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Rasmussen TB, Fonager J, Jørgensen CS, Lassaunière R, Hammer AS, Quaade ML, Boklund A, Lohse L, Strandbygaard B, Rasmussen M, Michaelsen TY, Mortensen S, Fomsgaard A, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. Infection, recovery and re-infection of farmed mink with SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010068. [PMID: 34780574 PMCID: PMC8629378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mink, on a farm with about 15,000 animals, became infected with SARS-CoV-2. Over 75% of tested animals were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in throat swabs and 100% of tested animals were seropositive. The virus responsible had a deletion of nucleotides encoding residues H69 and V70 within the spike protein gene as well as the A22920T mutation, resulting in the Y453F substitution within this protein, seen previously in mink. The infected mink recovered and after free-testing of 300 mink (a level giving 93% confidence of detecting a 1% prevalence), the animals remained seropositive. During further follow-up studies, after a period of more than 2 months without any virus detection, over 75% of tested animals again scored positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Whole genome sequencing showed that the viruses circulating during this re-infection were most closely related to those identified in the first outbreak on this farm but additional sequence changes had occurred. Animals had much higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum samples after the second round of infection than at free-testing or during recovery from initial infection, consistent with a boosted immune response. Thus, it was concluded that following recovery from an initial infection, seropositive mink were readily re-infected by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michelle Lauge Quaade
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anette Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Bertel Strandbygaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Mortensen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (GJB); (AB)
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (GJB); (AB)
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Larsen HD, Fonager J, Lomholt FK, Dalby T, Benedetti G, Kristensen B, Urth TR, Rasmussen M, Lassaunière R, Rasmussen TB, Strandbygaard B, Lohse L, Chaine M, Møller KL, Berthelsen ASN, Nørgaard SK, Sönksen UW, Boklund AE, Hammer AS, Belsham GJ, Krause TG, Mortensen S, Bøtner A, Fomsgaard A, Mølbak K. Preliminary report of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in mink and mink farmers associated with community spread, Denmark, June to November 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33541485 PMCID: PMC7863232 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.5.210009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In June–November 2020, SARS-CoV-2-infected mink were detected in 290 of 1,147 Danish mink farms. In North Denmark Region, 30% (324/1,092) of people found connected to mink farms tested SARS-CoV-2-PCR-positive and approximately 27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25–30) of SARS-CoV-2-strains from humans in the community were mink-associated. Measures proved insufficient to mitigate spread. On 4 November, the government ordered culling of all Danish mink. Farmed mink constitute a potential virus reservoir challenging pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tine Dalby
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Mortensen
- Department of Animal Health, Danish Veterinary and Food administration, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hammer AS, Quaade ML, Rasmussen TB, Fonager J, Rasmussen M, Mundbjerg K, Lohse L, Strandbygaard B, Jørgensen CS, Alfaro-Núñez A, Rosenstierne MW, Boklund A, Halasa T, Fomsgaard A, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission between Mink (Neovison vison) and Humans, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 27:547-551. [PMID: 33207152 PMCID: PMC7853580 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.203794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a pandemic in humans. Farmed mink (Neovison vison) are also susceptible. In Denmark, this virus has spread rapidly among farmed mink, resulting in some respiratory disease. Full-length virus genome sequencing revealed novel virus variants in mink. These variants subsequently appeared within the local human community.
