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Khairallah C, Bettke JA, Gorbatsevych O, Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Cho K, Kim KS, Chu TH, Imperato JN, Hatano S, Romanov G, Yoshikai Y, Puddington L, Surh CD, Bliska JB, van der Velden AWM, Sheridan BS. A blend of broadly-reactive and pathogen-selected Vγ4 Vδ1 T cell receptors confer broad bacterial reactivity of resident memory γδ T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:176-187. [PMID: 34462572 PMCID: PMC8738109 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although murine γδ T cells are largely considered innate immune cells, they have recently been reported to form long-lived memory populations. Much remains unknown about the biology and specificity of memory γδ T cells. Here, we interrogated intestinal memory Vγ4 Vδ1 T cells generated after foodborne Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection to uncover an unanticipated complexity in the specificity of these cells. Deep TCR sequencing revealed that a subset of non-canonical Vδ1 clones are selected by Lm infection, consistent with antigen-specific clonal expansion. Ex vivo stimulations and in vivo heterologous challenge infections with diverse pathogenic bacteria revealed that Lm-elicited memory Vγ4 Vδ1 T cells are broadly reactive. The Vγ4 Vδ1 T cell recall response to Lm, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) and Citrobacter rodentium was largely mediated by the γδTCR as internalizing the γδTCR prevented T cell expansion. Both broadly-reactive canonical and pathogen-selected non-canonical Vδ1 clones contributed to memory responses to Lm and STm. Interestingly, some non-canonical γδ T cell clones selected by Lm infection also responded after STm infection, suggesting some level of cross-reactivity. These findings underscore the promiscuous nature of memory γδ T cells and suggest that pathogen-elicited memory γδ T cells are potential targets for broad-spectrum anti-infective vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Citrobacter rodentium/physiology
- Cross Reactions
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Immunity, Heterologous
- Listeria monocytogenes/physiology
- Memory T Cells/immunology
- Memory T Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Salmonella typhi/physiology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Bettke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Oleksandr Gorbatsevych
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhijuan Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy H Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jessica N Imperato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Shinya Hatano
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Galina Romanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yasunobo Yoshikai
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Adrianus W M van der Velden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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2
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Ghosh M, Saha S, Bettke J, Nagar R, Parrales A, Iwakuma T, van der Velden AWM, Martinez LA. Mutant p53 suppresses innate immune signaling to promote tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:494-508.e5. [PMID: 33545063 PMCID: PMC8044023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutant p53 (mtp53) proteins can exert cancer-promoting gain-of-function activities. We report a mechanism by which mtp53 suppresses both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous signaling to promote cancer cell survival and evasion of tumor immune surveillance. Mtp53 interferes with the function of the cytoplasmic DNA sensing machinery, cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3, that activates the innate immune response. Mtp53, but not wild-type p53, binds to TANK-binding protein kinase 1 (TBK1) and prevents the formation of a trimeric complex between TBK1, STING, and IRF3, which is required for activation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of IRF3. Inactivation of innate immune signaling by mtp53 alters cytokine production, resulting in immune evasion. Restoring TBK1 signaling is sufficient to bypass mtp53 and lead to restored immune cell function and cancer cell eradication. This work is of translational interest because therapeutic approaches that restore TBK1 function could potentially reactivate immune surveillance and eliminate mtp53 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisankar Ghosh
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Suchandrima Saha
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Julie Bettke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Rachana Nagar
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Alejandro Parrales
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Luis A Martinez
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA.
