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Adams D, Wolfe AJ, Warren J, Laberge A, Richards AC, Herzer K, Fleisher LA. Initial Findings From an Acute Hospital Care at Home Waiver Initiative. JAMA Health Forum 2023; 4:e233667. [PMID: 37921747 PMCID: PMC10625041 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This cohort study assesses outcomes of patients treated during the initial 16 months of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Acute Hospital Care at Home initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Adams
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ashby J. Wolfe
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica Warren
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandre Laberge
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adam C. Richards
- Clinical Standards Group, Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kurt Herzer
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lee A. Fleisher
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
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Blackstock SC, Richards AC, Fleisher LA. Shaping Medicare’s Health Care Regulations. JAMA Health Forum 2021; 2:e213017. [DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C. Blackstock
- Clinical Standards Group, Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adam C. Richards
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lee A. Fleisher
- Center for Clinical Standards and Quality, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Baltimore, Maryland
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Abstract
A six-stage model is proposed to describe the overall process of sorption of water vapor on and into anhydrous nedocromil sodium. The way in which temperature, pressure, and time affect the rate of reaction for each of the stages has been analyzed. Experimental data for the measured rates, where temperature, pressure, and time are variables, are compared with the predictions obtained from each of the six stages. The most useful comparator is a graphical representation of reduced time versus hydration rate. The theoretical equations presented as a shape analysis of the experimental curves show the process to have different controlling mechanisms in three temperature regions: up to 27 degrees C, hydration is controlled by a nucleation and growth mechanism; between 27 and 31 degrees C, the process is dominated by diffusion of water molecules into the crystal; and >31 degrees C, neither nucleation nor diffusion are controlling but some, as yet, undetermined physical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Richards
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The realization that the therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs can be affected dramatically by the way in which they are delivered has created immense interest in controlled drug delivery systems. Much previous work in drug delivery focused on achieving sustained drug release rates over time, while a more recent trend is to make devices that allow the release rate to be varied over time. Advances in microfabrication technology have made an entirely new type of drug delivery device possible. Proof-of-principle experiments have shown that silicon microchips have the ability to store and release multiple chemicals on demand. Future integration of active control electronics, such as microprocessors, remote control units, or biosensors, could lead to the development of a 'pharmacy on a chip,' ie 'smart' microchip implants or tablets that release drugs into the body automatically when needed.
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Santini JT, Richards AC, Scheidt R, Cima MJ, Langer R. Microchips as Controlled Drug-Delivery Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:2396-2407. [PMID: 10941095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Controlled-release systems are common in a number of product areas, including foods, cosmetics, pesticides, and paper. Microencapsulated systems, for example, are used for the release of flavors and vitamins in foods, fragrances in perfumes, and inks in carbonless copy paper. Controlled-release systems for drug delivery first appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. In the past three decades, the number and variety of controlled release systems for drug-delivery applications has increased dramatically. Many of these use polymers having particular physical or chemical characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, or responsiveness to pH or temperature changes. However, recent advances in the field of microfabrication have created the possibility of a new class of controlled-release systems for drug delivery, namely, that of small, programmable devices. Their small size, potential for integration with microelectronics, and ability to store and release chemicals on demand could make controlled-release microchips useful in a number of areas, including medical diagnostics, analytical chemistry, chemical detection, industrial process monitoring and control, combinatorial chemistry, microbiology, and fragrance delivery. More importantly, drug-delivery microchips resulting from this convergence of controlled release and microfabrication technologies may provide new treatment options to clinicians in their fight against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Santini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room E25-342 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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Abstract
