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Galván GC, Macias E, Sanders S, Ramirez-Torres A, Stock S, You S, Riera CE, Tamukong P, Smith-Warner SA, Genkinger JM, Luthringer DJ, Freeman MR, Freedland SJ. The effects of glycemic index on prostate cancer progression in a xenograft mouse model. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024; 27:348-354. [PMID: 38082056 PMCID: PMC11096094 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-023-00769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we found low-carbohydrate diets slowed prostate cancer (PC) growth and increased survival vs. a Western diet in mice, by inhibiting the insulin/IGF-1 axis. Thus, we tested whether modifying carbohydrate quality to lower glycemic index (GI) without changing quantity results in similar benefits as with reduced quantity. METHODS Male SCID mice injected with LAPC-4 cells were single-housed and randomized when their tumors reached 200 mm3 on average to a LoGI (48% carbohydrate kcal, from Hylon-VII) or HiGI Western diet (48% carbohydrate kcal, from sucrose). Body weight and tumor volume were measured weekly. Body composition was assessed 35 days after randomization. Blood glucose and serum insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP3 were measured at study end when tumor volumes reached 800 mm3. We analyzed gene expression of mice tumors by RNA-sequencing and human tumors using the Prostate Cancer Transcriptome Atlas. RESULTS There were no significant differences in tumor volume (P > 0.05), tumor proliferation (P = 0.29), and overall survival (P = 0.15) between groups. At 35 days after randomization, the LoGI group had 30% lower body fat (P = 0.007) despite similar body weight (P = 0.58). At sacrifice, LoGI mice had smaller livers (P < 0.001) and lower glucose (P = 0.15), insulin (P = 0.11), IGF-1 (P = 0.07) and IGF-1:IGFBP3 ratio (P = 0.05), and higher IGFBP3 (P = 0.09) vs. HiGI, although none of these metabolic differences reached statistical significance. We observed differential gene expression and pathway enrichment in mice tumors by diet. The most upregulated and downregulated gene in the LoGI group showed expression patterns more closely resembling expression in human benign prostate tissue vs. PC. CONCLUSIONS In this single mouse xenograft model, consuming a low GI diet did not delay PC growth or survival vs. a high GI diet despite suggestions of decreased activation of the insulin/IGF-1 pathway. These data suggest that improving carbohydrate quality alone while consuming a high carbohydrate diet may not effectively slow PC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Everardo Macias
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sergio Sanders
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shannon Stock
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Celine E Riera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Tamukong
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Smith-Warner
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanine M Genkinger
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA.
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Ramirez-Torres A, Reagan AL, Howard LE, Wiggins E, Vidal AC, Wan J, Miller B, Freedland SJ, Cohen P. Racial differences in circulating mitochondria-derived peptides may contribute to prostate cancer health disparities. Prostate 2022; 82:1248-1257. [PMID: 35789022 PMCID: PMC9388542 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mitochondrial genome has small open reading frames (sORF) which produce measurable mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs), including humanin, SHLP2, and MOTS-c. Previously, among men undergoing prostate biopsy, we found higher serum SHLP2 was linked with lower prostate cancer (PC) risk in European American men (EAM), while null associations were found in African American men (AAM). Here, in different patients undergoing prostate biopsy, we tested the link between SHLP2, humanin and MOTS-c and PC risk by race. METHODS Plasma SHLP2, humanin, and MOTS-c were measured in 198 men (50/49 EAM/AAM cases; 50/49 EAM/AAM controls) undergoing biopsy. Logistic and multinomial regression models tested associations between each MDP and PC diagnosis, low-grade (grade group, GG1) and high-grade (GG2-5). Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, digital rectal examination, and prostate specific antigen (PSA). We tested interactions between MDPs and race. RESULTS Among controls, humanin was similar by race (p = 0.60), but both SHLP2 (p = 0.007) and MOTS-c (p = 0.026) were lower in AAM controls versus EAM controls. Among EAM, higher MDP values were associated with lower PC risk (all p ≤ 0.001), with null associations in AAM (all p-interactions ≤ 0.01). Similarly, higher MDP expression was associated with decreased risk of low- and high-grade PC in EAM (all p ≤ 0.005) with null associations in AAM. CONCLUSIONS Higher MDP levels were associated with lower PC risk in EAM but not AAM. Generally, AAM controls had lower MDP levels. These data support MDPs and mitochondrial dysfunction in PC, suggesting greater dysfunction in AAM may contribute to excess PC risk. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Ramirez-Torres
- Department of Surgery, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Allison L Reagan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Wiggins
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adriana C Vidal
- Department of Surgery, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Miller