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4
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Lohse L, Krog JS, Strandbygaard B, Rasmussen TB, Kjær J, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. Experimental Infection of Young Pigs with an Early European Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus and a Recent US Strain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1380-1386. [PMID: 27161288 PMCID: PMC7169680 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) were reported across Europe during the 1980s and 1990s, but only sporadic outbreaks occurred in recent years. PED virus (PEDV) spread for the first time into the USA in 2013 and has caused severe economic losses. Retrospectively, it was found that two different strains of PEDV have been introduced into the United States, both are closely related to strains circulating in China where a new wave of the disease occurred from 2010 onwards. Since autumn 2014, new outbreaks of PED have occurred in Europe. In this study, weaned piglets were inoculated with an early European isolate (Br1/87) or faecal/intestinal suspensions derived from pigs infected with a recent European strain of PEDV (from Germany) or a US strain of PEDV. No evidence for infection resulted from inoculation of pigs with the German sample that contained high levels of PEDV RNA; there were no clinical signs, excretion of viral RNA or anti-PEDV antibody production. In contrast, all the pigs in the other two groups showed evidence of infection. Mild clinical signs of disease, mainly diarrhoea, occurred in piglets inoculated with the Br1/87 and US PEDV strains. PEDV RNA was detected throughout the intestine in euthanized animals at 4 days post-inoculation. In addition, within these animals, low levels of viral RNA were detected in lungs and livers with higher levels in spleens. Seroconversion against PEDV occurred in all surviving infected animals within 10 days. PEDV RNA excretion occurred for at least 2 weeks. The US PEDV RNA was detected at low levels in serum samples on multiple days. It is apparent that current diagnostic systems can detect infection by the different virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lohse
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLindholmKalvehaveDenmark
| | - J. S. Krog
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLindholmKalvehaveDenmark
| | - B. Strandbygaard
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLindholmKalvehaveDenmark
| | - T. B. Rasmussen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLindholmKalvehaveDenmark
| | - J. Kjær
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLindholmKalvehaveDenmark
| | - G. J. Belsham
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLindholmKalvehaveDenmark
| | - A. Bøtner
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLindholmKalvehaveDenmark
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5
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Strandbygaard B, Lavazza A, Lelli D, Blanchard Y, Grasland B, Poder SL, Rose N, Steinbach F, van der Poel WHM, Widén F, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A. Inter-laboratory study to characterize the detection of serum antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Vet Microbiol 2016; 197:151-160. [PMID: 27938678 PMCID: PMC7117164 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused extensive economic losses to pig producers in many countries. It was recently introduced, for the first time, into North America and outbreaks have occurred again in multiple countries within Europe as well. To assess the properties of various diagnostic assays for the detection of PEDV infection, multiple panels of porcine sera have been shared and tested for the presence of antibodies against PEDV in an inter-laboratory ring trial. Different laboratories have used a variety of "in house" ELISAs and also one commercial assay. The sensitivity and specificity of each assay has been estimated using a Bayesian analysis applied to the ring trial results obtained with the different assays in the absence of a gold standard. Although different characteristics were found, it can be concluded that each of the assays used can detect infection of pigs at a herd level by either the early European strains of PEDV or the recently circulating strains (INDEL and non-INDEL). However, not all the assays seem suitable for demonstrating freedom from disease in a country. The results from individual animals, especially when the infection has occurred within an experimental situation, show more variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertel Strandbygaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- IZSLER - Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Davide Lelli
- IZSLER - Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- ANSES - Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané - BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France.
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- ANSES - Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané - BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France.
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France; ANSES - Laboratory of Animal Health of Maisons-Alfort - UMR 1161 Virology, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, France.
| | - Nicolas Rose
- ANSES - Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané - BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France.