Three different powder preparations of the drug disodium 9-ethyl-4, 6-dioxo-10-propyl-4H,6H pyrano[3,2-g]quinoline-2,8-dicarboxylic trihydrate, Nedocromil sodium (trade name Tilade), have been fully dehydrated in a vacuum and their water vapor adsorption characteristics quantitatively assessed at different water vapor pressures over a temperature range 20 to 40 degrees C. At saturated vapor pressures, 100% RH, rates of adsorption are around 0.1 s(-1/2). Graphs of square root of time against reduced mass during uptake of water vapor at vapor pressures in the range 20 to 47 mm of Hg, all equivalent to 100% RH, indicate control by a diffusion mechanism with activation energies in the range 8 to 24 kJ mol(-1), dependent on the powder preparation method. In two of the powders nonlinear Arrhenius-type plots are interpreted as showing that control of the process is dependent on the surface's ability to hold water molecules at the experimental temperature. The variation in activation energies and the calculated values for diffusivities, around 1 x 10(-13) m(2) s(-1), are used to explore structural involvement in the overall water adsorption process. The measured values of water vapor diffusivity into the structure have been used to predict the water solubility of nedocromil sodium trihydrate, and the results show good agreement to reported solubilities. This approach to solubility prediction is an alternative to the Noyes and Whitney method where ions leaving the surface are monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Richards
- Department of Industrial Technology, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP U.K
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Ishida H, Richards AC, Cozzi E, White DJ. Expression of human decay accelerating factor on cultured bone marrow cells from transgenic pigs. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:707-10. [PMID: 10083305 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ishida
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, and Imutran Ltd, England
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Abstract
The success of xenotransplanting vascularized pig organs into humans is limited owing to the immediate immune reaction, termed hyperacute rejection (HAR). This reaction is primarily mediated by naturally occurring xenoreactive antibodies binding to the graft and activating the complement system, resulting in organ dysfunction. Pig membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins efficiently control autologous complement only and are unable to protect against human complement-mediated damage. One line of current research to overcome HAR of pig organs involves the expression of human complement regulatory proteins by pig cells. In vitro data have demonstrated that pig endothelial cells expressing human regulators of complement activation (RCAs) are resistant to human complement-mediated attack, which has led to the successful production of pigs transgenic for human RCAs. Ex vivo perfusion studies using fresh human blood with organs from these animals has shown an improvement in graft function and survival through expression of human RCAs compared to that of nontransgenic pig organs. Similar results have been observed in primate models, where expression of human RCA proteins on the pig donor organ has resulted in protection against HAR and prolongation of graft survival. The initial complement-mediated immunologic barrier of HAR has been overcome through this genetic incorporation of human RCAs into pigs, and it is now possible to study the subsequent mechanisms of xenograft rejection in the pig-to-human combination.
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Tucker AW, Carrington CA, Richards AC, Robson SC, White DJ. Endothelial cells from human decay acceleration factor transgenic pigs are protected against complement mediated tissue factor expression in vitro. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:888. [PMID: 9123571 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A W Tucker
- Imutran Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Carrington CA, Richards AC, Peters AL, White DJ. Novel responses by transgenic pig endothelial cells to stimulation by human cytokines in terms of H-DAF, E-selectin and major histocompatibility complex class II expression. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:887. [PMID: 9123570 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(97)82534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Carrington
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Richards AC, Tucker AW, Carrington CA, White DJ. Reduced human neutrophil adhesion to porcine endothelia expressing human decay accelerating factor. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:636. [PMID: 8623317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Richards
- Imutran Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK
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Tucker AW, Carrington CA, Richards AC, Elsome K, White DJ. The fertility and breeding potential of boars expressing a functional regulator of human complement activation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:642. [PMID: 8623320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A W Tucker
- Imutran Laboratories, University of Cambridge, UK
