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Pludow BA, Murray AT, Echeverri V, Church RL. Evaluation of forest treatment planning considering multiple objectives. J Environ Manage 2023; 346:118997. [PMID: 37769367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Various tools and techniques are used by environmental managers and planning agencies to make land use decisions that balance different and often competing goals. Multiple goals, or objectives, are generally challenging to address because there is likely no single optimal solution, but rather a range of possible Pareto (or tradeoff) solutions. Considerable attention has focused on software and approaches that rely on heuristic methods to generate solutions for land use planning problems with multiple objectives. While fast and accessible, there remain uncertainties about the quality of solutions obtained by these heuristic methods and whether they are indeed meeting the needs of environmental managers. This paper explores forest treatment planning for wildfire risk mitigation seeking to balance multiple objectives when the spatial pattern of treatment is restricted. Solution quality of one widely employed forest planning tool is evaluated (using measures of completeness, inferiority, and maximum gap) under a range of geographic settings and problem sizes. The findings indicate that obtained solutions are suboptimal, and fail to represent the full spectrum of tradeoffs possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Amelia Pludow
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Alan T Murray
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Vanessa Echeverri
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Richard L Church
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Reid SC, Wang V, Assaf RD, Kaloper S, Murray AT, Shoptaw S, Gorbach P, Cassels S. Novel Location-Based Survey Using Cognitive Interviews to Assess Geographic Networks and Hotspots of Sex and Drug Use: Implementation and Validation Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e45188. [PMID: 37347520 DOI: 10.2196/45188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative in the United States relies on HIV hotspots to identify where to geographically target new resources, expertise, and technology. However, interventions targeted at places with high HIV transmission and infection risk, not just places with high HIV incidence, may be more effective at reducing HIV incidence and achieving health equity. OBJECTIVE We described the implementation and validation of a web-based activity space survey on HIV risk behaviors. The survey was intended to collect geographic information that will be used to map risk behavior hotspots as well as the geography of sexual networks in Los Angeles County. METHODS The survey design team developed a series of geospatial questions that follow a 3-level structure that becomes more geographically precise as participants move through the levels. The survey was validated through 9 cognitive interviews and iteratively updated based on participant feedback until the saturation of topics and technical issues was reached. RESULTS In total, 4 themes were identified through the cognitive interviews: functionality of geospatial questions, representation and accessibility, privacy, and length and understanding of the survey. The ease of use for the geospatial questions was critical as many participants were not familiar with mapping software. The inclusion of well-known places, landmarks, and road networks was critical for ease of use. The addition of a Google Maps interface, which was familiar to many participants, aided in collecting accurate and precise location information. The geospatial questions increased the length of the survey and warranted the inclusion of features to simplify it and speed it up. Using nicknames to refer to previously entered geographic locations limited the number of geospatial questions that appeared in the survey and reduced the time taken to complete it. The long-standing relationship between participants and the research team improved comfort to disclose sensitive geographic information related to drug use and sex. Participants in the cognitive interviews highlighted how trust and inclusive and validating language in the survey alleviated concerns related to privacy and representation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides promising results regarding the feasibility of using a web-based mapping survey to collect sensitive location information relevant to ending the HIV epidemic. Data collection at several geographic levels will allow for insights into spatial recall of behaviors as well as future sensitivity analysis of the spatial scale of hotspots and network characteristics. This design also promotes the privacy and comfort of participants who provide location information for sensitive topics. Key considerations for implementing this type of survey include trust from participants, community partners, or research teams to overcome concerns related to privacy and comfort. The implementation of similar surveys should consider local characteristics and knowledge when crafting the geospatial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Reid
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Vania Wang
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Ryan D Assaf
- Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative, Center for Vulnerable Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sofia Kaloper
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Alan T Murray
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Steven Shoptaw
- Family Medicine and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pamina Gorbach
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Susan Cassels
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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Murray AT, Burtner S. Physical distancing as an integral component of pandemic response. Lett Spat Resour Sci 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 36910584 PMCID: PMC9990043 DOI: 10.1007/s12076-023-00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that a variety of physical distancing measures are invaluable as part of the overall response to pandemics. COVID-19 is the most recent such pandemic, a respiratory disease transmitted through interaction, necessitating steps to minimize or eliminate the potential for exposure. Of course, this is driven by a desire to keep the economy moving, allow for social activity, continue education, support the livelihoods of individuals, etc. Regional science and supporting analytics have an important role in managing activity through the development and application of methods that enable spatial interaction that mitigates transmission. This paper details methods to plan for physical distancing at micro-scales, enabling the return of social, economic, entertainment, etc. activities. Geographic information systems combined with spatial optimization offers important spatial coronametrics for the mitigation of risk in disease transmission. Applications detailing office space occupancy and travel along with room seating are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T. Murray
