1
|
Adegbite BR, Edoa JR, Agbo Achimi Abdul JBP, Epola M, Mevyann C, Dejon-Agobé JC, Zinsou JF, Honkpehedji YJ, Mpagama SG, Alabi AS, Kremsner PG, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Adegnika AA, Grobusch MP. Non-communicable disease co-morbidity and associated factors in tuberculosis patients: A cross-sectional study in Gabon. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 45:101316. [PMID: 35243277 PMCID: PMC8885570 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are only limited data from resource-limited settings available on the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and associated risk factors of tuberculosis patients. This study investigated non-communicable disease co-morbidity in tuberculosis patients from Moyen Ogooué Province, Gabon. METHODS All patients aged 18 years or older consulting for tuberculosis (TB) symptoms in Gabon's Moyen Ogooué province and neighbouring provinces from November 2018 to November 2020 were screened for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and risk factors thereof (obesity, dyslipidaemia, smoking and alcohol consumption). Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with TB-diabetes and TB-hypertension co-morbidities. FINDINGS Of 583 patients included, 227 (39%) were diagnosed with tuberculosis. In tuberculosis-confirmed patients, the prevalences of hypertension and diabetes were 16·3% and 12·8%, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was twice as high in tuberculosis patients compared to non-tuberculosis patients. Factors independently associated with hypertension-tuberculosis co-morbidity were age >55 years (aOR=8·5, 95% CI 2·43, 32·6), age 45-54 years (aOR=4.9, 95%CI 1.3-19.8), and moderate alcohol consumption (aOR=2·4; 95% CI 1·02- 5·9), respectively. For diabetes-tuberculosis co-morbidity, age >55 years was positively (aOR=9·13; 95% CI 2·4-39·15), and moderate alcohol consumption inversely associated (aOR=0·26, 95% CI 0·08- 0·73). One-hundred-and-four (46%) of the tuberculosis patients had at least either dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes, or obesity with a majority of newly-diagnosed hypertension and diabetes. INTERPRETATION Integration of screening of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors during TB assessment for early diagnosis, treatment initiation and chronic care management for better health outcomes should be implemented in all tuberculosis healthcare facilities. FUNDING This study was supported by WHO AFRO/TDR/EDCTP (2019/893,805) and Deutsches Zentrum für Infektiologie (DZIF/ TTU 02.812).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BR Adegbite
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
| | - JR Edoa
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
| | - JBP Agbo Achimi Abdul
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - M Epola
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - C Mevyann
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - JC Dejon-Agobé
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
| | - JF Zinsou
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - YJ Honkpehedji
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - SG Mpagama
- Kibong'oto Infectious Diseases Hospital - Sanya Juu Siha/Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Kilimanjaro Tanzania, Mae Street, Lomakaa Road, Siha Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - AS Alabi
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
| | - PG Kremsner
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
| | - K Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - AA Adegnika
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - MP Grobusch
- German Center for Infection Research, Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné and African Partner Institution, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
- Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Sierra Leone
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Corresponding author at: Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adeyemi OO, Alabi AS, Adeyemi OA, Talabi OT, Abidakun OM, Joel IY, Stonehouse NJ. Acute gastroenteritis and the usage pattern of antibiotics and traditional herbal medications for its management in a Nigerian community. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257837. [PMID: 34607333 PMCID: PMC8490005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is the highest cause of mortality worldwide in children under the age of 5 years, with the highest mortalities occurring in low-to-middle income countries. Treatment can involve use of unregulated herbal medication and antibiotics. A cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the use of antibiotics and traditional herbal medications in the management of AGE among Yòrùbá-speaking communities in Kwara State, Nigeria. Our findings suggest habitual use of antibiotics (54.6%) and herbal medication (42.5%) in the management of AGE with high levels of self-prescription of antibiotics (21.7%) and herbal medications (36.2%) within the community. Ethanolic extracts of selected herbal plants reported (i.e. Aristolochia ringens, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Etanda Africana, Ficus capensis, Ficus