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Lee Y, Kim HM, Kim JH, Lee JH, Zhang KX, Gao EM, Jeon JS, Syed AS, Son RH, Kim JY, Kim CY. Chemical constituents of the Ajuga multiflora bunge and their protective effects on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1978-1985. [PMID: 36000191 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2115491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Ajuga multiflora Bunge is a perennial ornamental herb and has been used for the treatment of fever in Korean folk medicine. In the course of searching for protective agents associated with the potential of A. multiflora against dexamethsone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy, a new phytoecdysteroid, 29-hydroxyprecyasterone (1), together with four known compounds (2-5), were isolated from A. multiflora. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-MS interpretation. To elucidate the effects of obtained compounds on DEX-induced muscle atrophy, the myotubes diameter, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) positive area, and fusion index were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Overall, each compound treatment effectively prevented the atrophic myotubes through an increase of MyHC-positive myotubes and the number of nuclei. Particularly, the measurement of myotube diameter showed that compounds 1 and 5 treatment significantly alleviated the myotube thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kai Xuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - En Mei Gao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Seung Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Shah Syed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Rak Ho Son
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,R&D Center, Huons Co. Ltd, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Jeon JS, Kim JH, Jung EJ, Lee YJ, Gao EM, Syed AS, Son RH, Kim CY. Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Two Eudesmane Sesquiterpenes from Lindera strychnifolia Using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Molecules 2021; 26:5269. [PMID: 34500702 PMCID: PMC8433645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) separation was applied to identify antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) induction molecules from the crude extract of Lindera strychnifolia roots. CPC was operated with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-methanol-water (10:8.5:1.5, v/v/v) in dual mode (descending to ascending), which provided a high recovery rate (>95.5%) with high resolution. Then, ARE induction activity of obtained CPC fractions was examined in ARE-transfected HepG2 cells according to the weight ratios of the obtained fractions. The fraction exhibiting ARE-inducing activity was further purified by preparative HPLC that led to isolation of two eudesmane type sesquiterpenes as active compounds. The chemical structures were elucidated as linderolide U (1) and a new sesquiterpene named as linderolide V (2) by spectroscopic data. Further bioactivity test demonstrated that compounds 1 and 2 enhanced ARE activity by 22.4-fold and 7.6-fold, respectively, at 100 μM concentration while 5 μM of sulforaphane induced ARE activity 24.8-fold compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Je-Seung Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Yun Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
| | - En Mei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Ahmed Shah Syed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan;
| | - Rak Ho Son
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.); (R.H.S.)
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Kim JH, Jung EJ, Lee YJ, Gao EM, Syed AS, Kim CY. Bioassay-Guided Separation of Centipeda minima Using Comprehensive Linear Gradient Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133077. [PMID: 32640706 PMCID: PMC7412496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive linear gradient solvent system for centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was developed for the bioassay-guided isolation of natural compounds. The gradient solvent system consisted of three different ternary biphasic solvents types: n-hexane–acetonitrile–water (10:2:8, v/v), ethyl acetate–acetonitrile–water (10:2:8, v/v), and water-saturated n-butanol–acetonitrile–water (10:2:8, v/v). The lower phase of the n-hexane–acetonitrile–water (10:2:8, v/v) was used as the stationary phase, while its upper phase, as well as ethyl acetate–acetonitrile–water (10:2:8), and water-saturated n-butanol–acetonitrile–water (10:2:8, v/v) were pumped to generate a linear gradient elution, increasing the mobile phase polarity. We used the gradient CPC to identify antioxidant response elements (AREs), inducing compounds from Centipeda minima, using an ARE-luciferase assay in HepG2 cells, which led to the purification of the active molecules 3-methoxyquercetin and brevilin A. The developed CPC solvent systems allow the separation and isolation of compounds with a wide polarity range, allowing active molecule identification in the complex crude extract of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Yun Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.)
