1
|
Andersson NW, Thiesson EM, Lassaunière R, Hansen JV, Hviid A. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Postacute Risk of Non-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infectious Disease Hospitalizations: A Nationwide Cohort Study of Danish Adults Aged ≥50 Years. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:603-612. [PMID: 37740392 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports suggest that the potential long-lasting health consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may involve persistent dysregulation of some immune populations, but the potential clinical implications are unknown. We investigated the associated risk of hospitalization due to non-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infectious diseases following the postacute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS By cross-linking data from the comprehensive Danish test and surveillance system for COVID-19 together with nationwide healthcare and demographic registers, we established a study cohort of 2 430 694 individuals aged ≥50 years, from 1 January 2021 to 10 December 2022, with no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to study entry. Using Poisson regression, we compared the outcome rates of non-COVID-19 infectious disease hospitalizations following the acute phase of (a first) SARS-CoV-2 infection (defined as ≥29 days since the day of infection) in recovered individuals with rates among SARS-CoV-2-uninfected individuals. RESULTS Among 2 430 694 included individuals (mean age, 66.8 [standard deviation, 11.3] years), 930 071 acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection during follow-up totaling 4 519 913 person-years. The postacute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .88-.92) for any infectious disease hospitalization. Findings (IRR [95% CI]) were similar for upper respiratory tract (1.08 [.97-1.20]), lower respiratory tract (0.90 [.87-.93]), influenza (1.04 [.94-1.15]), gastrointestinal (1.28 [.78-2.09]), skin (0.98 [.93-1.03]), urinary tract (1.01 [.96-1.08]), certain invasive bacterial (0.96 [.91-1.01]), and other (0.96 [.92-1.00]) infectious disease hospitalizations and in subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Our study does not support an increased susceptibility to non-COVID-19 infectious disease hospitalization following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
- Pharmacovigilance Research Center, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdelnabi R, Lassaunière R, Maes P, Weynand B, Neyts J. Comparing the Infectivity of Recent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sub-Variants in Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2024; 16:122. [PMID: 38257822 PMCID: PMC10819014 DOI: 10.3390/v16010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant at the end of 2021, several sub-variants have evolved and become predominant in the human population, showing enhanced transmissibility and ability to (partly) escape the adaptive immune response. The XBB sub-variants (e.g., EG.5.1) have become globally dominant. Besides the XBB sub-variants, a phylogenetically distinct variant, i.e., BA.2.86, is also circulating; it carries several mutations in the spike protein as compared to its parental BA.2 variant. Here, we explored the infectivity of the BA.2.86 and EG.5.1 sub-variants compared to the preceding BA.5 sub-variant in Syrian hamsters. Such preclinical models are important for the evaluation of updated vaccine candidates and novel therapeutic modalities. Following intranasal infection with either variant, throat swabs and lung samples were collected on days 3 and 4 post infection. No significant differences in viral RNA loads in throat swabs were observed between these sub-variants. However, the infectious virus titers in the lungs of EG.5.1- and BA.2.86-infected animals were significantly lower compared to the BA.5-infected ones. The lung pathology scores of animals infected with EG.5.1 and BA.2.86 were also markedly lower than that of BA.5 sub-variant. Together, we show that EG.5.1 and BA.2.86 sub-variants exhibit an attenuated replication in hamsters' lungs as compared to the BA.5 sub-variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, VirusBank Platform, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Division of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, VirusBank Platform, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lassaunière R, Polacek C, Utko M, Sørensen KM, Baig S, Ellegaard K, Escobar-Herrera LA, Fomsgaard A, Spiess K, Gunalan V, Bennedbæk M, Fonager J, Schwartz O, Planas D, Simon-Lorière E, Schneider UV, Sieber RN, Stegger M, Nielsen L, Hoppe M, Krause TG, Ullum H, Jokelainen P, Rasmussen M. Virus isolation and neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.2.86 and EG.5.1. Lancet Infect Dis 2023; 23:e509-e510. [PMID: 37949089 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark.