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Chi JT, Lin PH, Tolstikov V, Oyekunle T, Alvarado GCG, Ramirez-Torres A, Chen EY, Bussberg V, Chi B, Greenwood B, Sarangarajan R, Narain NR, Kiebish MA, Freedland SJ. The influence of low-carbohydrate diets on the metabolic response to androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:618-628. [PMID: 33949711 PMCID: PMC8167376 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most lethal cancer for men. For metastatic PC, standard first-line treatment is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). While effective, ADT has many metabolic side effects. Previously, we found in serum metabolome analysis that ADT reduced androsterone sulfate, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, acyl-carnitines but increased serum glucose. Since ADT reduced ketogenesis, we speculate that low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) may reverse many ADT-induced metabolic abnormalities in animals and humans. METHODS In a multicenter trial of patients with PC initiating ADT randomized to no diet change (control) or LCD, we previously showed that LCD intervention led to significant weight loss, reduced fat mass, improved insulin resistance, and lipid profiles. To determine whether and how LCD affects ADT-induced metabolic changes, we analyzed serum metabolites after 3-, and 6-months of ADT on LCD versus control. RESULTS We found androsterone sulfate was most consistently reduced by ADT and was slightly further reduced in the LCD arm. Contrastingly, LCD intervention increased 3-hydroxybutyric acid and various acyl-carnitines, counteracting their reduction during ADT. LCD also reversed the ADT-reduced lactic acid, alanine, and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), elevating glycolysis metabolites and alanine. While the degree of androsterone reduction by ADT was strongly correlated with glucose and indole-3-carboxaldehyde, LCD disrupted such correlations. CONCLUSIONS Together, LCD intervention significantly reversed many ADT-induced metabolic changes while slightly enhancing androgen reduction. Future research is needed to confirm these findings and determine whether LCD can mitigate ADT-linked comorbidities and possibly delaying disease progression by further lowering androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology
- Corresponding Authors: Jen-Tsan Chi: , 1-919-6684759, 101 Science Drive, DUMC 3382, CIEMAS 2177A, Durham, NC 27708, Stephen J. Freedland: , 1-310-423-3497, 8635, W. Third St., Suite 1070W, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Pao-Hwa Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | | | - Taofik Oyekunle
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | | | - Adela Ramirez-Torres
- Center for Integrated Research in Cancer and Lifestyle, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Bo Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Center for Integrated Research in Cancer and Lifestyle, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA
- Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Jen-Tsan Chi: , 1-919-6684759, 101 Science Drive, DUMC 3382, CIEMAS 2177A, Durham, NC 27708, Stephen J. Freedland: , 1-310-423-3497, 8635, W. Third St., Suite 1070W, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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Cowman SJ, Fuja DG, Liu XD, Tidwell RSS, Kandula N, Sirohi D, Agarwal AM, Emerson LL, Tripp SR, Mohlman JS, Stonhill M, Garcia G, Conley CJ, Olalde AA, Sargis T, Ramirez-Torres A, Karam JA, Wood CG, Sircar K, Tamboli P, Boucher K, Maughan B, Spike BT, Ho TH, Agarwal N, Jonasch E, Koh MY. Correction: Macrophage HIF-1α Is an Independent Prognostic Indicator in Kidney Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3265. [PMID: 34074655 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ramirez-Torres A, Reagan AL, Howard LE, Wiggins E, Vidal AC, Wang J, Freedland SJ, Cohen P. Abstract 3511: Racial differences in circulating mitochondria-derived peptides may contribute to prostate cancer health disparities. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Our group identified multiple small open reading frames (ORFs) in the mitochondrial genome. These ORFs produce small mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) that are measurable in plasma including humanin, small humanin-like peptide-2 (SHLP2), and mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA (MOTSc). Previously we found that higher serum SHLP2 was linked with lower prostate cancer (PC) risk in white men, but no significant association was observed in black men. We tested whether SHLP2 and other MDPs as measured in plasma correlated with PC risk by race in a separate sample of men undergoing prostate biopsy. METHODS: Plasma SHLP2, humanin, and MOTSc were measured by ELISA in 198 men (50/49 white/black cases; 50/49 white/black controls) undergoing prostate biopsy at the Durham Veterans Affair hospital. Logistic and multinomial regression models were used to test the association between each MDP and PC diagnosis and low-grade (grade group 1) and high-grade PC (grade group 2-5). Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, digital rectal examination, and PSA. We tested the interaction between MDPs and race in predicting PC. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant p-interaction between all 3 MDPs and race for predicting PC (all p-interactions values lower than 0.01). Among white men, higher values of all MDPs were significantly associated with lower PC diagnosis (all p-values lower than 0.001). In contrast, in black men, all MDPs were unrelated to PC diagnosis. Similarly, higher expression of all MDPs was associated with decreased risk of both low- and high-grade PC in white men (all p-values lower than 0.005) but none were associated with low- or high-grade in black men. Black controls had lower MOTSc (p-value equal 0.026) and SHLP2 (p-value equal 0.001) values than white controls. CONCLUSIONS: Higher expression of all three MDPs studied (plasma SHLP2, humanin, and MOTSc) were associated with lower PC risk in white men but not in black men. However, in general, black controls had lower MDP levels than white controls. These data support the importance of MDPs and perhaps mitochondrial dysfunction in PC and suggest greater dysfunction in black men (lower MDP levels in controls), which may contribute to excess PC risk in black men, though this requires confirmation in future larger studies. Funding: Supported in part by DODW81XWH, K24CA160653, and U54CA233465.