| | - En Mei Gao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Ahmed Shah Syed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76088, Pakistan;
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea; (J.H.K.); (E.J.J.); (Y.J.L.); (E.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5809; Fax: +82-31-400-5958
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Kim MI, Kim JH, Syed AS, Kim YM, Choe KK, Kim CY. Application of Centrifugal Partition Chromatography for Bioactivity-Guided Purification of Antioxidant-Response-Element-Inducing Constituents from Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092274. [PMID: 30200578 PMCID: PMC6225303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-guided separation of antioxidant response element (ARE)-inducing constituents from the rhizomes of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba was performed by the combination of centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and an ARE luciferase reporter assay. From 3 g of the active n-hexane fraction, one polyacetylene, (6E,12E)-tetradeca-6,12-dien-8,10-diyne-1,3-diyl diacetate (47.3 mg), and two sesquiterpenes, atractylenolide I (40.9 mg), and selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one (6.0 mg) were successfully isolated by CPC with n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (8:2:8:2, v/v). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1H- and 13C-NMR and ESI-MS. Among the isolated compounds, (6E,12E)-tetradeca-6,12-diene-8,10-diyne-1,3-diol diacetate and selina-4(14),7(11)-dien-8-one increased ARE activity 32.9-fold and 16.6-fold, respectively, without significant cytotoxicity, when 5 µM sulforaphane enhanced ARE activity 27.1-fold. However, atractylenolide I did not increase ARE activity at 100 µM, and showed cytotoxicity at concentrations over 10 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Ahmed Shah Syed
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Kevin Kyungsik Choe
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
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Akram M, Kim KA, Kim ES, Syed AS, Kim CY, Lee JS, Bae ON. Potent Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Actions of the Chloroform Extract of Dendropanax morbifera Mediated by the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:728-36. [PMID: 27150144 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendropanax morbifera LEVEILLE (DP) has been used in traditional Korean medicines to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases. Although the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of this plant is understood, its in vivo efficacy and underlying molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects are largely unknown. We elucidated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and the underlying molecular mechanisms of DP using in vitro and in vivo models. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages were used to analyze the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of DP extract and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In vivo animal models of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema and acetic acid-induced writhing response tests were used to analyze the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects and anti-nociceptive effects of DP extract, respectively. Methanolic extract of DP (DPME) significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-activated macrophages. Among the five sub-fractions, the chloroform fraction (DP-C) showed the most potent suppressive effects against pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These effects were attributed to inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 phosphorylation and to activation of NF-E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling. DP-C exhibited strong protective in vivo effects in TPA-induced ear edema mouse model and acetic acid-induced writhing response test. Our data suggest that DP-C has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and may be a promising treatment against a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University
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Kim K, Kim JJ, Jung Y, Noh JY, Syed AS, Kim CY, Lee MY, Lim KM, Bae ON, Chung JH. Cyclocurcumin, an Antivasoconstrictive Constituent of Curcuma longa (Turmeric). J Nat Prod 2017; 80:196-200. [PMID: 28068085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing attention on the therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa (turmeric), the biological activities of curcuminoids other than curcumin are not well understood. Here, we investigated antivasoconstrictive activities of C. longa extract and its ingredients using freshly isolated rat aortic rings. C. longa extract significantly suppressed agonist-stimulated vasoconstriction, and cyclocurcumin was found to be the most potent (IC50 against phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction: 14.9 ± 1.0 μM) among the 10 tested ingredients including four curcuminoids. Cyclocurcumin significantly inhibited contraction of vascular smooth muscle, which was mediated by the suppression of myosin-light-chain phosphorylation and calcium influx via the L-type calcium channel. The inhibitory effect of cyclocurcumin was observed to be reversible and without cytotoxicity. Taken together, we demonstrated that cyclocurcumin, a bioactive ingredient in C. longa, may have a therapeutic potential as a novel antivasoconstrictive natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jung-Jun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeryeon Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ahmed Shah Syed
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University , Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University , Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University , Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University , Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Korea
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Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of a methanolic extract of aerial parts Actinidia polygama Miq. led to the isolation of one new diacetylated flavonol triglycoside, kaempferol 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→3)-(4-O-acetyl)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-(2-Oacetyl)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside] (1) along with 12 known compounds (2-13). The chemical structures were determined using their spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that compounds 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13 are isolated from this plant. All purified compounds were tested for free radical scavenging effect using DPPH and ABTS assays. Our results showed that compounds 4, 6, 7 and 13 have potential antioxidative effect for scavenging both DPPH· and ABTS·+ radicals that are comparable with those of ascorbic acid used as positive control, whereas compounds 1 and 2, which are di- and mono- acetylated flavonol triglycoside respectively, were not found to be potent scavengers of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shah Syed