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sharmin Baig
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Ellegaard
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Marc Bennedbæk
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Uffe V Schneider
- Virus Preparedness, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lene Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Morten Hoppe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Tyra G Krause
- Epidemiological Infectious Disease Preparedness, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Rasmussen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lassaunière R, Polacek C, Linnea Tingstedt J, Fomsgaard A. Preclinical evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351-based candidate DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:6505-6513. [PMID: 37726179 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic revealed the critical shortfalls of global vaccine availability for emergent pathogens and the need for exploring additional vaccine platforms with rapid update potential in response to new variants. Thus, it remains essential, for the present evolving SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19 and future pandemics, to continuously develop and characterize new and different vaccine platforms. Here, we describe an expression-optimized DNA vaccine candidate based on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of the Beta variant (B.1.351), pNTC-Spike.351, and, in animal models, compare its immunogenicity with a similar DNA vaccine encoding the ancestral index strain spike protein, pNTC-Spike. Both DNA vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies and a Th1 biased immune response. In contrast to the index-specific vaccine, the Beta-specific DNA vaccine induced antibodies in mice and rabbits that, even at low levels, efficiently neutralize the otherwise antibody resistant Beta variant. It similarly neutralized unrelated variants bearing the neutralization resistant E484K spike mutation. Intensive priming using two vaccinations with pNTC-Spike and a single booster immunization with the pNTC-Spike.351 induced a more robust neutralizing antibody response with comparable magnitude against different variants of concern. Thus, DNA vaccine technology with heterologous spike protein prime-boost should be explored further using the Beta derived pNTC-Spike.351 to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against emerging variants of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frische A, Gunalan V, Krogfelt KA, Fomsgaard A, Lassaunière R. A Candidate DNA Vaccine Encoding the Native SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Anti-Subdomain 1 Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1451. [PMID: 37766128 PMCID: PMC10535225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal vaccine against viral infections should elicit antibody responses that protect against divergent strains. Designing broadly protective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other divergent viruses requires insight into the specific targets of cross-protective antibodies on the viral surface protein(s). However, unlike therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, the B-cell epitopes of vaccine-induced polyclonal antibody responses remain poorly defined. Here we show that, through the combination of neutralizing antibody functional responses with B-cell epitope mapping, it is possible to identify unique antibody targets associated with neutralization breadth. The polyclonal antibody profiles of SARS-CoV-2 index-strain-vaccinated rabbits that demonstrated a low, intermediate, or high neutralization efficiency of different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) were distinctly different. Animals with an intermediate and high cross-neutralization of VOCs targeted fewer antigenic sites on the spike protein and targeted one particular epitope, subdomain 1 (SD1), situated outside the receptor binding domain (RBD). Our results indicate that a targeted functional antibody response and an additional focus on non-RBD epitopes could be effective for broad protection against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. We anticipate that the approach taken in this study can be applied to other viral vaccines for identifying future epitopes that confer cross-neutralizing antibody responses, and that our findings will inform a rational vaccine design for SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Frische
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (V.G.); (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
- Section of Molecular and Medicinal Biology, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (V.G.); (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (V.G.); (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
- Section of Molecular and Medicinal Biology, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (V.G.); (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (V.G.); (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rasmussen M, Møller FT, Gunalan V, Baig S, Bennedbæk M, Christiansen LE, Cohen AS, Ellegaard K, Fomsgaard A, Franck KT, Larsen NB, Larsen TG, Lassaunière R, Polacek C, Qvesel AG, Sieber RN, Rasmussen LD, Stegger M, Spiess K, Tang MHE, Vestergaard LS, Andersen TE, Hoegh SV, Pedersen RM, Skov MN, Steinke K, Sydenham TV, Hoppe M, Nielsen L, Krause TG, Ullum H, Jokelainen P. First cases of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 in Denmark, 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300460. [PMID: 37676147 PMCID: PMC10486197 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.36.2300460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe 10 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant BA.2.86 detected in Denmark, including molecular characteristics and results from wastewater surveillance that indicate that the variant is circulating in the country at a low level. This new variant with many spike gene mutations was classified as a variant under monitoring by the World Health Organization on 17 August 2023. Further global monitoring of COVID-19, BA.2.86 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants is highly warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Rasmussen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
| | - Frederik Trier Møller
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sharmin Baig
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Bennedbæk
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kirsten Ellegaard
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Træholt Franck