vogelii, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum gratisimum, Senna alata, Sorghum bicolor and Vernonia amygdalina) were investigated for antibacterial properties, using bacteria known to be causative agents of AGE. Our findings showed that, with exception of Ficus vogelii, which enhanced bacterial growth, the plant extracts reported all showed some antibacterial activity. We further discuss our findings within a regulatory context, with the aim to guide the use of traditional and herbal medication in low-to medium income countries (LMICs) and reduce the potential risks associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwapelumi Olufemi Adeyemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Garstang Building, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OOA); (NJS)
| | - Ade Stephen Alabi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Olaoluwa Temitope Talabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Garstang Building, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OOA); (NJS)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alabi AS, Omotosho GO, Tagoe CNB, Akinola OB, Enaibe BU. Effects of Unripe Musa Paradisiaca on the Histochemistry of the Testis and Testosterone Levels in Adult Albino Rats. Niger J Physiol Sci 2017; 32:105-108. [PMID: 29134985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the effects of the unripe fruit of Musa paradisiaca on the testis andtestosterone levels in male Wistar rats. The animals were grouped into three, comprising a control, and 2 treatment groupsadministered with different doses (500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) daily of the fruit flour over 28 days. Histochemical evaluationof the testes was done using Haematoxylin and Eosin, Periodic acid Schiff's (PAS) and Feulgen staining techniques, whilethe serum and homogenised testicular tissue were evaluated for testosterone levels using Accu-Bind ELISA Kit. The testisof the treated groups showed more rapidly dividing cells and more population of sperm cells compared to the control group,and also showed more positivity for Feulgen staining and PAS reaction. Both serum and testicular testosterone levels werehowever reduced. Serum testosterone was significantly lowered in the animals given the low dose (0.67 ± 0.03 ng/ml),compared to those given high dose (0.85 ± 0.02 ng/ml) and the control animals (1.88 ± 0.15 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). Changes intesticular testosterone were not statistically significant. The study suggests that M. paradisiaca fruit has reproductiveenhancing potential when consumed moderately, but this benefit may not be related to testosterone levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Alabi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adewumi A, Anthonia S, Alabi AS, Amina F, Kingsley K. Pattern of prostate cancer among a Nigerian population: A study in a single tertiary care centre. Niger J Med 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/1115-2613.278256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
5
|
Adewumi AO, Anthonia SC, Alabi AS, Amina FO, Kingsley KK. Pattern of prostate cancer among a Nigerian population: A study in a single tertiary care centre. Niger J Med 2016; 25:70-76. [PMID: 29963824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer has become a global health challenge because of its rising morbidity and mortality in males. It is the second cause of cancer death following lung cancer in men. It is rare under the age of 40 and its incidence has been shown to increase exponentially with age. Previously, Prostate cancer was thought to be a disease rare in blacks owing to the fact that not so much was known of the disease. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to review the prevalence, pattern of presentation and clinic-pathologic findings of prostate cancer in the Department of Radiotherapy, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), between January 2001 to December 2010 in comparison to previous and recent studies globally. METHODOLOGY Data collection for all patients histologically diagnosed with Prostate cancer at the Department of Radiotherapy, LUTH, from 1st of January 2001 to 31st of December 2010 was done. RESULTS A total of 144 cases with histologically confirmed Prostate cancer seen during the ten year study were analysed. The highest frequency was seen in the year 2010 with 34 cases. The age range was 41 to 81years with a mean of 66.19 ±7.30years.Adenocarcinoma was the commonest histological type with 98.6%.9(6.3%) patients had a positive family history of prostate cancer out of which 3(33.3%) had their brother affected the malignancy. 51(35.4%) patients presented with stage IV disease.18(12.5%) patients had a Gleason's score of 6,10(6.9%) patients had a Gleason's score of 7 and 2(1.4%) patients had a Gleason's score of 10. The most common presenting complaints were bone pains seen in 51(35.4%) patients, frequent night urine and difficulty with micturition seen in 50(34.7%) and 42(29.2%) patients respectively. CONCLUSION This study showed that prostate cancer is not as rare as it used to be. Reasons attributed to its rarity then were lack of awareness, poor screening facilities and poor diagnosing technique.