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Carrington CA, Tucker AW, Richards AC, White DJ. Up-regulation of human decay accelerating factor on cultured endothelium from transgenic pigs in response to inflammatory stimuli. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:582. [PMID: 8623283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Carrington CA, Richards AC, Cozzi E, Langford G, Yannoutsos N, White DJ. Expression of human DAF and MCP on pig endothelial cells protects from human complement. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:321-3. [PMID: 7533398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hogan JC, Smith JA, Richards AC, Lewis MJ. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor from blood vessels of the rabbit. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 165:129-34. [PMID: 2527757 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from rabbit aorta and central ear artery using inhibition of platelet aggregation and vascular smooth muscle relaxation respectively as measures of EDRF activity. ANP at concentrations greater than 10(-9) M inhibited carbachol-induced EDRF release from rabbit aorta and acetylcholine-induced EDRF release from the central ear artery. These findings are consistent with previous observations that 8-bromo cyclic GMP inhibits EDRF release from rabbit aorta and ANP inhibits release of EDRF from cultured endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hogan
- Department of Cardiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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Abstract
A filtration technique was employed to trap 14CO2 continuously for liquid scintillation counting. Devices for delivering scintillator and ethanolamine solutions were combined symmetrically with two fritted-glass aspirators for alternating operation. The collector was regulated by a fraction collector timer. Trial and animal tests indicated that the described method was efficient, reliable, and more convenient for frequent collection over long periods than alternative methods. The automatic collector was used for metabolic studies of [1-14C] arachidonic acid in rats kept in metabolic cages and the results were processed by multicompartmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Richards
- Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Smith KE, Richards AC, Arnstein HR. The binding of Met-tRNAf to isolated 40-S ribosomal subunits and the formation of Met-tRNAf - 80-S-ribosome initiation complexes. Eur J Biochem 1976; 62:243-55. [PMID: 1253790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Different forms of 40-S ribosomal subunit, distinguishable by their buoyant densities on CsCl equilibrium density gradients, are formed when derived 40-S ribosomal subunits are incubated with partially purified reticulocyte ribosomal wash proteins. One of these subunits, the 1.37-g-cm-3 form is not present in the cell but the other two forms, the 1.40-g-cm-3 and 1.40-g-cm-3 subunits, are present in cell extracts. 35S label is bound to 1.37-g-cm-3 and 1.40-g-cm-s subunits when [35S]Met-tRANf, GTP and poly(A,U,G) are included in the incubations. The 35S-labelled 40-S subunits recovered, and the amount of 35S label bound to them, are changed if the [35S]Met-tRNAf-40-S-subunit-poly(A,U,G) complexes are first purified on sucrose gradients before analysing them on CsCl. The 1.37-g-cm-3 particle is no longer seen and the total quantity of 35S label on the 40-S subunits is 90% lower after sucrose gradient purification. Between 30% and 40% of the 40-S subunits bind [35S]Met-tRNAf when 1 mM GTP, an excess of ribosomal wash proteins and [35S]Met-tRNAf over derived 40-S subunits, and poly(A,U,G) or AUG is included in the incubations. The omission of poly(A,U,G) or AUG from the incubations substantially lowers the amount of subunit-bound 35S label ultimately recovered. With these incubations less than 10% of the 40-S subunits have bound [35S]Met-tRNAf. [35S]Met-tRNAf binding is affected by the nature of the RNA added. The addition of poly(U), rRNA and native 9-S golbin mRNA is without effect, whereas denatured globin mRNA is stimulatory. Maximum binding is obtained however with AUG. Poly(A,U,G) is less stimulatory than AUG but more stimulatory than denatured mRNA, suggesting that the number as well the accessibility of the AUG initiations condons determines the amount of 35S label bound. Similar results are obtained for the ribosomal-wash-dependent binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf to 80-S ribosomes. Contrary to the binding results, the ability of mRNA to stimulate protein synthesis is dependent on the integrity of the mRNA. Thus, native 9-S globin mRNA but not poly(A,U,G) stimulatex protein synthesis in the wheat germ system. HCHO-treated globin mRNA, although stimulatory, is 45% less effective than native mRNA. The addition of AUG, derived 60-S subunits and extra ribosomal wash is required for the formation of [35S]Met-tRNAf-80-S-ribosome complexes from sucrose-gradient-purified [35S]Met-tRNAf-40-S-subunit complexes. The 80-S ribosome complexes are able to form peptide bonds. Thus, if puromycin is added to the full incubations at zero time, no 35S label is present on the 80-S ribosome. 35S label is released as methionyl-puromycin. If the [35S]Met-tRNAf-40-S-subunit complexes are assembled with poly(A,U,G) or AUG in the incubations and then purified, only derived 60-S subunits are required to form [35S]Met-tRNAf-80-S-ribosome complexes. 35S label is not released from them when puromycin is added to the incubations unless extra ribosomal wash is also added.
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