels upon fasting and feeding, studies exploring the physiological effects of these hormonal changes on quiescent immune cell function and trafficking are scanty. Here, we report that oral glucose load in mice and healthy men enhances the adherence of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lymphocytes to fibronectin. Adherence to fibronectin is also observed upon regular intake of breakfast following overnight fasting in healthy subjects. This glucose load-induced phenomenon is abrogated in streptozotocin-injected mice that lack insulin. Intra-vital microscopy in mice demonstrated that oral glucose feeding enhances the homing of PBMCs to injured blood vessels in vivo. Furthermore, employing flow cytometry, Western blotting and adhesion assays for PBMCs and Jurkat-T cells, we elucidate that insulin enhances fibronectin adherence of quiescent lymphocytes through non-canonical signalling involving insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) autophosphorylation, phospholipase C gamma-1 (PLCγ-1) Tyr783 phosphorylation and inside-out activation of β-integrins respectively. Our findings uncover the physiological relevance of post-prandial insulin spikes in regulating the adherence and trafficking of circulating quiescent T-cells through fibronectin-integrin interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Charan Tej Mallu
- Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sivapriya Sivagurunathan
- Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Debasish Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Hobby Aggarwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Amrutha Manikandan
- Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mahalakshmi M Ravi
- Institute Hospital, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ramanamurthy Boppana
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | | | - Manas Kumar Santra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chandel S, Manikandan A, Mehta N, Nathan AA, Tiwari RK, Mohapatra SB, Chandran M, Jaleel A, Manoj N, Dixit M. The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST mediates hypoxia-induced endothelial autophagy and angiogenesis via AMPK activation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250274. [PMID: 33323505 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global and endothelial loss of PTP-PEST (also known as PTPN12) is associated with impaired cardiovascular development and embryonic lethality. Although hypoxia is implicated in vascular remodelling and angiogenesis, its effect on PTP-PEST remains unexplored. Here we report that hypoxia (1% oxygen) increases protein levels and catalytic activity of PTP-PEST in primary endothelial cells. Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry revealed that α subunits of AMPK (α1 and α2, encoded by PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, respectively) interact with PTP-PEST under normoxia but not in hypoxia. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed this observation and determined that AMPK α subunits interact with the catalytic domain of PTP-PEST. Knockdown of PTP-PEST abrogated hypoxia-mediated tyrosine dephosphorylation and activation of AMPK (Thr172 phosphorylation). Absence of PTP-PEST also blocked hypoxia-induced autophagy (LC3 degradation and puncta formation), which was rescued by the AMPK activator metformin (500 µM). Because endothelial autophagy is a prerequisite for angiogenesis, knockdown of PTP-PEST also attenuated endothelial cell migration and capillary tube formation, with autophagy inducer rapamycin (200 nM) rescuing angiogenesis. In conclusion, this work identifies for the first time that PTP-PEST is a regulator of hypoxia-induced AMPK activation and endothelial autophagy to promote angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Amrutha Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Nikunj Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Samar Bhallabha Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Mahesh Chandran
- Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thyacaud Post, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thyacaud Post, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Narayanan Manoj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nandi S, Potunuru UR, Kumari C, Nathan AA, Gopal J, Menon GI, Siddharthan R, Dixit M, Thangaraj PR. Altered kinetics of circulating progenitor cells in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) associated vasoplegic patients: A pilot study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242375. [PMID: 33211740 PMCID: PMC7676651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoplegia observed post cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with substantial morbidity, multiple organ failure and mortality. Circulating counts of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are potential markers of neo-vascularization and vascular repair. However, the significance of changes in the circulating levels of these progenitors in perioperative CPB, and their association with post-CPB vasoplegia, are currently unexplored. We enumerated HSC and EPC counts, via flow cytometry, at different time-points during CPB in 19 individuals who underwent elective cardiac surgery. These 19 individuals were categorized into two groups based on severity of post-operative vasoplegia, a clinically insignificant vasoplegic Group 1 (G1) and a clinically significant vasoplegic Group 2 (G2). Differential changes in progenitor cell counts during different stages of surgery were compared across these two groups. Machine-learning classifiers (logistic regression and gradient boosting) were employed to determine if differential changes in progenitor counts could aid the classification of individuals into these groups. Enumerating progenitor cells revealed an early and significant increase in the circulating counts of CD34+ and CD34+CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in G1 individuals, while these counts were attenuated in G2 individuals. Additionally, EPCs (CD34+VEGFR2+) were lower in G2 individuals compared to G1. Gradient boosting outperformed logistic regression in assessing the vasoplegia grouping based on the fold change in circulating CD 34+ levels. Our findings indicate that a lack of early response of CD34+ cells and CD34+CD133+ HSCs might serve as an early marker for development of clinically significant vasoplegia after CPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Nandi