Citation Format: Adela Ramirez-Torres, Allison L. Reagan, Lauren E. Howard, Emily Wiggins, Adriana C. Vidal, Junxiang Wang, Stephen J. Freedland, Pinchas Cohen. Racial differences in circulating mitochondria-derived peptides may contribute to prostate cancer health disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3511.
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Cowman SJ, Fuja DG, Liu XD, Tidwell RSS, Kandula N, Sirohi D, Agarwal AM, Emerson LL, Tripp SR, Mohlman JS, Stonhill M, Garcia G, Conley CJ, Olalde AA, Sargis T, Ramirez-Torres A, Karam JA, Wood CG, Sircar K, Tamboli P, Boucher K, Maughan B, Spike BT, Ho TH, Agarwal N, Jonasch E, Koh MY. Macrophage HIF-1α Is an Independent Prognostic Indicator in Kidney Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4970-4982. [PMID: 32586940 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is frequently associated with inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, resulting in activation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. The current paradigm, established using mechanistic cell-based studies, supports a tumor promoting role for HIF-2α, and a tumor suppressor role for HIF-1α. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the clinical relevance of this paradigm. Furthermore, the hypoxia-associated factor (HAF), which regulates the HIFs, has not been comprehensively evaluated in ccRCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To assess the involvement of HAF/HIFs in ccRCC, we analyzed their relationship to tumor grade/stage/outcome using tissue from 380 patients, and validated these associations using tissue from 72 additional patients and a further 57 patients treated with antiangiogenic therapy for associations with response. Further characterization was performed using single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), RNA-in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH), and IHC. RESULTS HIF-1α was primarily expressed in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), whereas HIF-2α and HAF were expressed primarily in tumor cells. TAM-associated HIF-1α was significantly associated with high tumor grade and increased metastasis and was independently associated with decreased overall survival. Furthermore, elevated TAM HIF-1α was significantly associated with resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. In contrast, high HAF or HIF-2α were associated with low grade, decreased metastasis, and increased overall survival. scRNA-seq, RNA-ISH, and Western blotting confirmed the expression of HIF-1α in M2-polarized CD163-expressing TAMs. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a potential role of TAM HIF-1α in ccRCC progression and support the reevaluation of HIF-1α as a therapeutic target and marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xian-De Liu
- U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - Lyska L Emerson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sheryl R Tripp
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Guillermina Garcia
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Adam A Olalde
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Timothy Sargis
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Jose A Karam
- U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth Boucher
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Benjamin Maughan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Benjamin T Spike
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Eric Jonasch
- U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Lin PH, Howard L, Ngo A, Ramirez-Torres A, Cheng S, Mack A, Freedland S. Low Carbohydrate Diets in Men with Prostate Cancer May Reduce Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Dev Nutr 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa044_031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Both weight loss and low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) have been shown to slow prostate cancer (PC) growth in animal models. Given the significant weight loss and purported metabolic benefits of LCDs to lower insulin and glucose (two key cancer growth factors), there is growing interest in using them in cancer patients. However, critics point to potentially increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a major risk. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of an LCD on estimated CVD risk within the context of randomized trials of LCD in PC patients.