| | - Falko Steinbach
- APHA, Dept of Virology, Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey. KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Wim H M van der Poel
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Edelhertweg 15, 8219PH, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Frederik Widén
- The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
| | - Anette Bøtner
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
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Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB, Normann P, Vaclavek P, Strandbygaard B, Bøtner A. Characterization of a Novel Chimeric Swine Enteric Coronavirus from Diseased Pigs in Central Eastern Europe in 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:595-601. [PMID: 27619563 PMCID: PMC7169874 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During a severe outbreak of diarrhoea and vomiting in a pig herd in Central Eastern Europe, faecal samples were tested positive for porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and negative for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) using a commercial RT-qPCR assay that can detect both of these coronaviruses. However, further analyses, using other TGEV- and PEDV-specific RT-qPCR assays, provided results inconsistent with infection by either of these viruses. Sequencing of an amplicon (ca. 1.6 kb), generated by an RT-PCR specific for the PEDV S-gene, indicated a very close similarity (ca. 99% identity) to recently described chimeric viruses termed swine enteric coronaviruses (SeCoVs). These viruses (with an RNA genome of ca. 28 kb) were first identified in Italy in samples from 2009 but have not been detected there since 2012. A closely related virus was detected in archived samples in Germany from 2012, but has not been detected subsequently. Building on the initial sequence data, further amplicons were generated and over 9 kb of sequence corresponding to the 3'-terminus of the new SeCoV genome was determined. Sequence comparisons showed that the three known SeCoVs are ≥98% identical across this region and contain the S-gene and 3a sequences from PEDV within a backbone of TGEV, but the viruses are clearly distinct from each other. It is demonstrated, for the first time, that pigs from within the SeCoV-infected herd seroconverted against PEDV but tested negative in a TGEV-specific ELISA that detects antibodies against the S protein. These results indicate that SeCoV is continuing to circulate in Europe and suggest it can cause a disease that is very similar to PED. Specific detection of the chimeric SeCoVs either requires development of a new diagnostic RT-qPCR assay or the combined use of assays targeting the PEDV S-gene and another part of the TGEV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - T B Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - P Normann
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - P Vaclavek
- Department of Virology, State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - B Strandbygaard
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - A Bøtner
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark.
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7
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Gerber PF, Lelli D, Zhang J, Strandbygaard B, Moreno A, Lavazza A, Perulli S, Bøtner A, Comtet L, Roche M, Pourquier P, Wang C, Opriessnig T. Diagnostic evaluation of assays for detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in pigs exposed to different PEDV strains. Prev Vet Med 2016; 135:87-94. [PMID: 27931933 PMCID: PMC7126628 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused economic losses in the Americas, Asia and Europe in recent years. Reliable serological assays are essential for epidemiological studies and vaccine evaluation. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect antibodies against different PEDV strains in pig serum. A total of 732 serum samples from North American or European pigs were tested. Samples included experimental samples from pigs infected with classical (G1a PEDV) or variant genogroup 1 PEDV (G1b PEDV), pandemic genogroup 2 PEDV (G2b PEDV) or non-infected controls. Field samples from herds with confirmed or unknown PEDV exposure were also used. Three indirect ELISAs based on G2b antigens (ELISAs 1, 2 and 3), a competitive ELISA based on the G2b antigen (ELISA 4) and a competitive ELISA based on the G1a antigen (ELISA 5) were compared. Overall, the tests had a moderate agreement (κ = 0.61). G1a PEDV infected pigs were earliest detected by ELISA 3, G1b PEDV infected pigs were earliest detected by ELISAs 4 and 5 and the performance of all tests was similar for the G2b PEDV group. ELISA 1 showed the overall lowest detection on experimentally and field derived samples. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity with a 95% probability interval were estimated to be 68.2% (62.1–74.4%) and 97.5% (95.2–99.0%) for ELISA 1, 73.7% (71.5–79.6%) and 98.4% (96.6–99.5%) for ELISA 2, 86.2% (81.1–90.6%) and 91.6% (87.7–94.8%) for ELISA 3, 78.3% (72.8–83.5%) and 99.7% (98.2–100%) for ELISA 4, and 93.5% (90.3–96.0%) and 91.2% (83.8–97.9%) for ELISA 5. Differences in detection among assays seem to be more related to intrinsic factors of an assay than to the PEDV antigen used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F Gerber
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Perulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Anette Bøtner
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Loic Comtet
- Innovative Diagnostics IDvet, Grabels, France
| | | | | | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Wasniewski M, Almeida I, Baur A, Bedekovic T, Boncea D, Chaves LB, David D, De Benedictis P, Dobrostana M, Giraud P, Hostnik P, Jaceviciene I, Kenklies S, König M, Mähar K, Mojzis M, Moore S, Mrenoski S, Müller T, Ngoepe E, Nishimura M, Nokireki T, Pejovic N, Smreczak M, Strandbygaard B, Wodak E, Cliquet F. First international collaborative study to evaluate rabies antibody detection method for use in monitoring the effectiveness of oral vaccination programmes in fox and raccoon dog in Europe. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:77-85. [PMID: 27751949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The most effective and sustainable method to control and eliminate rabies in wildlife is the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of target species, namely foxes and raccoon dogs in Europe. According to WHO and OIE, the effectiveness of oral vaccination campaigns should be regularly assessed via disease surveillance and ORV antibody monitoring. Rabies antibodies are generally screened for in field animal cadavers, whose body fluids are often of poor quality. Therefore, the use of alternative methods such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been proposed to improve reliability of serological results obtained on wildlife samples. We undertook an international collaborative study to determine if the commercial BioPro ELISA Rabies Ab kit is a reliable and reproducible tool for rabies serological testing. Our results reveal that the overall specificity evaluated on naive samples reached 96.7%, and the coefficients of concordance obtained for fox and raccoon dog samples were 97.2% and 97.5%, respectively. The overall agreement values obtained for the four marketed oral vaccines used in Europe were all equal to or greater than 95%. The coefficients of concordance obtained by laboratories ranged from 87.2% to 100%. The results of this collaborative study show good robustness and reproducibility of the BioPro ELISA Rabies Ab kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wasniewski
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - I Almeida
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária (LNIV), Estrada de Benfica No 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Baur
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestr. 28/3, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - T Bedekovic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute Laboratory for Rabies/Virology, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - D Boncea
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, NRL For Rabies, no 63, Dr. Staicovici Street, sector 5 050557 Bucharest, Romania
| | - L B Chaves
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico da Raiva, Instituto Pasteur - Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Avenida Paulista, 393 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo/SP 01311-000, Brazil
| | - D David
- Kimron Veterinary Institute Rabies Laboratory, Derech Hamacabim street, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - P De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Dobrostana
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR" Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Lejupes iela 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - P Giraud
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses du Pas-de-Calais, Parc de Hautes technologies des Bonnettes 2, rue du genévrier, 62022 Arras cedex 2, France
| | - P Hostnik
- National Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Virology, Gerbiceva 60, 1 000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Jaceviciene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Virology Unit, Kairiukscio Str. 10, LT-08409 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - S Kenklies
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Haferbreiter Weg 132-135, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - M König
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, JLU-Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Mähar
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Virology and Serology Department, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51 006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Mojzis
- State Veterinary Institute Zvolen, Pod drahami 918, 960 86 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - S Moore
- Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory, 2005 Research Park Circle, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - S Mrenoski
- University Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Skopje, Department for Microbiology and Immunology, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - T Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - E Ngoepe
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), 100 old Soutpan road, Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Nishimura
- Research Institute for Animal Science In Biochemistry and Toxicology, 3-7-11, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara-Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - T Nokireki
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira Department Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu, 3 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Pejovic
- Diagnostic Veterinary Laboratory - Podgorica Bul. Dzordza Vasingtona, bb p.fah 69, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - M Smreczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Partyzanow av. 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - B Strandbygaard
- DTU, National Veterinary Institute Division of Virology, Lindholm Kalvehave Havnevej 51 DK- 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - E Wodak
- AGES, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Department for Virology Robert Koch Gasse 17 A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - F Cliquet
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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9