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Susan Burtner
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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Murray AT, Ortiz A, Cho S. Enhancing strategic defensive positioning and performance in the outfield. J Geogr Syst 2022; 24:223-240. [PMID: 35035280 PMCID: PMC8744391 DOI: 10.1007/s10109-021-00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, professional and collegiate baseball has undergone a transformation, with statistics and analytics increasingly factoring into most of the decisions being made on the field. One particular example of the increased role of analytics is in the positioning of outfielders, who are tasked with tracking down balls hit to the outfield to record outs and minimize potential offensive damage. This paper explores the potential of location analytics to enhance the strategic positioning of players, enabling improved response and performance. We implement a location optimization model to analyze collegiate ball-tracking data, seeking outfielder locations that simultaneously minimize the average distance to a batted ball and maximize the weighted importance of batted ball coverage within a response standard. Trade-off outfielder configurations are compared to observed fielder positioning, finding that location models and spatial optimization can lead to performance improvements ranging from 1 to 3%, offering a significant strategic advantage over the course of a season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T. Murray
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Antonio Ortiz
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Seonga Cho
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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Yu H, Fang Z, Lu F, Murray AT, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Yang X. Massive Automatic Identification System Sensor Trajectory Data-Based Multi-Layer Linkage Network Dynamics of Maritime Transport along 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19194197. [PMID: 31569712 PMCID: PMC6806348 DOI: 10.3390/s19194197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Automatic Identification System (AIS) data could support ship movement analysis, and maritime network construction and dynamic analysis. This study examines the global maritime network dynamics from multi-layers (bulk, container, and tanker) and multidimensional (e.g., point, link, and network) structure perspectives. A spatial-temporal framework is introduced to construct and analyze the global maritime transportation network dynamics by means of big trajectory data. Transport capacity and stability are exploited to infer spatial-temporal dynamics of system nodes and links. Maritime network structure changes and traffic flow dynamics grouping are then possible to extract. This enables the global maritime network between 2013 and 2016 to be investigated, and the differences between the countries along the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road and other countries, as well as the differences between before and after included by 21st-century Maritime Silk Road to be revealed. Study results indicate that certain countries, such as China, Singapore, Republic of Korea, Australia, and United Arab Emirates, build new corresponding shipping relationships with some ports of countries along the Silk Road and these new linkages carry significant traffic flow. The shipping dynamics exhibit interesting geographical and spatial variations. This study is meaningful to policy formulation, such as cooperation and reorientation among international ports, evaluating the adaptability of a changing traffic flow and navigation environment, and integration of the maritime economy and transportation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Zhixiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Spatiotemporal Data Smart Acquisition and Application, Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Alan T Murray
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Geo-spatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiping Yang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Abstract
There has been much research over the past decade on aspects of bus-transit-system service and performance. Common to studies is the necessity that the population served by systems be estimated. Usually this entails delineating areas for which demand is covered through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), as well as deciding on how best to represent potential ridership spatially. However, little attention has been paid to spatial issues inherent in these choices. Research has emphasized the modeling of transit problems using GIS rather than giving explicit attention to the spatial considerations underlying analyses. To this end, we investigate issues of spatial representation in transit studies. A GIS-based analysis of bus transit for a small urban municipality is utilized to highlight that estimates of service coverage are sensitive to the choice of areal units representing ridership (scale), whether individual stops or routes are used to determine access, and how network versus Euclidean distances affect estimates. As such, spatial representation and modeling sensitivity are evaluated in the context of transit-service provision. The study results suggest that representation issues are critical in evaluating transit access in the context of planning and policy development using GIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Horner
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, 323 Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Alan T Murray
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Wu C, Murray AT. Optimizing Public Transit Quality and System Access: The Multiple-Route, Maximal Covering/Shortest-Path Problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1068/b31104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Public transit service is a promising travel mode because of its potential to address urban sustainability. However, current ridership of public transit is very low in most urban regions—particularly those in the United States. Low transit ridership can be attributed to many factors, among which poor service quality is key. Transit service quality may potentially be improved by decreasing the number of service stops, but this would be likely to reduce access coverage. Improving transit service quality while maintaining adequate access coverage is a challenge facing public transit agencies. In this paper we propose a multiple-route, maximal covering/shortest-path model to address the trade-off between public transit service quality and access coverage in an established bus-based transit system. The model is applied to routes in Columbus, Ohio. Results show that it is possible to improve transit service quality by eliminating redundant or underutilized service stops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshan Wu