Collapse
|
6
|
Omotoso GO, Kadir RE, Alabi JT, Alabi AS, Oyabambi AO. Exposure to cigarette smoke altered the cytoarchitecture and anti-oxidant activity of the frontal cortex in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/ijbcs.v7i4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Schaumburg F, Alabi AS, Mombo-Ngoma G, Kaba H, Zoleko RM, Diop DA, Mackanga JR, Basra A, Gonzalez R, Menendez C, Grobusch MP, Kremsner PG, Köck R, Peters G, Ramharter M, Becker K. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between mothers and infants in an African setting. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20:O390-6. [PMID: 24118578 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonization is a risk factor for invasive disease. There is a need to understand S. aureus colonization in infancy as the burden of S. aureus infections in infants is high. We aimed to investigate the transmission of S. aureus between mothers and their newborns during the first year after delivery in an African setting. In a longitudinal cohort study, colonization of Gabonese mother-infant pairs was assessed at delivery and after 1, 9 and 12 months. Swabs were taken from mothers (nares, mammillae) and infants (nares and throat). Isolates were characterized and risk factors for colonization were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. We recruited 311 mothers and 318 infants including seven sets of twins. Maternal and infant colonization rates declined synchronously following a peak after 1 month at 40% (mothers) and 42% (infants). Maternal colonization was a risk factor for S. aureus carriage in infants. Based on spa typing, direct mother-to-infant transmission was evident in 5.6%. Of all methicillin-resistant isolates (n = 9), 44.4% were related to the USA300 clone; 56.7% (n = 261) of all S. aureus carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin encoding genes. Direct mother-to-infant transmission was rare and cannot explain the increase of carriage in infants within the first month. A transmission from external sources is likely and challenges the S. aureus infection control in newborns and infants in an African setting. The detection of USA300-related MRSA fuels the concern about the spread of this clone in Central Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Background: This study aimed at determining the effects of administration of mature green fruits of Musa paradisiaca on the semen quality of adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals used for the study were grouped into three: the control group, given 2 ml of double distilled water, a low dose group given 500 mg/kg/day and a high dose group given 1000 mg/kg/day of the plantain fruits, which was made into flour, and dissolved in 2 ml of double distilled water for easy oral administration. Results: Significant increment in the semen parameters was noticed in animals that received a lower dose of the plantain flour, but those animals who received the high dose had marked and very significant reduction in sperm cell concentration and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa. Conclusion: Musa paradisiaca should be consumed in moderate quantities in order to derive its beneficial effects of enhancing male reproductive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Alabi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Omotoso GO, Alabi AS, Oyabambi AO. Effects of albendazole administration on the testicular histology of adult Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4103/1596-2393.127957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
10
|
Schaumburg F, Biallas B, Ngoune Feugap E, Alabi AS, Mordmüller B, Kremsner PG, Grobusch MP, Lell B, van der Linden M, Peters G, Adegnika AA. Carriage of encapsulated bacteria in Gabonese children with sickle cell anaemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:235-41. [PMID: 22329610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a haemoglobin disorder that alters the deformability of erythrocytes through abnormal polymerization of haemoglobin. Children with SCA have an increased risk of infections with encapsulated bacteria. To guide the antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccinations in children with SCA in Gabon, we characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae from children with and without SCA. We performed a cross-sectional study and compared nasal and pharyngeal S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenzae isolates from SCA children (n = 73) with comparators matched for age, residence and sex (n = 143) in a matched-comparison analysis. The resistance pattern and capsular type were identified for each isolate. The total carriage rate for S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenzae was 13.8%, 46.7% and 12.5%, respectively, and did not differ between groups (p >0.05). The mean number of days under antibiotic treatment in the past year was higher in children with SCA than in controls (penicillin: 70.1 vs 0.1 days, p 0.00002). The total non-susceptibility rate was 30% for oral and parenteral (meningitis) penicillin in S. pneumoniae, resistance rates were 1.6% for oxacillin in Staph. aureus and 14.8% for ampicillin in H. influenzae. Susceptibility to antibiotic agents and distribution of capsular types did not differ significantly between both groups. In conclusion, carriage and resistance rates are similar in children with and without SCA. Our data provide the basis to guide empiric therapy of invasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenza in children in Gabon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schaumburg F, Alabi AS, Köck R, Mellmann A, Kremsner PG, Boesch C, Becker