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Rangelova D, Nielsen J, Strandbygaard B, Koenen F, Blome S, Uttenthal Å. Efficacy of marker vaccine candidate CP7_E2alf in piglets with maternally derived C-strain antibodies. Vaccine 2012; 30:6376-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Following the first ever case of bluetongue in Denmark during late 2007, further outbreaks were observed in Denmark during 2008, despite vaccination against bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8) in the southern part of the country. In total, 15 separate outbreaks of infection were identified, mostly as a result of clinical suspicions but also because of surveillance of bulk milk samples. These outbreaks led to extensions of the original vaccination zone planned for 2008. Blood samples from clinical suspects were analysed using ELISA and real-time RT-PCR assays for the presence of anti-BTV antibodies and viral RNA, respectively. A newly infected calf from the primary outbreak in 2008 was studied for a period of three months, during which time it seroconverted to BTV, but the presence of viral RNA in its blood was maintained throughout this time. Each outbreak was caused by BTV-8, as determined by a serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR assay. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence of a portion of segment 2 of the viral RNA (encoding the outer capsid protein VP2) from the samples analysed was identical to the BTV-8 segment 2 that circulated in the Netherlands during 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Rasmussen
- Division of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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11
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Mortensen S, Strandbygaard B, Bøtner A, Feld N, Willeberg P. Monitoring porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection status in swine herds based on analysis of antibodies in meat juice samples. Vet Res 2001; 32:441-53. [PMID: 11592614 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An indirect ELISA test was developed as a novel tool aimed at monitoring the herd infection status of swine herds. Meat juice samples from pig carcasses were analysed for the presence of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). A study of samples from herds with known PRRS status was undertaken. The PRRS status of the herds was evaluated based on the analysis of blood samples by another serological test (blocking ELISA) capable of differentiating between infection with PRRSV of the American type and European type. The specificity of the indirect ELISA test on meat juice samples was 0.98. The sensitivity of the test depended on the type of the PRRSV strain involved. The apparent prevalence in herds infected with the American type of PRRSV was 0.44. The apparent prevalence in herds infected with the European type of PRRSV was 0.64. Herd level sampling and herd level criteria for assessing the PRRS status of herds by the new test were developed. Herds were classified as PRRS negative or PRRS seropositive based on 10 meat juice samples collected randomly at slaughter throughout a 3-month-period. Herd PRRS status classification by the indirect ELISA was validated in 47 herds by collection of blood samples from the herds. Eighteen herds were classified as PRRS negative by both test systems. Twenty-nine herds were classified as PRRS seropositive by both test systems. Acceptable herd classification was achieved using this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mortensen
- The National Committee for Pig Production, Danish Bacon and Meat Council, Veterinary and Food Advisory Service, Copenhagen V.
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Mortensen S, Strandbygaard B, Bøtner A, Feld N, Willeberg P. Monitoring of PRRSV infection status in swine herds based on analysis of antibodies in meat sample drippings. Vet Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Bøtner A, Strandbygaard B, Sørensen KJ, Oleksiewicz MB, Storgaard T. Distinction between infections with European and American/vaccine type PRRS virus after vaccination with a modified-live PRRS virus vaccine. Vet Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Madsen KG, Hansen CM, Madsen ES, Strandbygaard B, Bøtner A, Sørensen KJ. Sequence analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus of the American type collected from Danish swine herds. Arch Virol 1998; 143:1683-700. [PMID: 9787654 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-like viruses of American type of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were detected in serum samples by RT-PCR. The viruses were analysed by nucleotide sequencing of the genomic region encoding open reading frames 2 to 7. During the ongoing study of Danish isolates of PRRSV by means of nucleotide sequencing, RT-PCR reactions and subsequent nucleotide sequencing showed the presence of American type PRRSV in Danish breeding herds. Most likely, these atypical viruses originated from boars vaccinated with live vaccine of American type (MLV RespPRRS), which were taken to artificial insemination centres and there brought together with unvaccinated boars already at the centres. The nucleotide sequences of three Danish viruses of American type PRRSV were compared to those of known PRRSV isolates. The nucleotide sequence identities of the atypical Danish isolates were between 99.2-99.5% to the vaccine virus RespPRRS and 99.0-99.3% to VR2332 which are the parental virus to the vaccine virus. Phylogenetic analysis including field isolates of American type supports the conclusion that the introduction of American type PRRSV in Denmark was due to spread of vaccine virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Madsen
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