- Virus Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tine Graakjær Larsen
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amanda Gammelby Qvesel
- Virus Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphael Niklaus Sieber
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Dam Rasmussen
- Virus Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Katja Spiess
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Man-Hung Eric Tang
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics, Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Silje Vermedal Hoegh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune Micha Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Nielsine Skov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kat Steinke
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vognbjerg Sydenham
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Hoppe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Lene Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Tyra Grove Krause
- Epidemiological Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tingstedt JL, Stephen C, Risinger C, Blixt O, Gunalan V, Johansen IS, Fomsgaard A, Polacek C, Lassaunière R. Differential recognition of influenza A virus H1N1 neuraminidase by DNA vaccine-induced antibodies in pigs and ferrets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200718. [PMID: 37313410 PMCID: PMC10258320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) accounts for approximately 10-20% of the total glycoproteins on the surface of influenza viruses. It cleaves sialic acids on glycoproteins, which facilitates virus entry into the airways by cleaving heavily glycosylated mucins in mucus and the release of progeny virus from the surface of infected cells. These functions make NA an attractive vaccine target. To inform rational vaccine design, we define the functionality of influenza DNA vaccine-induced NA-specific antibodies relative to antigenic sites in pigs and ferrets challenged with a vaccine-homologous A/California/7/2009(H1N1)pdm09 strain. Sera collected pre-vaccination, post-vaccination and post-challenge were analyzed for antibody-mediated inhibition of NA activity using a recombinant H7N1CA09 virus. Antigenic sites were further identified with linear and conformational peptide microarrays spanning the full NA of A/California/04/2009(H1N1)pdm09. Vaccine-induced NA-specific antibodies inhibited the enzymatic function of NA in both animal models. The antibodies target critical sites of NA such as the enzymatic site, second sialic binding site and framework residues, shown here by high-resolution epitope mapping. New possible antigenic sites were identified that potentially block the catalytic activity of NA, including an epitope recognized solely in pigs and ferrets with neuraminidase inhibition, which could be a key antigenic site affecting NA function. These findings show that our influenza DNA vaccine candidate induces NA-specific antibodies that target known critical sites, and new potential antigenic sites of NA, inhibiting the catalytic activity of NA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christian Risinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isik Somuncu Johansen
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spiess K, Gunalan V, Marving E, Nielsen SH, Jørgensen MGP, Fomsgaard AS, Nielsen L, Alfaro-Núñez A, Karst SM, Mortensen S, Rasmussen M, Lassaunière R, Rosenstierne MW, Polacek C, Fonager J, Cohen AS, Nielsen C, Fomsgaard A. Rapid and Flexible RT-qPCR Surveillance Platforms To Detect SARS-CoV-2 Mutations. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0359122. [PMID: 36625603 PMCID: PMC9927487 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03591-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple mutations in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) increase transmission, disease severity, and immune evasion and facilitate zoonotic or anthropozoonotic infections. Four such mutations, ΔH69/V70, L452R, E484K, and N501Y, occurred in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in combinations that allow the simultaneous detection of VOCs. Here, we present two flexible reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) platforms for small- and large-scale screening (also known as variant PCR) to detect these mutations and schemes for adapting the platforms to future mutations. The large-scale RT-qPCR platform was validated by pairwise matching of RT-qPCR results with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) consensus genomes, showing high specificity and sensitivity. Both platforms are valuable examples of complementing WGS to support the rapid detection of VOCs. Our mutational signature approach served as an important intervention measure for the Danish public health system to detect and delay the emergence of new VOCs. IMPORTANCE Denmark weathered the SARS-CoV-2 crisis with relatively low rates of infection and death. Intensive testing strategies with the aim of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic and nonsymptomatic individuals were available by establishing a national test system called TestCenter Denmark. This testing regime included the detection of SARS-CoV-2 signature mutations, with referral to the national health system, thereby delaying outbreaks of variants of concern. Our study describes the design of the large-scale RT-qPCR platform established at TestCenter Denmark in conjunction with whole-genome sequencing to report mutations of concern to the national health system. Validation of the large-scale RT-qPCR platform using paired WGS consensus genomes showed high sensitivity and specificity. For smaller laboratories with limited infrastructure, we developed a flexible small-scale RT-qPCR platform to detect three signature mutations in a single run. The RT-qPCR platforms are important tools to support the control of the SARS-CoV-2 endemic in Denmark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Spiess
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellinor Marving
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anna S. Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Nielsen
- Test Center Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren M. Karst
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - The Danish COVID-19 Genome Consortium (DCGC)
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Test Center Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Qlife ApS Symbion, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shila Mortensen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotta Polacek
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arieh S. Cohen