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3
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Gaudino SJ, Beaupre M, Lin X, Joshi P, Rathi S, McLaughlin PA, Kempen C, Mehta N, Eskiocak O, Yueh B, Blumberg RS, van der Velden AWM, Shroyer KR, Bialkowska AB, Beyaz S, Kumar P. IL-22 receptor signaling in Paneth cells is critical for their maturation, microbiota colonization, Th17-related immune responses, and anti-Salmonella immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:389-401. [PMID: 33060802 PMCID: PMC7946635 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) signaling in the intestines is critical for promoting tissue-protective functions. However, since a diverse array of cell types (absorptive and secretory epithelium as well as stem cells) express IL-22Ra1, a receptor for IL-22, it has been difficult to determine what cell type(s) specifically respond to IL-22 to mediate intestinal mucosal host defense. Here, we report that IL-22 signaling in the small intestine is positively correlated with Paneth cell differentiation programs. Our Il22Ra1fl/fl;Lgr5-EGFP-creERT2-specific knockout mice and, independently, our lineage-tracing findings rule out the involvement of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell (ISC)-dependent IL-22Ra1 signaling in regulating the lineage commitment of epithelial cells, including Paneth cells. Using novel Paneth cell-specific IL-22Ra1 knockout mice (Il22Ra1fl/fl;Defa6-cre), we show that IL-22 signaling in Paneth cells is required for small intestinal host defense. We show that Paneth cell maturation, antimicrobial effector function, expression of specific WNTs, and organoid morphogenesis are dependent on cell-intrinsic IL-22Ra1 signaling. Furthermore, IL-22 signaling in Paneth cells regulates the intestinal commensal bacteria and microbiota-dependent IL-17A immune responses. Finally, we show ISC and, independently, Paneth cell-specific IL-22Ra1 signaling are critical for providing immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Collectively, our findings illustrate a previously unknown role of IL-22 in Paneth cell-mediated small intestinal host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gaudino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael Beaupre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xun Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Preet Joshi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sonika Rathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Patrick A McLaughlin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cody Kempen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Neil Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Onur Eskiocak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Brian Yueh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adrianus W M van der Velden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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4
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Abstract
How bacterial pathogens evade adaptive immunity is not well understood. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Bayer-Santos et al. (2016) show that the Salmonella effector protein SteD mediates MARCH8-dependent ubiquitination of class II MHC molecules, thereby inhibiting antigen presentation and limiting T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A McLaughlin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, 130 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5120, USA
| | - Adrianus W M van der Velden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, 130 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5120, USA.
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5
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McLaughlin PA, McClelland M, Yang HJ, Porwollik S, Bogomolnaya L, Chen JS, Andrews-Polymenis H, van der Velden AWM. Contribution of Asparagine Catabolism to Salmonella Virulence. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00740-16. [PMID: 27849183 PMCID: PMC5278173 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00740-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellae are pathogenic bacteria that cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Salmonellae establish infection and avoid clearance by the immune system by mechanisms that are not well understood. We previously showed that l-asparaginase II produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) inhibits T cell responses and mediates virulence. In addition, we previously showed that asparagine deprivation such as that mediated by l-asparaginase II of S Typhimurium causes suppression of activation-induced T cell metabolic reprogramming. Here, we report that STM3997, which encodes a homolog of disulfide bond protein A (dsbA) of Escherichia coli, is required for l-asparaginase II stability and function. Furthermore, we report that l-asparaginase II localizes primarily to the periplasm and acts together with l-asparaginase I to provide S Typhimurium the ability to catabolize asparagine and assimilate nitrogen. Importantly, we determined that, in a murine model of infection, S Typhimurium lacking both l-asparaginase I and II genes competes poorly with wild-type S Typhimurium for colonization of target tissues. Collectively, these results indicate that asparagine catabolism contributes to S Typhimurium virulence, providing new insights into the competition for nutrients at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A McLaughlin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hee-Jeong Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lydia Bogomolnaya