- a College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Seung Jeon
- a College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- a College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Republic of Korea
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Syed AS, Akram M, Bae ON, Kim CY. Isocassiaoccidentalin B, A NewC-Glycosyl Flavone Containing a 3-Keto Sugar, and Other Constituents fromCassia nomame. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shah Syed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; College of Pharmacy; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Korea
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Jeon JS, Park CL, Syed AS, Kim YM, Cho IJ, Kim CY. Preparative separation of sesamin and sesamolin from defatted sesame meal via centrifugal partition chromatography with consecutive sample injection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Akram M, Syed AS, Kim KA, Lee JS, Chang SY, Kim CY, Bae ON. Heme oxygenase 1-mediated novel anti-inflammatory activities of Salvia plebeia and its active components. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 174:322-330. [PMID: 26319962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP) has been widely used as a traditional folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases and pain. An anti-inflammatory potential of SP has remains largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY We tried to elucidate the principle mechanism and the active ingredients underlying the anti-inflammatory activities of SP. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the protective activities of SP methanolic extract (SPME) and seven representative ingredients against inflammation. Quantitative analysis using HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS was conducted to determine the relative amounts of these seven active ingredients in SPME. Both in vitro murine macrophages and in vivo mouse models were employed to elucidate SP- and active ingredient-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. RESULTS SPME significantly reduced inflammatory processes both in vivo in a TPA-induced ear edema model and in vitro in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. SPME decreased the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Seven active components (luteoloside (C1), nepitrin (C2), homoplantagenin (C3), luteolin (C4), nepetin (C5), hispidulin (C6), and eupatorin (C7)) of SPME were analyzed and their relative concentrations were determined, demonstrating that C2, C3, C5 and C6 were present in higher amounts than were C1, C4, and C7. These major compounds inhibited NO and PGE2 production, and iNOS and COX-II protein expression through heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2 (Nrf2). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that SPME possesses potent in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. Nepetin and hispidulin, and their glycosides are the major active compounds in SPME, and their effects are mediated by Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Taken together, we propose that SPME and its active ingredients may serve as novel therapeutic candidates for diseases associated with excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Shah Syed
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-A Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Lee
- CL Institute Korea (CLIK), Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
To examine the phenotype of the sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) surrounding tumor cells and the process of capillarization in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 51 primary HCCs, 4 adrenal metastases, and 3 portal tumor thrombi were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for CD4, CD14 (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein complex receptors), and CD32 (Fc gamma receptor II), which are specifically found on the SECs in normal liver, but not on ordinary vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Immunostaining was also performed for CD36 (thrombospondin receptors), EN4 antigen (Ag) (a pan-vascular endothelial cell Ag), PAL-E Ag (a venous and capillary EC Ag), factor VIII-related Ag (FVIIIRAg), and laminin. MAb 25F9, which identifies macrophages, was simultaneously used with the other MAbs to distinguish macrophages from SECs in HCCs (HCC SECs). CD4, CD14, and/or CD32 were found on HCC SECs only in 12 well-differentiated primary HCCs showing a thin trabecular or pseudoglandular tumor cell arrangement. These 12 tumors were smaller than those without CD4-, CD14-, and/or CD32-positive SECs (P < .05). Among them, 7, 5, and 11 tumors were negative or only partially positive for laminin, PAL-E Ag, and FVIIIRAg, respectively. Staining for laminin and PAL-E Ag showed an inverse relationship to the expression of CD4, CD14, and CD32 on HCC SECs and the tumor differentiation. In conclusion, the phenotypes of the SECs in early and well-differentiated HCC are thought to be similar to those of the SECs in normal liver. With progressing tumor dedifferentiation the HCC SECs lose the phenotypes peculiar to liver SECs and acquire the characteristics of capillary ECs, though both types of phenotypical change occur independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handa-cho, Hamamatsu-city, Japan
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Fodor JG, Chalati B, Syed AS, Chockalingam A. Changes in the patterns of blood pressure treatment in North America from 1960-1990. J Hum Hypertens 1993; 7:539-41. [PMID: 8114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Seven North American surveys investigation a total of 241,725 hypertensives conducted between 1960-90 were reviewed with respect to their treatment status. In 1960 and 1970 nearly half of hypertensives were unaware of their condition and only 16% were treated and well-controlled. During the time period between 1970-1990 the proportion of the 'unaware' respondents declined to 16%, while the proportion of treated and well controlled patients increased to more than 40%. The proportion of those who are treated but the blood pressure fails to be controlled by the therapy to a satisfactory degree remained essentially unchanged, at around 16%. The proportion of those who are aware of their hypertension but are not treated shows a moderately decreasing trend, still representing 16% of all hypertensives in a recent Canadian survey. Although the handling of hypertension as a public health problem is largely successful, one third of patients still don't receive optimal therapy or is not treated at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fodor
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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