- Test Center Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lyngse FP, Mortensen LH, Denwood MJ, Christiansen LE, Møller CH, Skov RL, Spiess K, Fomsgaard A, Lassaunière R, Rasmussen M, Stegger M, Nielsen C, Sieber RN, Cohen AS, Møller FT, Overvad M, Mølbak K, Krause TG, Kirkeby CT. Household transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Denmark. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5573. [PMID: 36151099 PMCID: PMC9508106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2021, the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant overtook the previously dominant Delta variant, but the extent to which this transition was driven by immune evasion or a change in the inherent transmissibility is currently unclear. We estimate SARS-CoV-2 transmission within Danish households during December 2021. Among 26,675 households (8,568 with the Omicron VOC), we identified 14,140 secondary infections within a 1-7-day follow-up period. The secondary attack rate was 29% and 21% in households infected with Omicron and Delta, respectively. For Omicron, the odds of infection were 1.10 (95%-CI: 1.00-1.21) times higher for unvaccinated, 2.38 (95%-CI: 2.23-2.54) times higher for fully vaccinated and 3.20 (95%-CI: 2.67-3.83) times higher for booster-vaccinated contacts compared to Delta. We conclude that the transition from Delta to Omicron VOC was primarily driven by immune evasiveness and to a lesser extent an inherent increase in the basic transmissibility of the Omicron variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Plesner Lyngse
- Department of Economics & Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,Danish Ministry of Health, Holbergsgade 6, DK-1057, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Statistics Denmark, Sejrøgade 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Engbo Christiansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Dynamical Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 324, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Robert Leo Skov
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Raphael Niklaus Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | - Maria Overvad
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tyra Grove Krause
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lassaunière R, Tiemessen CT. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody levels: what lies beneath. The Lancet Rheumatology 2022; 4:e579-e581. [PMID: 35966646 PMCID: PMC9363038 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(22)00225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lassaunière R, Polacek C, Frische A, Boding L, Sækmose SG, Rasmussen M, Fomsgaard A. Neutralizing Antibodies Against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant (BA.1) 1 to 18 Weeks After the Second and Third Doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2212073. [PMID: 35560054 PMCID: PMC9107029 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Frische
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Boding
- Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Rasmussen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou J, Peacock TP, Brown JC, Goldhill DH, Elrefaey AME, Penrice-Randal R, Cowton VM, De Lorenzo G, Furnon W, Harvey WT, Kugathasan R, Frise R, Baillon L, Lassaunière R, Thakur N, Gallo G, Goldswain H, Donovan-Banfield I, Dong X, Randle NP, Sweeney F, Glynn MC, Quantrill JL, McKay PF, Patel AH, Palmarini M, Hiscox JA, Bailey D, Barclay WS. Mutations that adapt SARS-CoV-2 to mink or ferret do not increase fitness in the human airway. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110344. [PMID: 35093235 PMCID: PMC8768428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has a broad mammalian species tropism infecting humans, cats, dogs, and farmed mink. Since the start of the 2019 pandemic, several reverse zoonotic outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 have occurred in mink, one of which reinfected humans and caused a cluster of infections in Denmark. Here we investigate the molecular basis of mink and ferret adaptation and demonstrate the spike mutations Y453F, F486L, and N501T all specifically adapt SARS-CoV-2 to use mustelid ACE2. Furthermore, we risk assess these mutations and conclude mink-adapted viruses are unlikely to pose an increased threat to humans, as Y453F attenuates the virus replication in human cells and all three mink adaptations have minimal antigenic impact. Finally, we show that certain SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging from circulation in humans may naturally have a greater propensity to infect mustelid hosts and therefore these species should continue to be surveyed for reverse zoonotic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel H Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rebekah Penrice-Randal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vanessa M Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laury Baillon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK; The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hannah Goldswain
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - I'ah Donovan-Banfield
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nadine P Randle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiachra Sweeney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martha C Glynn
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ebonwu J, Lassaunière R, Paximadis M, Goosen M, Strehlau R, Gray GE, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. An HIV Vaccine Protective Allele in FCGR2C Associates With Increased Odds of Perinatal HIV Acquisition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760571. [PMID: 34917081 PMCID: PMC8668943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial, a three-variant haplotype within the Fc gamma receptor 2C gene (FCGR2C) reduced the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. A follow-on trial, HVTN702, of a similar vaccine candidate found no efficacy in South Africa, where the predominant population is polymorphic for only a single variant in the haplotype, c.134-96C>T (rs114945036). To investigate a role for this variant in HIV-1 acquisition in South Africans, we used the model of maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission. A nested case-control study was conducted of infants born to mothers living with HIV-1, comparing children with perinatally-acquired HIV-1 (cases, n = 176) to HIV-1-exposed uninfected children (controls, n = 349). All had received nevirapine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. The FCGR2C copy number and expression variants (c.-386G>C, c.