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Juei-Suei Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Helene Andrews-Polymenis
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Adrianus W M van der Velden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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6
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Torres A, Luke JD, Kullas AL, Kapilashrami K, Botbol Y, Koller A, Tonge PJ, Chen EI, Macian F, van der Velden AWM. Asparagine deprivation mediated by Salmonella asparaginase causes suppression of activation-induced T cell metabolic reprogramming. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:387-98. [PMID: 26497246 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0615-252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellae are pathogenic bacteria that induce immunosuppression by mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Previously, we showed that a putative type II l-asparaginase produced by Salmonella Typhimurium inhibits T cell responses and mediates virulence in a murine model of infection. Here, we report that this putative L-asparaginase exhibits L-asparagine hydrolase activity required for Salmonella Typhimurium to inhibit T cells. We show that L-asparagine is a nutrient important for T cell activation and that L-asparagine deprivation, such as that mediated by the Salmonella Typhimurium L-asparaginase, causes suppression of activation-induced mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, autophagy, Myc expression, and L-lactate secretion. We also show that L-asparagine deprivation mediated by the Salmonella Typhimurium L-asparaginase causes suppression of cellular processes and pathways involved in protein synthesis, metabolism, and immune response. Our results advance knowledge of a mechanism used by Salmonella Typhimurium to inhibit T cell responses and mediate virulence, and provide new insights into the prerequisites of T cell activation. We propose a model in which l-asparagine deprivation inhibits T cell exit from quiescence by causing suppression of activation-induced metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnMarie Torres
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joanna D Luke
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amy L Kullas
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kanishk Kapilashrami
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yair Botbol
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Antonius Koller
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Peter J Tonge
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Emily I Chen
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Adrianus W M van der Velden
- *Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Proteomics Center, and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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7
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Zhang Y, Tam JW, Mena P, van der Velden AWM, Bliska JB. CCR2+ Inflammatory Dendritic Cells and Translocation of Antigen by Type III Secretion Are Required for the Exceptionally Large CD8+ T Cell Response to the Protective YopE69-77 Epitope during Yersinia Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005167. [PMID: 26468944 PMCID: PMC4607306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection of C57BL/6 mice, an exceptionally large CD8+ T cell response to a protective epitope in the type III secretion system effector YopE is produced. At the peak of the response, up to 50% of splenic CD8+ T cells recognize the epitope YopE69-77. The features of the interaction between pathogen and host that result in this large CD8+ T cell response are unknown. Here, we used Y. pseudotuberculosis strains defective for production, secretion and/or translocation of YopE to infect wild-type or mutant mice deficient in specific dendritic cells (DCs). Bacterial colonization of organs and translocation of YopE into spleen cells was measured, and flow cytometry and tetramer staining were used to characterize the cellular immune response. We show that the splenic YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells generated during the large response are polyclonal and are produced by a “translocation-dependent” pathway that requires injection of YopE into host cell cytosol. Additionally, a smaller YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cell response (~10% of the large expansion) can be generated in a “translocation-independent” pathway in which CD8α+ DCs cross present secreted YopE. CCR2-expressing inflammatory DCs were required for the large YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cell expansion because this response was significantly reduced in Ccr2-/- mice, YopE was translocated into inflammatory DCs in vivo, inflammatory DCs purified from infected spleens activated YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells ex vivo and promoted the expansion of YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells in infected Ccr2-/- mice after adoptive transfer. A requirement for inflammatory DCs in producing a protective CD8+ T cell response to a bacterial antigen has not previously been demonstrated. Therefore, the production of YopE69-77-specific CD8+ T cells by inflammatory DCs that are injected with YopE during Y. pseudotuberculosis infection represents a novel mechanism for generating a massive and protective adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) direct host protective adaptive immune responses during infection. How different subpopulations of DCs contribute to the formation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is incompletely understood. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis results in the production of an exceptionally large CD8+ T cell response to an epitope in the type III secretion system effector YopE. Here, we show that this large CD8+ T cell response requires translocation of YopE into inflammatory DCs, which express CCR2 and accumulate in infected tissues. In contrast, when mice are infected with a Y. pseudotuberculosis strain that can secrete but not translocate YopE, a smaller response is seen, and under these conditions the generation of YopE-specific CD8+ T cell requires CD8α+ DCs. Our results indicate that distinct DC subsets participate in constructing the CD8+ T cell response to secreted, versus translocated, YopE. Furthermore our data indicate that inflammatory DCs are a driving force behind the massive CD8+ T cell response to a protective epitope in a bacterial virulence factor that is translocated into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Tam
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricio Mena
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Adrianus W. M. van der Velden
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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DelGiorno KE, Tam JW, Hall JC, Thotakura G, Crawford HC, van der Velden AWM. Persistent salmonellosis causes pancreatitis in a murine model of infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92807. [PMID: 24717768 PMCID: PMC3981665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis, a known risk factor for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, is a serious, widespread medical condition usually caused by alcohol abuse or gallstone-mediated ductal obstruction. However, many cases of pancreatitis are of an unknown etiology. Pancreatitis has been linked to bacterial infection, but causality has yet to be established. Here, we found that persistent infection of mice with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was sufficient to induce pancreatitis reminiscent of the human disease. Specifically, we found that pancreatitis induced by persistent S. Typhimurium infection was characterized by a loss of pancreatic acinar cells, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, fibrosis and accumulation of inflammatory cells, including CD11b+ F4/80+, CD11b+ Ly6Cint Ly6G+ and CD11b+ Ly6Chi Ly6G- cells. Furthermore, we found that S. Typhimurium colonized and persisted in the pancreas, associated with pancreatic acinar cells in vivo, and could invade cultured pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. Thus, persistent infection of mice with S. Typhimurium may serve as a useful model for the study of pancreatitis as it relates to bacterial infection. Increased knowledge of how pathogenic bacteria can cause pancreatitis will provide a more integrated picture of the etiology of the disease and could lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for treatment and prevention of pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. DelGiorno
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Tam
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Hall
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gangadaar Thotakura
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrianus W. M. van der Velden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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Yount JS, Tsou LK, Dossa PD, Kullas AL, van der Velden AWM, Hang HC. Visible fluorescence detection of type III protein secretion from bacterial pathogens. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8244-5. [PMID: 20504019 DOI: 10.1021/ja102257v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type III protein secretion is essential for many gram-negative bacterial infections of host cells and an attractive target for new antibacterial drugs. Here, we describe a bacterial protein effector-carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) reporter system for fluorescence and visible detection of type III protein secretion in Salmonella typhimurium. This system provides a general method for measuring protein expression and secretion as well as a high-throughput and quantitative assay for analyzing type III protein secretion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Yount
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Abstract
T cell-mediated adaptive immunity is required to help clear infection with the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), yet development of T cell-mediated adaptive immunity to S. Typhimurium has been described as slow and inefficient. A key step in inducing T cell-mediated adaptive immunity is T cell priming; the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of naive T cells following initial encounter with Ag. We previously demonstrated that S. Typhimurium had a direct inhibitory effect on naive T cells from mouse, blocking their proliferation. In this study, we show that S. Typhimurium down-modulates expression of the TCR beta-chain, a molecule that is essential for Ag recognition and T cell function. Specifically, we demonstrate that reduced amounts of surface and intracellular TCR-beta protein and decreased levels of tcrbeta transcript are expressed by T cells cultured in the presence of S. Typhimurium. We further show that the down-modulation of TCR-beta expression requires contact between S. Typhimurium and the T cells and that once contact occurs, a factor capable of reducing TCR-beta expression is secreted. These results provide new insight into the mechanism by which S. Typhimurium may inhibit T cell priming and avoid clearance by the adaptive immune system.
