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Wilke SK, Al-Rubkhi A, Koyama C, Ishikawa T, Oda H, Topper B, Tsekrekas EM, Möncke D, Alderman OLG, Menon V, Rafferty J, Clark E, Kastengren AL, Benmore CJ, Ilavsky J, Neuefeind J, Kohara S, SanSoucie M, Phillips B, Weber R. Microgravity effects on nonequilibrium melt processing of neodymium titanate: thermophysical properties, atomic structure, glass formation and crystallization. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:26. [PMID: 38448495 PMCID: PMC10918169 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationships between materials processing and structure can vary between terrestrial and reduced gravity environments. As one case study, we compare the nonequilibrium melt processing of a rare-earth titanate, nominally 83TiO2-17Nd2O3, and the structure of its glassy and crystalline products. Density and thermal expansion for the liquid, supercooled liquid, and glass are measured over 300-1850 °C using the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) in microgravity, and two replicate density measurements were reproducible to within 0.4%. Cooling rates in ELF are 40-110 °C s-1 lower than those in a terrestrial aerodynamic levitator due to the absence of forced convection. X-ray/neutron total scattering and Raman spectroscopy indicate that glasses processed on Earth and in microgravity exhibit similar atomic structures, with only subtle differences that are consistent with compositional variations of ~2 mol. % Nd2O3. The glass atomic network contains a mixture of corner- and edge-sharing Ti-O polyhedra, and the fraction of edge-sharing arrangements decreases with increasing Nd2O3 content. X-ray tomography and electron microscopy of crystalline products reveal substantial differences in microstructure, grain size, and crystalline phases, which arise from differences in the melt processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Wilke
- Materials Development, Inc., Evanston, IL, 60202, USA.
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Hirohisa Oda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Brian Topper
- Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Tsekrekas
- Inamori School of Engineering at the New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, NY, 14802, USA
| | - Doris Möncke
- Inamori School of Engineering at the New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, NY, 14802, USA
| | - Oliver L G Alderman
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Clark
- Materials Development, Inc., Evanston, IL, 60202, USA
| | - Alan L Kastengren
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Chris J Benmore
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jörg Neuefeind
- Neutron Science Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Shinji Kohara
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Richard Weber
- Materials Development, Inc., Evanston, IL, 60202, USA
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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Montgomery MJ, Kwon H, Kastengren AL, Pfefferle LD, Sikes T, Tranter RS, Xuan Y, McEnally CS. In situ temperature measurements in sooting methane/air flames using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence of seeded krypton atoms. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm7947. [PMID: 35486725 PMCID: PMC9054011 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence has been used to measure temperatures in optically dense gases where traditional methods would fail. These data provide a benchmark for stringent tests of computational fluid dynamics models for complex systems where physical and chemical processes are intimately linked. The experiments measured krypton number densities in a sooting, atmospheric pressure, nonpremixed coflow flame that is widely used in combustion research. The experiments not only form targets for the models, but the simulations also identify potential sources of uncertainties in the measurements, allowing for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Montgomery
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hyunguk Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Lisa D. Pfefferle
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Travis Sikes
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Robert S. Tranter
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Charles S. McEnally
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Rahman N, Halls BR, Matusik KE, Meyer TR, Kastengren AL. Evaluation of liquid-phase thermometry in impinging jet sprays using synchrotron x-ray scattering. Appl Opt 2021; 60:2967-2973. [PMID: 33983189 DOI: 10.1364/ao.417796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid thermometry during primary and secondary breakup of liquid sprays is challenging due to the presence of highly dynamic, optically complex flow features. This work evaluates the use of x-ray scattering from a focused, monochromatic beam of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory for the measurement of liquid temperatures within the mixing zone of an impinging jet spray. The measured scattering profiles are converted to temperature through a previously developed two-component partial least squares (PLS) regression model. Transmitive mixing during jet merging is inferred through spatial mapping of temperatures within the impingement region. The technique exhibits uncertainties of ±2K in temperature and 2% in capturing the correct scattering profile, showing its potential utility for probing liquid temperature distributions in multiphase flows.