-120A>T c.169T>C, and c.798+1A>G) were determined using a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay and the c.134-96C>T genotype with Sanger sequencing. The copy number, genotype and allele carriage were compared between groups using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The FCGR2C c.134-96C>T genotype distribution and copy number differed significantly between HIV-1 cases and exposed-uninfected controls (P = 0.002, P Bonf = 0.032 and P = 0.010, P Bonf = > 0.05, respectively). The FCGR2C c.134-96T allele was overrepresented in the cases compared to the controls (58% vs 42%; P = 0.001, P Bonf = 0.016). Adjusting for birthweight and FCGR2C copy number, perinatal HIV-1 acquisition was associated with the c.134-96C>T (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.25-2.87; P = 0.003, P Bonf = 0.048) and c.169C>T (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI 1.45-3.95; P = 0.001, P Bonf = 0.016) minor alleles but not the promoter variant at position c.-386G>C. The c.134-96C>T variant was in strong linkage disequilibrium with the c.169C>T variant, but remained significantly associated with perinatal acquisition when adjusted for c.169C>T in multivariate analysis. In contrast to the protective effect observed in the Thai RV144 trial, we found the FCGR2C variant c.134-96T-allele associated with increased odds of perinatal HIV-1 acquisition in South African children. These findings, taken together with a similar deleterious association found with HIV-1 disease progression in South African adults, highlight the importance of elucidating the functional relevance of this variant in different populations and vaccination/disease contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Ebonwu
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Goosen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Renate Strehlau
- Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Receptors for the crystallisable fragment (Fc) of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), link the humoral and cellular arms of the immune response, providing a diverse armamentarium of antimicrobial effector functions. Findings from HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials highlight the need for further study of Fc-FcR interactions in understanding what may constitute vaccine-induced protective immunity. These include host genetic correlates identified within the low affinity Fcγ-receptor locus in three HIV-1 efficacy trials – VAX004, RV144, and HVTN 505. This perspective summarizes our present knowledge of FcγR genetics in the context of findings from HIV-1 efficacy trials, and draws on genetic variation described in other contexts, such as mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission and HIV-1 disease progression, to explore the potential contribution of FcγR variability in modulating different HIV-1 vaccine efficacy outcomes. Appreciating the complexity and the importance of the collective contribution of variation within the FCGR gene locus is important for understanding the role of FcγRs in protection against HIV-1 acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Caroline T. Tiemessen, ; Ria Lassaunière,
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Caroline T. Tiemessen, ; Ria Lassaunière,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lassaunière R, Polacek C, Fonager J, Bennedbæk M, Boding L, Rasmussen M, Fomsgaard A. Neutralisation of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant sub-lineages AY.4.2 and B.1.617.2 with the mutation E484K by Comirnaty (BNT162b2 mRNA) vaccine-elicited sera, Denmark, 1 to 26 November 2021. Euro Surveill 2021; 26. [PMID: 34886943 PMCID: PMC8662802 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.49.2101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Several factors may account for the recent increased spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta sub-lineage AY.4.2 in the United Kingdom, Romania, Poland, and Denmark. We evaluated the sensitivity of AY.4.2 to neutralisation by sera from 30 Comirnaty (BNT162b2 mRNA) vaccine recipients in Denmark in November 2021. AY.4.2 neutralisation was comparable to other circulating Delta lineages or sub-lineages. Conversely, the less prevalent B.1.617.2 with E484K showed a significant more than 4-fold reduction in neutralisation that warrants surveillance of strains with the acquired E484K mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Bennedbæk
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Boding
- Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rasmussen TB, Fonager J, Jørgensen CS, Lassaunière R, Hammer AS, Quaade ML, Boklund A, Lohse L, Strandbygaard B, Rasmussen M, Michaelsen TY, Mortensen S, Fomsgaard A, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. Infection, recovery and re-infection of farmed mink with SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010068. [PMID: 34780574 PMCID: PMC8629378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mink, on a farm with about 15,000 animals, became infected with SARS-CoV-2. Over 75% of tested animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in throat swabs and 100% of tested animals were seropositive. The virus responsible had a deletion of nucleotides encoding residues H69 and V70 within the spike protein gene as well as the A22920T mutation, resulting in the Y453F substitution within this protein, seen previously in mink. The infected mink recovered and after free-testing of 300 mink (a level giving 93% confidence of detecting a 1% prevalence), the animals remained seropositive. During further follow-up studies, after a period of more than 2 months without any virus detection, over 75% of tested animals again scored positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Whole genome sequencing showed that the viruses circulating during this re-infection were most closely related to those identified in the first outbreak on this farm but additional sequence changes had occurred. Animals had much higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum samples after the second round of infection than at free-testing or during recovery from initial infection, consistent with a boosted immune response. Thus, it was concluded that following recovery from an initial infection, seropositive mink were readily re-infected by SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michelle Lauge Quaade
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anette Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Bertel Strandbygaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Mortensen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (GJB); (AB)