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15
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Sørensen KJ, Strandbygaard B, Bøtner A, Madsen ES, Nielsen J, Have P. Blocking ELISA's for the distinction between antibodies against European and American strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 1998; 60:169-77. [PMID: 9646448 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A double blocking ELISA was developed in order to satisfy the need for large scale serological screening for PRRS and simultaneous distinction between infection with European and American strains of PRRSV in pig herds. The Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and the double blocking ELISA enabled distinction on serological basis between infection with European and American strains of PRRSV. The distinction was possible from about day 7 after infection of pigs with PRRSV. The double blocking ELISA enabled the distinction at later stages of infection compared to the IPMA, irrespective of the strain involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Sørensen
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Bøtner A, Strandbygaard B, Sørensen KJ, Have P, Madsen KG, Madsen ES, Alexandersen S. Appearance of acute PRRS-like symptoms in sow herds after vaccination with a modified live PRRS vaccine. Vet Rec 1997; 141:497-9. [PMID: 9402722 DOI: 10.1136/vr.141.19.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bøtner
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Kalvehave, Denmark
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17
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Sørensen KJ, Bøtner A, Madsen ES, Strandbygaard B, Nielsen J. Evaluation of a blocking Elisa for screening of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Vet Microbiol 1997; 56:1-8. [PMID: 9228677 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A blocking Elisa was developed for the detection of antibodies against PRRS virus with a view to satisfying the need for examination of blood samples on a large scale. The test was evaluated in comparison with an indirect Elisa and the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. The blocking Elisa was sensitive and specific. It had a higher capacity and was cheaper to perform than the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and the indirect Elisa. It was comparable to the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and better than the indirect Elisa in detecting antibodies formed early after infection, and it was superior to both the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and the indirect Elisa in detecting antibodies at a late stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Sørensen
- Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark.
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18
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Abstract
A total of 121 Escherichia coli strains isolated from 3-week-old mink kits were serotyped and examined for virulence factors. 56 strains were isolated from healthy kits while 65 were from "sticky kits". Among these, 34 different serotypes were detected. No difference in serotypes or the presence of virulence factors could be detected between healthy and diseased kits. By electron microscopy of faecal samples corona-, rota-, and calicivirus were demonstrated among healthy as well as diseased kits.
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Jørgensen M, Scheutz F, Strandbygaard B. Escherichia coli and virus isolated from "sticky kits". Acta Vet Scand 1996; 37:163-9. [PMID: 8767695 PMCID: PMC8064010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 121 Escherichia coli strains isolated from 3-week-old mink kits were serotyped and examined for virulence factors. 56 strains were isolated from healthy kits while 65 were from "sticky kits". Among these, 34 different serotypes were detected. No difference in serotypes or the presence of virulence factors could be detected between healthy and diseased kits. By electron microscopy of faecal samples corona-, rota-, and calicivirus were demonstrated among healthy as well as diseased kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jørgensen
- International Escherichia Centre (WHO), Danish Human Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Langeveld JP, Kamstrup S, Uttenthal A, Strandbygaard B, Vela C, Dalsgaard K, Beekman NJ, Meloen RH, Casal JI. Full protection in mink against mink enteritis virus with new generation canine parvovirus vaccines based on synthetic peptide or recombinant protein. Vaccine 1995; 13:1033-7. [PMID: 8525686 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)00021-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two recently developed vaccine--one based on synthetic peptide and one based on recombinant capsid protein--fully protected dogs against heavy experimental canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. The high sequence homology ( > 98%) and antigenic similarity between CPV and mink enteritis virus (MEV), feline panleukopenia virus, and raccoon parvovirus, suggest that both vaccines could protect mink, cats and raccoons against these respective host range variants. This was tested in mink and turned out to be the case. The two vaccines were fully protective and as effective as a conventional commercial vaccine based on inactivated virus. Surprisingly, this protection was obtained after only a single injection. Furthermore, the vaccinal dose of 150 micrograms of conjugated peptide or 3 micrograms of recombinant VP2 particles per animal, are sufficiently low to be cost-effective and applicable on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Langeveld
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DLO), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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