K, Leendertz FH, Peters G. Highly divergent Staphylococcus aureus isolates from African non-human primates. Environ Microbiol Rep 2012; 4:141-146. [PMID: 23757241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that colonizes and infects both humans and animals. As little is known about the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of S. aureus from wild animals in sub-Saharan Africa, the objective of the study was to characterize S. aureus isolates from wildlife and to analyse if they differed from those found among humans. The resistance to penicillin was low in S. aureus isolates from non-human primates (2.9%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences from multilocus sequence typing revealed two highly divergent groups of isolates. One group was predominated by S. aureus that belonged to known human-related STs (ST1, ST9 and ST601) and mainly derived from great apes. A second clade comprised isolates with novel STs. These isolates were different from classical human S. aureus strains and mainly derived from monkeys. Our findings provide the basis for future studies addressing the inter- and intra-species transmission of S. aureus in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Schaumburg
- Institutes of Medical Microbiology Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany. Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon. Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. Research Group Emerging Zoonoses, Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ota MO, O'Donovan D, Alabi AS, Milligan P, Yamuah LK, N'Gom PT, Harding E, Ariyoshi K, Wilkins A, Whittle HC. Maternal HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection and child survival in The Gambia. AIDS 2000; 14:435-9. [PMID: 10770547 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200003100-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the survival of children born to HIV-1 or HIV-2 seropositive mothers with that of children born to HIV-seronegative mothers and to evaluate risk factors for mortality. DESIGN Physician-blinded prospective study. METHODS One hundred and one HIV-1-seropositive, 243 HIV-2-seropositive pregnant women, and 468 HIV-seronegative women (control group) matched by age, parity, and health centre, were followed up in a study of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Mothers and children were seen at 2 and 6 months of age and subsequently followed at 3-monthly intervals up to 18 months of age. HIV infection in children was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction at 2, 9 or 18 months and by antibody assays at 18 months. RESULTS Fifteen per cent of children born to HIV-1-infected mothers died compared with 7% of children born to HIV-2-infected mothers [hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-4.7; P = 0.02], and 6% of HIV-seronegative mothers (hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-5.0; P = 0.003). Six of the 17 children known to be HIV-1 infected died compared with none among the eight HIV-2-infected children (P = 0.13). High proviral load in the babies, high antenatal maternal RNA plasma viral load, and maternal death increased child mortality significantly. CONCLUSIONS More children born to HIV-1-infected mothers died in comparison with those born to HIV-2-infected mothers or to mothers from the control group. This effect was due to excess death in HIV-1-infected infants which was associated with a high viral load in the affected mother and child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M O Ota
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ariyoshi K, Jaffar S, Alabi AS, Berry N, Schim van der Loeff M, Sabally S, N'Gom PT, Corrah T, Tedder R, Whittle H. Plasma RNA viral load predicts the rate of CD4 T cell decline and death in HIV-2-infected patients in West Africa. AIDS 2000; 14:339-44. [PMID: 10770535 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200003100-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the levels of plasma RNA and DNA provirus predict the rate of CD4 cell decline and patient death. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of HIV-2 cohort subjects. METHODS Fifty-two subjects were recruited between January 1991 and December 1992. HIV-2 RNA levels in plasma and DNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were measured using in-house quantitative PCR assays. The annual rate of CD4 cell decline was calculated using the least-squares method. The survival data on 31 December 1997 were used. RESULTS The mean percentage of CD4 cells at baseline was 30.7 (SD, 9.5). In a linear regression model, the annual rate of CD4 cell decline was 1.76 CD4% faster for every increase in one log10 RNA copies/ml [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.81-2.7; P = 0.0006; r = 0.46; n = 52] and 1.76 CD4% faster for every increase in log10 DNA copies/10(5) PBMC (95% CI 0.46-3.1; P = 0.01; r = 0.33; n = 42). In a multiple linear regression model, RNA load was related to CD4 decline independently of DNA load (P = 0.02). The overall mortality rate was 7.29/100 person-years. In a Cox regression model, the hazard rate increased by 2.12 for each log10 increase in RNA load (95% CI, 1.3-3.5; P = 0.0023) but only by 1.09 for each log10 increase in DNA load (95% CI, 0.64-1.87; P = 0.8). CONCLUSION This longitudinal study shows for the first time that a baseline HIV-2 RNA load predicts the rate of disease progression. HIV-2-infected patients with a high viral load may need to be treated as vigorously as HIV-1 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ariyoshi
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, The Gambia, West Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|