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (GJB); (AB)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lassaunière R. SARS-CoV-2 Y453F is not the "cluster 5" variant. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101242. [PMID: 34700073 PMCID: PMC8541821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nguyen D, Simmonds P, Steenhuis M, Wouters E, Desmecht D, Garigliany M, Romano M, Barbezange C, Maes P, Van Holm B, Mendoza J, Oyonarte S, Fomsgaard A, Lassaunière R, Zusinaite E, Resman Rus K, Avšič-Županc T, Reimerink JH, Brouwer F, Hoogerwerf M, Reusken CB, Grodeland G, Le Cam S, Gallian P, Amroun A, Brisbarre N, Martinaud C, Leparc Goffart I, Schrezenmeier H, Feys HB, van der Schoot CE, Harvala H. SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody testing in Europe: towards harmonisation of neutralising antibody titres for better use of convalescent plasma and comparability of trial data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 34240697 PMCID: PMC8268650 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.27.2100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared the performance of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody testing between 12 European laboratories involved in convalescent plasma trials. Raw titres differed almost 100-fold differences between laboratories when blind-testing 15 plasma samples. Calibration of titres in relation to the reference reagent and standard curve obtained by testing a dilution series reduced the inter-laboratory variability ca 10-fold. The harmonisation of neutralising antibody quantification is a vital step towards determining the protective and therapeutic levels of neutralising antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dung Nguyen
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elise Wouters
- Transfusion Research Centre, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mutien Garigliany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marta Romano
- Immune Response service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van Holm
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Salvador Oyonarte
- Andalusian Network of Transfusion Medicine, Tissues and Cells, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Tartu University Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Johan Hj Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, RIVML, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona Brouwer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, RIVML, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Hoogerwerf
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, RIVML, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Bem Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, RIVML, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gunnveig Grodeland
- Dep. of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sophie Le Cam
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
| | - Pierre Gallian
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France.,Unité des Virus Émergents (Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Abdennour Amroun
- Unité des Virus Émergents (Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Nadège Brisbarre
- Unité des Virus Émergents (Aix-Marseille University - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.,Etablissement français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur et Corse, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Wurttemberg - Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hendrik B Feys
- Transfusion Research Centre, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, United Kingdom.,University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lassaunière R, Fonager J, Rasmussen M, Frische A, Polacek C, Rasmussen TB, Lohse L, Belsham GJ, Underwood A, Winckelmann AA, Bollerup S, Bukh J, Weis N, Sækmose SG, Aagaard B, Alfaro-Núñez A, Mølbak K, Bøtner A, Fomsgaard A. In vitro Characterization of Fitness and Convalescent Antibody Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Cluster 5 Variant Emerging in Mink at Danish Farms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698944. [PMID: 34248922 PMCID: PMC8267889 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to humans, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can transmit to animals that include hamsters, cats, dogs, mink, ferrets, tigers, lions, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, and treeshrew. Among these, mink are particularly susceptible. Indeed, 10 countries in Europe and North America reported SARS-CoV-2 infection among mink on fur farms. In Denmark, SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly among mink farms and spilled-over back into humans, acquiring mutations/deletions with unknown consequences for virulence and antigenicity. Here we describe a mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant (Cluster 5) characterized by 11 amino acid substitutions and four amino acid deletions relative to Wuhan-Hu-1. Temporal virus titration, together with genomic and subgenomic viral RNA quantitation, demonstrated a modest in vitro fitness attenuation of the Cluster 5 virus in the Vero-E6 cell line. Potential alterations in antigenicity conferred by amino acid changes in the spike protein that include three substitutions (Y453F, I692V, and M1229I) and a loss of two amino acid residues 69 and 70 (ΔH69/V70), were evaluated in a virus microneutralization assay. Compared to a reference strain, the Cluster 5 variant showed reduced neutralization in a proportion of convalescent human COVID-19 samples. The findings underscore the need for active surveillance SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus evolution in susceptible animal hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Frische
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Underwood
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anni Assing Winckelmann
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Bollerup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Weis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bitten Aagaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Division of Infectious Diseases Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Larsen HD, Fonager J, Lomholt FK, Dalby T, Benedetti G, Kristensen B, Urth TR, Rasmussen M, Lassaunière R, Rasmussen TB, Strandbygaard B, Lohse L, Chaine M, Møller KL, Berthelsen ASN, Nørgaard SK, Sönksen UW, Boklund AE, Hammer AS, Belsham GJ, Krause TG, Mortensen S, Bøtner A, Fomsgaard A, Mølbak K. Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33541485 PMCID: PMC7863232 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.5.210009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In June–November 2020, SARS-CoV-2-infected mink were detected in 290 of 1,147 Danish mink farms. In North Denmark Region, 30% (324/1,092) of people found connected to mink farms tested SARS-CoV-2-PCR-positive and approximately 27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25–30) of SARS-CoV-2-strains from humans in the community were mink-associated. Measures proved insufficient to mitigate spread. On 4 November, the government ordered culling of all Danish mink. Farmed mink constitute a potential virus reservoir challenging pandemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Mortensen