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Duke DJ, Scott HN, Kusangaya AJ, Kastengren AL, Matusik K, Young P, Lewis D, Honnery D. Drug distribution transients in solution and suspension-based pressurised metered dose inhaler sprays. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:463-475. [PMID: 31173800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents in situ time-resolved drug mass fraction measurements in pressurised metered dose inhaler (PMDI) sprays, using a novel combination of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and scattering. Equivalent suspension and solution formulations of ipratropium bromide in HFA-134a propellant were considered. Measurements were made both inside the expansion chamber behind the nozzle orifice, and in the first few millimeters of the spray where droplet and particle formation occur. We observed a consistent spike in drug mass fraction at the beginning of the spray when the first fluid exits the nozzle orifice. Approximately 20% of the total delivered dose exits the nozzle in the first 0.1 s of the spray. The drug mass fraction in the droplets immediately upon exiting the nozzle peaked at approximately 50% of the canister mass fraction, asymptoting to approximately 20% of the canister concentration. The effect is due to a change in the drug mass fraction inside the droplets, rather than changes in droplet size or distribution. The transient was found to originate inside the expansion chamber. We propose that this effect may be a major contributor to low delivery efficiency in PMDIs, and have important implications for oropharyngeal deposition and inhalation technique. This highlights the importance of expansion chamber and nozzle design on the structure of PMDI sprays, and indicates areas of focus that may lead to improvement in drug delivery outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Duke
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace & Combustion, Dept. Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Harry N Scott
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace & Combustion, Dept. Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Anesu J Kusangaya
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace & Combustion, Dept. Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alan L Kastengren
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Katarzyna Matusik
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Paul Young
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Damon Honnery
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace & Combustion, Dept. Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
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Halls BR, Radke CD, Reuter BJ, Kastengren AL, Gord JR, Meyer TR. High-speed, two-dimensional synchrotron white-beam x-ray radiography of spray breakup and atomization. Opt Express 2017; 25:1605-1617. [PMID: 28158042 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-speed, two-dimensional synchrotron x-ray radiography and phase-contrast imaging are demonstrated in propulsion sprays. Measurements are performed at the 7-BM beamline at the Advanced Photon Source user facility at Argonne National Laboratory using a recently developed broadband x-ray white beam. This novel enhancement allows for high speed, high fidelity x-ray imaging for the community at large. Quantitative path-integrated liquid distributions and spatio-temporal dynamics of the sprays were imaged with a LuAG:Ce scintillator optically coupled to a high-speed CMOS camera. Images are collected with a microscope objective at frame rates of 20 kHz and with a macro lens at 120 kHz, achieving spatial resolutions of 12 μm and 65 μm, respectively. Imaging with and without potassium iodide (KI) as a contrast-enhancing agent is compared, and the effects of broadband attenuation and spatial beam characteristics are determined through modeling and experimental calibration. In addition, phase contrast is used to differentiate liquid streams with varying concentrations of KI. The experimental approach is applied to different spray conditions, including quantitative measurements of mass distribution during primary atomization and qualitative visualization of turbulent binary fluid mixing.
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Radke CD, McManamen JP, Kastengren AL, Halls BR, Meyer TR. Quantitative time-averaged gas and liquid distributions using x-ray fluorescence and radiography in atomizing sprays. Opt Lett 2015; 40:2029-2032. [PMID: 25927776 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method for quantitative measurements of gas and liquid distributions is demonstrated using simultaneous x-ray fluorescence and radiography of both phases in an atomizing coaxial spray. Synchrotron radiation at 10.1 keV from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory is used for x-ray fluorescence of argon gas and two tracer elements seeded into the liquid stream. Simultaneous time-resolved x-ray radiography combined with time-averaged dual-tracer fluorescence measurements enabled corrections for reabsorption of x-ray fluorescence photons for accurate, line-of-sight averaged measurements of the distribution of the gas and liquid phases originating from the atomizing nozzle.
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Halls BR, Meyer TR, Kastengren AL. Quantitative measurement of binary liquid distributions using multiple-tracer x-ray fluorescence and radiography. Opt Express 2015; 23:1730-1739. [PMID: 25835928 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The complex geometry and large index-of-refraction gradients that occur near the point of impingement of binary liquid jets present a challenging environment for optical interrogation. A simultaneous quadruple-tracer x-ray fluorescence and line-of-sight radiography technique is proposed as a means of distinguishing and quantifying individual liquid component distributions prior to, during, and after jet impact. Two different pairs of fluorescence tracers are seeded into each liquid stream to maximize their attenuation ratio for reabsorption correction and differentiation of the two fluids during mixing. This approach for instantaneous correction of x-ray fluorescence reabsorption is compared with a more time-intensive approach of using stereographic reconstruction of x-ray attenuation along multiple lines of sight. The proposed methodology addresses the need for a quantitative measurement technique capable of interrogating optically complex, near-field liquid distributions in many mixing systems of practical interest involving two or more liquid streams.
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Miller WEB, Kastengren AL. Measurements of spatial variations in response of ionization chambers. J Synchrotron Radiat 2013; 20:160-165. [PMID: 23254669 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512041337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the spatial variations in the response of three ionization chamber (IC) designs were tested as a function of chamber bias voltage, incident X-ray flux and fill gas. Two components of spatial variation are seen. When the ionization chambers are near saturation, spatial variations exist that are tied to the chamber geometry. While the response of some chambers is relatively flat, others show significant variation across the IC. These variations appear to be inherent in the response of each IC at saturation. When the chamber is far from saturation, large spatial variations in response are present when N(2) is used as a fill gas, but not when ambient air is used as a fill gas. These appear to be tied to space charge effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E B Miller
- Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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