Methods
Carbohydrate and Prostate Cancer (CAPS) 1 and CAPS2 studies were randomized clinical trials testing 6 mo. of an LCD vs. control (asked to make no diet changes) in overweight PC patients. CAPS1 included 34 men starting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and tested whether LCD prevents insulin resistance. CAPS2 included 45 men with recurrent PC after primary treatment and tested whether LCD slows PC growth. Primary results have been presented. In this post-hoc analysis, we calculated 10-year risk of CVD at baseline, 3 mo., and 6 mo. in each study based on a CVD risk model developed from the Framingham Heart Study. This score accounts for age, diabetes, smoking, treated and untreated systolic blood pressure and BMI. Comparisons between arms were made using t-tests. A mixed model was used to test longitudinal changes in CVD risk combining data from both studies but adjusting for study.
Results
In CAPS1, the 10-year estimated CVD risk was unchanged from baseline to 6 mo. at 29% in controls but decreased from 31% to 23% in the LCD arm (p = 0.23). In CAPS2, CVD risk increased from 34% to 35% in controls but decreased from 32% to 28% in the LCD arm (p = 0.005). When data from the two studies were combined, the LCD was associated with a lower 10-year estimated CVD risk vs. control over the study period (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Across two prospective randomized trials, an LCD in men with PC was associated with a lower estimated 10-year risk of CVD than control patients making no diet changes. These data support the safety of LCDs for men with PC. Given CVD is the number one cause of death in men with PC and pre-clinical data supporting anti-PC activity, further research on LCDs using long-term PC and CVD end-points is warranted.
Funding Sources
Atkins Foundation, American Urological Association, National Institute of Health/National Cancer Institute.
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Dambal S, Alfaqih M, Sanders S, Maravilla E, Ramirez-Torres A, Galvan GC, Reis-Sobreiro M, Rotinen M, Driver LM, Behrove MS, Talisman TJ, Yoon J, You S, Turkson J, Chi JT, Freeman MR, Macias E, Freedland SJ. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Impairs Plasma Membrane Lipid Raft Signaling as Evidenced by Inhibition of IL6-JAK-STAT3 Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:671-684. [PMID: 32019810 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that restoring the CYP27A1-27hydroxycholesterol axis had antitumor properties. Thus, we sought to determine the mechanism by which 27HC exerts its anti-prostate cancer effects. As cholesterol is a major component of membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts, which localize receptors and facilitate cellular signaling, we hypothesized 27HC would impair lipid rafts, using the IL6-JAK-STAT3 axis as a model given its prominent role in prostate cancer. As revealed by single molecule imaging of DU145 prostate cancer cells, 27HC treatment significantly reduced detected cholesterol density on the plasma membranes. Further, 27HC treatment of constitutively active STAT3 DU145 prostate cancer cells reduced STAT3 activation and slowed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. 27HC also blocked IL6-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation in nonconstitutively active STAT3 cells. Mechanistically, 27HC reduced STAT3 homodimerization, nuclear translocation, and decreased STAT3 DNA occupancy at target gene promoters. Combined treatment with 27HC and STAT3 targeting molecules had additive and synergistic effects on proliferation and migration, respectively. Hallmark IL6-JAK-STAT gene signatures positively correlated with CYP27A1 gene expression in a large set of human metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancers and in an aggressive prostate cancer subtype. This suggests STAT3 activation may be a resistance mechanism for aggressive prostate cancers that retain CYP27A1 expression. In summary, our study establishes a key mechanism by which 27HC inhibits prostate cancer by disrupting lipid rafts and blocking STAT3 activation. IMPLICATIONS: Collectively, these data show that modulation of intracellular cholesterol by 27HC can inhibit IL6-JAK-STAT signaling and may synergize with STAT3-targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dambal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Sergio Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erick Maravilla
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adela Ramirez-Torres
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gloria C Galvan
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mariana Reis-Sobreiro
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mirja Rotinen
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lucy M Driver
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew S Behrove
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Tijana Jovanovic Talisman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Junhee Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Turkson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biomedical Science, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Everardo Macias
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. .,Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Galvan GC, Macias E, Sanders S, Ramirez-Torres A, Freedland S. A Low Glycemic Index Diet Slows Prostate Cancer Growth (P05-018-19). Curr Dev Nutr 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz030.p05-018-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in older adults in the US. Moreover, they increase insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), which are implicated in tumor growth by increasing cell survival. Previously, we found low carbohydrate (LC) diets slow prostate cancer (PC) growth and increase survival vs. a Western diet (WD) in mice. However, long-term adherence to a LC diet can be difficult for cancer patients. Thus, we aimed to determine whether modifying carbohydrate quality without changing quantity could result in the same outcome as when quantity is reduced. Carbohydrate quality was based on a glycemic index (GI), which indicates how carbohydrates affect blood glucose levels. Low GI carbohydrates are absorbed more slowly and result in a lower and slower increase in glucose levels and insulin demand than high GI carbohydrates. We hypothesized that high carbohydrate intake but with a low GI would slow PC growth, by reducing insulin levels.