- Department of Animal Health, Danish Veterinary and Food administration, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Phaahla NG, Lassaunière R, Da Costa Dias B, Waja Z, Martinson NA, Tiemessen CT. Chronic HIV-1 Infection Alters the Cellular Distribution of FcγRIIIa and the Functional Consequence of the FcγRIIIa-F158V Variant. Front Immunol 2019; 10:735. [PMID: 31024562 PMCID: PMC6467939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-infection modulates the expression of Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on immune cells and their antibody-dependent effector function capability. Given the increasingly recognized importance of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in HIV-specific immunity, we investigated the cellular distribution of FcγRIIIa on cytotoxic lymphocytes—natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells—and the effect of the FcγRIIIa-F158V variant on ADCC capacity in HIV-infected individuals (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 23). Study participants were matched for F158V genotypes, carried two copies of the FCGR3A gene and were negative for FcγRIIb expression on NK cells. The distribution of CD56dimFcγRIIIabright and CD56negFcγRIIIabright NK cell subsets, but not FcγRIIIa surface expression, differed significantly between HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive donors. NK cell-mediated ADCC responses negatively correlated with the proportion of the immunoregulatory CD56brightFcγRIIIadim/neg cells and were lower in the HIV-1 positive group. Intriguingly, the FcγRIIIa-F158V variant differentially affected the NK-mediated ADCC responses for HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive donors. Healthy donors bearing at least one 158V allele had higher ADCC responses compared to those homozygous for the 158F allele (48.1 vs. 34.1%), whereas the opposite was observed for the HIV-infected group (26.4 vs. 34.6%), although not statistically significantly different. Furthermore, FcγRIIIa+CD8bright and FcγRIIIa+CD8dim T cell subsets were observed in both HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive donors, with median proportions that were significantly higher in HIV-1 positive donors compared to healthy controls (15.7 vs. 8.3%; P = 0.016 and 18.2 vs. 14.1%; P = 0.038, respectively). Using an HIV-1-specific GranToxiLux assay, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells mediate ADCC through the delivery of granzyme B, which was overall lower compared to that of autologous NK cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that in the presence of an HIV-1 infection, the cellular distribution of FcγRIIIa is altered and that the functional consequence of FcγRIIIa variant is affected. Importantly, it underscores the need to characterize FcγR expression, cellular distribution and functional consequences of FcγR genetic variants within a specific environment or disease state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ntando G. Phaahla
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bianca Da Costa Dias
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ziyaad Waja
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Soweto Matlosana Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil A. Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Soweto Matlosana Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Caroline T. Tiemessen
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lassaunière R, Paximadis M, Ebrahim O, Chaisson RE, Martinson NA, Tiemessen CT. The FCGR2C allele that modulated the risk of HIV-1 infection in the Thai RV144 vaccine trial is implicated in HIV-1 disease progression. Genes Immun 2018; 20:651-659. [PMID: 30563969 PMCID: PMC6881233 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the HIV-1 Thai RV144 vaccine trial—the only trial to demonstrate any
vaccine efficacy to date—a three-variant haplotype within the Fc gamma receptor 2C
gene (FCGR2C) modified the risk of HIV-1
acquisition. A similar vaccine regimen is currently being evaluated in South Africa
in the HVTN702 trial, where the predominant population is polymorphic for only a
single variant in the haplotype, c.134-96C>T. To investigate the significance of
c.134-96C>T in HIV-specific immunity in South Africans, this study assessed its
role in HIV-1 disease progression. In a cohort of HIV-1-infected South African
controllers (n = 71) and progressors (n = 73), the c.134-96C>T minor allele significantly
associated with increased odds of HIV-1 disease progression (odds ratio 3.80, 95%
confidence interval 1.90–7.62; P = 2.0 × 10–4, PBonf = 2.4 × 10–3).
It is unlikely that the underlying mechanism involves wild-type FcγRIIc function,
since only a single study participant was predicted to express wild-type FcγRIIc as
determined by the FCGR2C c.798+1A>G
splice-site variant. Conversely, in silico analysis revealed a potential role for
c.134-96C> T in modulating mRNA transcription. In conclusion, these data provide
additional evidence towards a role for FCGR2C
c.134-96C>T in the context of HIV-1 and underscore the need to investigate its
significance in the HVTN702 efficacy trial in South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and STI's, Johannesburg, South Africa.,University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Paximadis
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and STI's, Johannesburg, South Africa.,University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Osman Ebrahim
