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Zhou J, Peacock TP, Brown JC, Goldhill DH, Elrefaey AME, Penrice-Randal R, Cowton VM, De Lorenzo G, Furnon W, Harvey WT, Kugathasan R, Frise R, Baillon L, Lassaunière R, Thakur N, Gallo G, Goldswain H, Donovan-Banfield I, Dong X, Randle NP, Sweeney F, Glynn MC, Quantrill JL, McKay PF, Patel AH, Palmarini M, Hiscox JA, Bailey D, Barclay WS. Mutations that adapt SARS-CoV-2 to mink or ferret do not increase fitness in the human airway. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110344. [PMID: 35093235 PMCID: PMC8768428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has a broad mammalian species tropism infecting humans, cats, dogs, and farmed mink. Since the start of the 2019 pandemic, several reverse zoonotic outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 have occurred in mink, one of which reinfected humans and caused a cluster of infections in Denmark. Here we investigate the molecular basis of mink and ferret adaptation and demonstrate the spike mutations Y453F, F486L, and N501T all specifically adapt SARS-CoV-2 to use mustelid ACE2. Furthermore, we risk assess these mutations and conclude mink-adapted viruses are unlikely to pose an increased threat to humans, as Y453F attenuates the virus replication in human cells and all three mink adaptations have minimal antigenic impact. Finally, we show that certain SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging from circulation in humans may naturally have a greater propensity to infect mustelid hosts and therefore these species should continue to be surveyed for reverse zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel H Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rebekah Penrice-Randal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vanessa M Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laury Baillon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK; The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hannah Goldswain
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - I'ah Donovan-Banfield
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nadine P Randle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiachra Sweeney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martha C Glynn
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Elrefaey AME, Hollinghurst P, Reitmayer CM, Alphey L, Maringer K. Innate Immune Antagonism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Humans and Mosquitoes. Viruses 2021; 13:2116. [PMID: 34834923 PMCID: PMC8624719 DOI: 10.3390/v13112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses of the Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae family) pose an ongoing threat to global public health. For example, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses are transmitted by infected mosquitoes and cause severe and fatal diseases in humans. The means by which mosquito-borne flaviviruses establish persistent infection in mosquitoes and cause disease in humans are complex and depend upon a myriad of virus-host interactions, such as those of the innate immune system, which are the main focus of our review. This review also covers the different strategies utilized by mosquito-borne flaviviruses to antagonize the innate immune response in humans and mosquitoes. Given the lack of antiviral therapeutics for mosquito-borne flaviviruses, improving our understanding of these virus-immune interactions could lead to new antiviral therapies and strategies for developing refractory vectors incapable of transmitting these viruses, and can also provide insights into determinants of viral tropism that influence virus emergence into new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. E. Elrefaey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Philippa Hollinghurst
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Luke Alphey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Kevin Maringer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
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