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Uma Rani Potunuru
- Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Jayashree Gopal
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
- * E-mail: (JG); (MD); (PRT)
| | - Gautam I. Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (HBNI), Chennai, India
- Departments of Physics and Biology, Ashoka University, Sonepat, India
| | | | - Madhulika Dixit
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- * E-mail: (JG); (MD); (PRT)
| | - Paul Ramesh Thangaraj
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- * E-mail: (JG); (MD); (PRT)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mallu ACT, Vasudevan M, Allanki S, Nathan AA, Ravi MM, Ramanathan GS, Pradeepa R, Mohan V, Dixit M. Prediabetes uncovers differential gene expression at fasting and in response to oral glucose load in immune cells. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1247-1259. [PMID: 32863060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Metabolic disorders including diabetes are associated with immune cell dysfunction. However, the effect of normal glucose metabolism or impairment thereof on immune cell gene expression is not well known. Hence, in this cross-sectional pilot study, we sought to determine the differences in gene expression in the peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal glucose tolerant (NGT) and prediabetic (PD) Asian Indian men, at fasting and in response to 75 g oral glucose load. METHODS Illumina HT12 bead chip-based microarray was performed on PBMCs at fasting and 2-h post load conditions for NGT (N = 6) and PD (N = 9) subjects. Following normalization and due quality control of the raw data, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under different conditions within and across the two groups were identified using GeneSpring GX V12.0 software. Paired and unpaired Student's t-tests were applied along with fold change cut-offs for appropriate comparisons. Validation of the microarray data was carried out through real-time qPCR analysis. Significantly regulated biological pathways were analyzed by employing DEGs and DAVID resource. Deconvolution of the DEGs between NGT and PD subjects at fasting was performed using CIBERSORT and genes involved in regulatory T-cell (Treg) function were further analyzed for biological significance. RESULTS Glucose load specifically altered the expression of 112 genes in NGT and 356 genes in PD subjects. Biological significance analysis revealed transient up-regulation of innate and adaptive immune response related genes following oral glucose load in NGT individuals, which was not observed in PD subjects. Instead, in the PD group, glucose load led to an increase in the expression of pro-atherogenic and anti-angiogenic genes. Comparison of gene expression at fasting state in PD versus NGT revealed 21,707 differentially expressed genes. Biological significance analysis of the immune function related genes between these two groups (at fasting) revealed higher gene expression of members of the TLR signaling, MHC class II molecules, and T-cell receptor, chemotaxis and adhesion pathways in PD subjects. Expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and TNFα was higher and that of type-1 interferons and TGF-β was lower at fasting state in PD subjects compared to NGT. Additionally, expression of multiple proteasome subunits and protein arginine methyl transferase genes (PRMTs) were higher and that of Treg specific genes was significantly distinct at fasting in PD subjects compared to NGT. CONCLUSION Prediabetes uncovers constitutive TLR activation, enhanced IFN-γ signaling, and Treg dysfunction at fasting along with altered gene expression response to oral glucose load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Charan Tej Mallu
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Srinivas Allanki
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mahalakshmi M Ravi
- Institute Hospital, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Citarasu T, Lelin C, Babu MM, Anand SB, Nathan AA, Vakharia VN. Oral vaccination of Macrobrachium rosenbergii with baculovirus-expressed M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) capsid protein induces protective immunity against MrNV challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 86:1123-1129. [PMID: 30594582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
White Tail Disease (WTD) is one of the important viral diseases of fresh water giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, which is caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV). In the present study, the capsid protein gene of MrNV containing a His-tag was cloned into a baculovirus vector pVL1393 and expressed the recombinant MrNV protein in insect cells, using a baculovirus expression system. A band corresponding to the MrNV protein of 43 kDa was characterized after fractionating the proteins of baculovirus-infected cell lysates by SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and immunostaining with His-tag monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, purified MrNV capsid protein assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) of ∼30 nm in diameter, when examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To vaccinate the larvae by oral route, the recombinant MrNV (r-MrNV) protein was coated with artificial prawn feed and fed to M. rosenbergii larvae (90 ± 10 mg) for 60 days. After 30 and 60 days of vaccine treatment, group of prawns were challenged with virulent MrNV orally. Samples were collected at different time intervals to evaluate the survival of larvae and to analyze the presence of MrNV by double-step PCR and expression of