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Brenthurst Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Neil A Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,MRC Soweto Matlosana Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and STI's, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lassaunière R, Musekiwa A, Gray GE, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Perinatal HIV-1 transmission: Fc gamma receptor variability associates with maternal infectiousness and infant susceptibility. Retrovirology 2016; 13:40. [PMID: 27287460 PMCID: PMC4902924 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating data suggest that immune effector functions mediated through the Fc portion of HIV-1-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) are a key component of HIV-1 protective immunity, affecting both disease progression and HIV-1 acquisition. Through studying Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) variants known to alter IgG Fc-mediated immune responses, we indirectly assessed the role of FcγR-mediated effector functions in modulating perinatal HIV-1 transmission risk. In this study, genotypic data from 79 HIV-1 infected mothers and 78 HIV-1 infected infants (transmitting cases) were compared to 234 HIV-1 infected mothers and 235 HIV-1 exposed-uninfected infants (non-transmitting controls). Associations, unadjusted and adjusted for multiple comparisons, were assessed for overall transmission and according to mode of transmission—intrapartum (n = 31), in utero (n = 20), in utero-enriched (n = 48). Results The maternal FcγRIIIa-158V allele that confers enhanced antibody binding affinity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity capacity significantly associated with reduced HIV-1 transmission [odds ratio (OR) 0.47, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.28–0.79, P = 0.004; PBonf > 0.05]. In particular, the FcγRIIIa-158V allele was underrepresented in the in utero transmitting group (P = 0.048; PBonf > 0.05) and in utero-enriched transmitting groups (P = 0.0001; PBonf < 0.01). In both mother and infant, possession of an FcγRIIIb-HNA1b allotype that reduces neutrophil-mediated effector functions associated with increased transmission (OR 1.87, 95 % CI 1.08–3.21, P = 0.025; PBonf > 0.05) and acquisition (OR 1.91, 95 % CI 1.11–3.30, P = 0.020; PBonf > 0.05), respectively. Conversely, the infant FcγRIIIb-HNA1a|1a genotype was significantly protective of perinatal HIV-1 acquisition (OR 0.42, 95 % CI 0.18–0.96, P = 0.040; PBonf > 0.05). Conclusions The findings of this study suggest a potential role for FcγR-mediated effector functions in perinatal HIV-1 transmission. However, future studies are required to validate the findings of this study, in particular associations that did not retain significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0272-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Lassaunière
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alfred Musekiwa
- International Emerging Infections Programme, South Africa Global Disease Detection Centre, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shalekoff S, Schramm DB, Lassaunière R, Picton AC, Tiemessen CT. Differences are evident within the CXCR4–CXCL12 axis between ethnically divergent South African populations. Cytokine 2013; 61:792-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
25
|
Venter M, Lassaunière R, Kresfelder TL, Westerberg Y, Visser A. Contribution of common and recently described respiratory viruses to annual hospitalizations in children in South Africa. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1458-68. [PMID: 21678450 PMCID: PMC7166348 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of viruses to lower respiratory tract disease in sub‐Saharan Africa where human immunodeficiency virus may exacerbate respiratory infections is not well defined. No data exist on some of these viruses for Southern Africa. Comprehensive molecular screening may define the role of these viruses as single and co‐infections in a population with a high HIV‐AIDS burden. To address this, children less than 5 years of age with respiratory infections from 3 public sector hospitals, Pretoria South Africa were screened for 14 respiratory viruses, by PCR over 2 years. Healthy control children from the same region were included. Rhinovirus was identified in 33% of patients, RSV (30.1%), PIV‐3 (7.8%), hBoV (6.1%), adenovirus (5.7%), hMPV (4.8%), influenza A (3.4%), coronavirus NL63 (2.1%), and OC43 (1.8%). PIV‐1, PIV‐2, CoV‐229E, ‐HKU1, and influenza B occurred in <1.5% of patients. Most cases with adenovirus, influenza A, hMPV, hBoV, coronaviruses, and WU virus occurred as co‐infections while RSV, PIV‐3, and rhinovirus were identified most frequently as the only respiratory pathogen. Rhinovirus but not RSV or PIV‐3 was also frequently identified in healthy controls. A higher HIV sero‐prevalence was noticed in patients with co‐infections although co‐infections were not associated with more severe disease. RSV, hPMV, PIV‐3, and influenza viruses had defined seasons while rhinovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus infections occurred year round in this temporal region of sub‐Saharan Africa. J. Med. Virol. 83:1458–1468, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marietjie Venter
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lassaunière R, Kresfelder T, Venter M. A novel multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay with FRET hybridization probes for the detection and quantitation of 13 respiratory viruses. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:254-60. [PMID: 20153377 PMCID: PMC7112774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) hybridization probes were developed for the detection of 13 respiratory viruses, including well recognized viral causes (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza viruses types 1, 2, and 3, adenovirus) as well as viruses described recently as causes of acute respiratory tract infections (human coronaviruses NL63, HKU1, 229E, and OC43, human bocavirus, and human metapneumovirus). FRET probes have an improved toleration for single base mismatches than other probe chemistries, reducing the chances of missing highly variable RNA viruses. The assay could detect 2.5–25 DNA/RNA copies/μl (2.5 × 103–2.5 × 104 copies/ml). Validation on 91 known positive respiratory specimens indicated similar specificity as commercial direct immunofluorescence assays (IFA) or single-round PCRs used in initial identification. Screening of 270 IFA negative respiratory specimens identified new viruses in 40/270 (14.8%) cases and additional 79/270 (29.3%) well recognized viruses missed by routine diagnostic assays including 6.7% co-infections. All viruses could be detected in the clinical screening panel. The assays demonstrates an improved sensitivity and scope of detecting respiratory viruses relative to routine antigen detection assays while the quantitative utility may facilitate investigation of the role of co-infections and viral load in respiratory virus pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lassaunière
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|