Methods
A xenograft mice study compared the effect on PC growth of 3 diets: HiGI WD (48% carbohydrate: sucrose), HiGI LC (20% carbohydrate: sucrose), and LoGI WD (48% carbohydrate: amylose, amylopectin, maltodextrin). Male SCID mice were fed an ad lib HiGI WD. At day 14, they were injected with 5 × 105 LAPC-4 cells. When tumors reached ∼200 mm3, mice were single-housed and randomized to their diets (n = 33/group). Mice were pair-fed to ensure all had the same weight throughout the study. Tumor volume and body weight were measured 2X per week. Body composition was determined by Echo-MRI. The outcomes of the study were tumor volume, survival, glucose, insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels, and tumor tissue analysis.
Results
LoGI WD mice had lower tumor volumes, insulin, IGF1, and IGF1: IGFBP3 ratio, and higher IGF-BP3 levels, than the other two groups. Blood glucose was similar across arms. Even though body weight was similar across arms, LoGI WD mice had lower body fat. In a meal tolerance test, glucose was higher in HiGI WD mice with comparable results between the other two diets.
Conclusions
Feeding mice a low GI diet delayed PC growth and decreased serum insulin, IGF1 and IGF1: IGFBP3 ratios vs. a high GI diet. These data suggest carbohydrate quality is important for PC growth. Whether a low-carbohydrate and low GI diet would have additive benefits remains to be tested.
Funding Sources
American Institute for Cancer Research.
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10
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Htun NM, Magliano DJ, Zhang ZY, Lyons J, Petit T, Nkuipou-Kenfack E, Ramirez-Torres A, von zur Muhlen C, Maahs D, Schanstra JP, Pontillo C, Pejchinovski M, Snell-Bergeon JK, Delles C, Mischak H, Staessen JA, Shaw JE, Koeck T, Peter K. Prediction of acute coronary syndromes by urinary proteome analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172036. [PMID: 28273075 PMCID: PMC5342174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of individuals who are at risk of suffering from acute coronary syndromes (ACS) may allow to introduce preventative measures. We aimed to identify ACS-related urinary peptides, that combined as a pattern can be used as prognostic biomarker. Proteomic data of 252 individuals enrolled in four prospective studies from Australia, Europe and North America were analyzed. 126 of these had suffered from ACS within a period of up to 5 years post urine sampling (cases). Proteomic analysis of 84 cases and 84 matched controls resulted in the discovery of 75 ACS-related urinary peptides. Combining these to a peptide pattern, we established a prognostic biomarker named Acute Coronary Syndrome Predictor 75 (ACSP75). ACSP75 demonstrated reasonable prognostic discrimination (c-statistic = 0.664), which was similar to Framingham risk scoring (c-statistics = 0.644) in a validation cohort of 42 cases and 42 controls. However, generating by a composite algorithm named Acute Coronary Syndrome Composite Predictor (ACSCP), combining the biomarker pattern ACSP75 with the previously established urinary proteomic biomarker CAD238 characterizing coronary artery disease as the underlying aetiology, and age as a risk factor, further improved discrimination (c-statistic = 0.751) resulting in an added prognostic value over Framingham risk scoring expressed by an integrated discrimination improvement of 0.273 ± 0.048 (P < 0.0001) and net reclassification improvement of 0.405 ± 0.113 (P = 0.0007). In conclusion, we demonstrate that urinary peptide biomarkers have the potential to predict future ACS events in asymptomatic patients. Further large scale studies are warranted to determine the role of urinary biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nay M. Htun
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dianna J. Magliano
- Clinical Diabetes and Epidemiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Lyons
- Clinical Diabetes and Epidemiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thibault Petit
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Adela Ramirez-Torres
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hanover, Germany
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - David Maahs
- Department of Paediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Barbara Davis Centre for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joost P. Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Janet K. Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Centre for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hanover, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan E. Shaw
- Clinical Diabetes and Epidemiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Pejchinovski M, Hrnjez D, Ramirez-Torres A, Bitsika V, Mermelekas G, Vlahou A, Zürbig P, Mischak H, Metzger J, Koeck T. Capillary zone electrophoresis on-line coupled to mass spectrometry: A perspective application for clinical proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:453-68. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vasiliki Bitsika
- Biotechnology Division; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - George Mermelekas
- Biotechnology Division; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology Division; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences; Plymouth University, Plymouth; UK
| | | | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH; Hanover Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; University of Glasgow; UK
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