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11
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Hang HC, Loureiro J, Spooner E, van der Velden AWM, Kim YM, Pollington AM, Maehr R, Starnbach MN, Ploegh HL. Mechanism-based probe for the analysis of cathepsin cysteine proteases in living cells. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:713-23. [PMID: 17184136 DOI: 10.1021/cb600431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanism-based probes are providing new tools to evaluate the enzymatic activities of protein families in complex mixtures and to assign protein function. The application of these chemical probes for the visualization of protein labeling in cells and proteomic analysis is still challenging. As a consequence, imaging and proteomic analysis often require different sets of chemical probes. Here we describe a mechanism-based probe, azido-E-64, that can be used for both imaging and proteomics. Azido-E-64 covalently modifies active Cathepsin (Cat) B in living cells, an abundant cysteine protease involved in microbial infections, apoptosis, and cancer. Furthermore, azido-E-64 contains an azide chemical handle that can be selectively derivatized with phosphine reagents via the Staudinger ligation, which enables the imaging and proteomic analysis of Cat B. We have utilized azido-E-64 to visualize active Cat B during infection of primary macrophages with Salmonella typhimurium , an facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen. These studies demonstrated that active Cat B is specifically excluded from Salmonella -containing vacuoles, which suggests that inhibition of protease activity within bacteria-containing vacuoles may contribute to bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Hang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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12
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van der Velden AWM, Copass MK, Starnbach MN. Salmonella inhibit T cell proliferation by a direct, contact-dependent immunosuppressive effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17769-74. [PMID: 16306269 PMCID: PMC1308886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504382102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are of central importance in the initiation of T cell-mediated adaptive immunity because these professional phagocytes internalize, process, and present microbial antigens to T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes have a pivotal role in controlling and clearing infection with intracellular pathogens through cytokine production. T lymphocytes also can mediate direct lysis of infected cells or activate B and T cells. In this article, we report that DC, when cocultured with Salmonella, fail to efficiently stimulate T cells for proliferation. We show that the failure of T lymphocytes to respond to Salmonella-infected DC is not simply due to Salmonella-induced programmed DC death or interference with up-regulation of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. We cocultured bacteria with purified T lymphocytes, and we demonstrate here that Salmonella have a direct, contact-dependent inhibitory effect on the T cells, even in the absence of DC. This direct, Salmonella-induced inhibitory effect reduces the ability of T cells to proliferate and produce cytokines in response to stimulation and appears to require live bacteria. Cumulatively, these results are evidence that Salmonella may interfere with the development of acquired immunity, providing insights into the complex nature of this host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianus W M van der Velden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cavanagh LL, Bonasio R, Mazo IB, Halin C, Cheng G, van der Velden AWM, Cariappa A, Chase C, Russell P, Starnbach MN, Koni PA, Pillai S, Weninger W, von Andrian UH. Activation of bone marrow-resident memory T cells by circulating, antigen-bearing dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:1029-37. [PMID: 16155571 PMCID: PMC1780273 DOI: 10.1038/ni1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) carry antigen from peripheral tissues via lymphatics to lymph nodes. We report here that differentiated DCs can also travel from the periphery into the blood. Circulating DCs migrated to the spleen, liver and lung but not lymph nodes. They also homed to the bone marrow, where they were retained better than in most other tissues. Homing of DCs to the bone marrow depended on constitutively expressed vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial selectins in bone marrow microvessels. Two-photon intravital microscopy in bone marrow cavities showed that DCs formed stable antigen-dependent contacts with bone marrow-resident central memory T cells. Moreover, using this previously unknown migratory pathway, antigen-pulsed DCs were able to trigger central memory T cell-mediated recall responses in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois L Cavanagh
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Dendritic cells provide a critical link between innate and acquired immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can efficiently kill these professional phagocytes via a mechanism that is dependent on sipB and the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1-encoded type III protein secretion system. Rapid phosphatidylserine redistribution, caspase activation, and loss of plasma membrane integrity were characteristic of dendritic cells infected with wild-type Salmonella, but not sipB mutant bacteria. Caspase-1 was particularly important in this process because Salmonella-induced dendritic cell death was dramatically reduced in the presence of a caspase-1-specific inhibitor. Furthermore, dendritic cells obtained from caspase-1-deficient mice, but not heterozygous littermate control mice, were resistant to Salmonella-induced cytotoxicity. We hypothesize that Salmonella have evolved the ability to selectively kill professional APCs to combat, exploit, or evade immune defense mechanisms.
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