immune/ toll-like receptor (TLR) genes. Non-vaccinated group of M. rosenbergii larvae succumbed to death and had 90% mortality, whereas the r-MrNV protein treated groups exhibited 65 and 80% survival (P ≤ 0.001) for 30 and 60 days post-vaccination (dpv), respectively. Double-step PCR diagnosis revealed that there was 100% positive signals observed in non-vaccinated prawn group, whereas the infection was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) to 32 and 17% respectively in 30 and 60 dpv. Among the four different immune/ TLR genes such as antimicrobial peptide (Mramp), lysozyme (MrLY), proPhenol Oxidase (MrPPO) and Toll-Like Receptor (MrToll) expression screening, Mramp was successfully expressed in the MrNV subunit protein vaccinated prawns, whereas the non-vaccinated prawn had no immune/TLR gene expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that oral vaccination of M. rosenbergii larvae with baculovirus-expressed MrNV capsid protein confer up to 78% protection against MrNV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thavasimuthu Citarasu
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology (CMST), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, 629 502, Tamilnadu, India; Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), University of Maryland Baltimore Country (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
| | - Chinnadurai Lelin
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology (CMST), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, 629 502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mariavincent Michael Babu
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology (CMST), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, 629 502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Setty Balakrishnan Anand
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vikram N Vakharia
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), University of Maryland Baltimore Country (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jinendiran S, Nathan AA, Ramesh D, Vaseeharan B, Sivakumar N. Modulation of innate immunity, expression of cytokine genes and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish (Carassius auratus) by dietary supplementation with Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 84:458-469. [PMID: 30312666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic strains play an increasing role in the production of healthy animals used as a food source. Elucidating the mechanisms of action that allow probiotic-driven immunomodulation may facilitate different applications such as the prevention of infectious diseases in food organisms. This study elucidates the probiotic effects of Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01 on the growth, haematological profile, innate immune capacity, expression of cytokine genes, and resistance to diseases of Carassius auratus caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Three fish groups were fed with the following diets containing different doses of E. acetylicum S01 (CFU g-1): basal diet 0 (BD, without probiotic), 2.5 × 107 (DI) and 2.7 × 109 (DII)-CFU g-1 for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the fish were injected intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila and the percentage of survival was recorded over 21 days of post-challenge. Results revealed that dietary supplementation of E. acetylicum S01 significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the growth, haematological profile and cellular immune responses including respiratory burst, phagocytic activities and antimicrobial enzymes (myeloperoxidase and lysozyme) and total immunoglobulin levels were improved by probiotic feeding at both occasions. Comparatively, expression of c- and g-type lysozyme followed by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10 and TGFβ) was up-regulated in kidney, head-kidney and spleen. Moreover, fish fed with diet DII had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival rate (73.2%) after challenging. The survival rate was only 33.2% of the BD group against A. hydrophila infection. Our results revealed that E. acetylicum S01 delivered probiotic in feed exerts its influence on growth performance and provides disease resistance by stimulating the immune system at the cellular and molecular levels in C. auratus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Jinendiran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 021, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 021, India
| | - Dharmaraj Ramesh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology (NFMC), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 004, India
| | - Natesan Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nathan AA, Dixit M, Babu S, Balakrishnan AS. Comparison and functional characterisation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from filarial lymphoedema and endemic normals of a South Indian population. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:1414-1427. [PMID: 28869696 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The underlying problem in lymphatic filariasis is irreversible swelling of the limbs (lymphoedema), which is a unique feature of lymphatic insufficiency. It is still unclear whether the natural ability of lymphatics to form functional lymphatic vasculature is achieved or attenuated in the lymphoedemal pathology. Clinical studies have clearly shown that circulating lymphatic progenitors (CLPs), a subset of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs), contribute to post-natal lymph vasculogenesis. CLP-based revascularisation could be a promising strategy to bypass the endothelial disruption and damage incurred by the filarial parasites. Thus our aim was to compare and characterise the functional prowess of PBMCs in physiological and lymphoedemal pathology. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from venous blood sample from drug-naive endemic normals (EN) and drug-deprived filarial lymphoedema (FL) individuals using density gradient centrifugation. Adhesion, transwell migration and in vitro matrigel assays were employed to characterise the lymphvasculogenic potential of PBMCs. CLPs were phenotypically characterised using flow cytometry; expression levels of lymphatic markers and inflammatory cytokines were quantified using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS PBMCs from FL group display poor adherence to fibronectin (P = 0.040), reduced migration towards SDF-1α (P = 0.035), impaired tubular network (P = 0.004) and branching point (P = 0.048) formation. The PBMC mRNA expression of VEGFR3 (P = 0.039) and podoplanin (P = 0.050) was elevated, whereas integrin α9 (P = 0.046) was inhibited in FL individuals; additionally, the surface expression of CD34 (P = 0.048) was significantly reduced in the FL group compared to the EN group. CONCLUSION PBMCs from filarial lymphoedema show defective and dysregulated lymphvasculogenic function compared to endemic normals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat Joyti Metha School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- NIH-ICER, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Setty Balakrishnan A, Nathan AA, Kumar M, Ramamoorthy S, Ramia Mothilal SK. Withania somnifera targets interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate cancer progression. Prostate Int 2017; 5:75-83. [PMID: 28593171 PMCID: PMC5448731 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is a common noncutaneous malignancy in men. The incidence of PC is increasing at an alarming rate across the globe. Progression of PC is associated with elevated levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in malignant cells. Overexpression of these players is accompanied by chronic inflammation, increased angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and inhibition of apoptosis. Moreover, their elevated circulating levels promote the disease progression from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent state. Thus, inhibiting the expression of IL-8 and COX-2 would be a promising target in the development of PC therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Withania somnifera extract on highly metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line (PC3). Additionally, we compared the real-time expression of IL-8 and COX-2 in prostate tissue samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell viability and cytotoxicity of W. somnifera extract in PC3 cells was quantified colorimetrically by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological examination, trypan blue, and acridine orange dyes to enumerate apoptotic and live cells, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the expression and flow cytometry to study the cell cycle analysis were used. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in the cell viability with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 10 μg/mL. The expression levels of IL-8 and COX-2 in prostate tissue samples and in PC3 cells were predominantly high; however, the lowest dose of W. somnifera significantly inhibited the enhanced expression of IL-8 and COX-2 in PC3 cells in 24 hours. Furthermore, W. somnifera extract (10 μg/mL) irreversibly arrested the cell cycle in G2/M phase, which was evident from the rapid accumulation of PC3 cells significantly. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that inherent metastatic and selective inhibitory potential of W. somnifera against PC. W. somnifera may be a good therapeutic agent in addition to the existing drugs for PC. Further studies with more prostate tissue samples are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Sudhakar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Pathology, Velammal Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Madurai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nathan AA, Tej MAC, Chitiprolu M, Rangan S, Mohan V, Harish R, Anand SB, Dixit M. Impaired glucose tolerance alters functional ability of peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells in Asian Indian men. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:13-22. [PMID: 25303939 DOI: 10.1177/1479164114551745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the adhesion, migration and endothelial differentiation potential of peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from drug-naive normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) Asian Indian men. METHODS Based on the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, 30 NGT and 31 IGT subjects were recruited into the study. PBMCs were isolated from fasting blood using histopaque density gradient centrifugation. Isolated PBMCs were analysed for their ability to adhere to extracellular matrices, incorporation into tubular structures formed by matured endothelial cells and differentiation into endothelial cells upon 7-day culture in endothelial-specific growth medium. RESULTS PBMCs obtained from IGT subjects exhibit poor adherence to fibronectin and reduced incorporation into tubular structures. Migration towards stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) in a trans-well filter assembly was also reduced for these cells. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed decreased expression of CXCR4 and β2 integrin and increased expression of arginase II in IGT subjects. No differences were observed with regard to endothelial differentiation; however, cultured PBMCs of IGT subjects had decreased intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production. CONCLUSION In pre-diabetic, Asian Indian men, PBMCs exhibit defective migration and homing potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mallu Abhiram Charan Tej
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Maneka Chitiprolu
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Shreyas Rangan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF) and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjani Harish
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF) and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Setty B Anand
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|