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Alan T Murray
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, USA
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Grubesic TH, Wei R, Murray AT, Pridemore WA. Comparative approaches for assessing access to alcohol outlets: exploring the utility of a gravity potential approach. Popul Health Metr 2016; 14:25. [PMID: 27486385 PMCID: PMC4969650 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-016-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of research recommends controlling alcohol availability to reduce harm. Various common approaches, however, provide dramatically different pictures of the physical availability of alcohol. This limits our understanding of the distribution of alcohol access, the causes and consequences of this distribution, and how best to reduce harm. The aim of this study is to introduce both a gravity potential measure of access to alcohol outlets, comparing its strengths and weaknesses to other popular approaches, and an empirically-derived taxonomy of neighborhoods based on the type of alcohol access they exhibit. Methods We obtained geospatial data on Seattle, including the location of 2402 alcohol outlets, United States Census Bureau estimates on 567 block groups, and a comprehensive street network. We used exploratory spatial data analysis and employed a measure of inter-rater agreement to capture differences in our taxonomy of alcohol availability measures. Results Significant statistical and spatial variability exists between measures of alcohol access, and these differences have meaningful practical implications. In particular, standard measures of outlet density (e.g., spatial, per capita, roadway miles) can lead to biased estimates of physical availability that over-emphasize the influence of the control variables. Employing a gravity potential approach provides a more balanced, geographically-sensitive measure of access to alcohol outlets. Conclusions Accurately measuring the physical availability of alcohol is critical for understanding the causes and consequences of its distribution and for developing effective evidence-based policy to manage the alcohol outlet licensing process. A gravity potential model provides a superior measure of alcohol access, and the alcohol access-based taxonomy a helpful evidence-based heuristic for scholars and local policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony H Grubesic
- Center for Spatial Reasoning & Policy Analytics, College of Public Service & Community Solutions, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, 260 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA
| | - Alan T Murray
- Department of Geography, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - William Alex Pridemore
- School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222 USA
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Yao J, Agadjanian V, Murray AT. Spatial and social inequities in HIV testing utilization in the context of rapid scale-up of HIV/AIDS services in rural Mozambique. Health Place 2014; 28:133-41. [PMID: 24835024 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The massive scale-up of HIV counseling, testing, and treatment services in resource-limited sub-Saharan settings with high HIV prevalence has significant implications for the course of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It also offers important broader policy lessons for improving access to critical health services. Applying GIS-based methods and multilevel regression analysis to unique longitudinal three-wave survey data from rural Mozambique, this study investigates the impact of a rapid expansion of HIV-related services on access to and utilization of HIV testing. The results illustrate the declining importance of spatial barriers to utilization of HIV testing services as these services expanded. In addition, the expansion of HIV-related services decreased the spatial variability of HIV testing among the survey respondents. At the same time, some important non-spatial variation, such as that in educational level, persisted despite the expansion of services. These results illustrate the process and consequences of health service diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- Centre for GeoInformatics, School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, Scotland, UK.
| | - Victor Agadjanian
- Center for Population Dynamics, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Alan T Murray
- GeoDa Center for Geospatial Analysis and Computation, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, AZ 85287, USA.
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Yao J, Murray AT, Agadjanian V. A geographical perspective on access to sexual and reproductive health care for women in rural Africa. Soc Sci Med 2013; 96:60-8. [PMID: 24034952 PMCID: PMC4609647 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services can significantly impact health outcomes, such as pregnancy and birth, prenatal and neonatal mortality, maternal morbidity and mortality, and vertical transmission of infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS. It has long been recognized that access to SRH services is essential to positive health outcomes, especially in rural areas of developing countries, where long distances as well as poor transportation conditions, can be potential barriers to health care acquisition. Improving accessibility of health services for target populations is therefore critical for specialized healthcare programs. Thus, understanding and evaluation of current access to health care is crucial. Combining spatial information using geographical information system (GIS) with population survey data, this study details a gravity model-based method to measure and evaluate access to SRH services in rural Mozambique, and analyzes potential geographic access to such services, using family planning as an example. Access is found to be a significant factor in reported behavior, superior to traditional distance-based indicators. Spatial disparities in geographic access among different population groups also appear to exist, likely affecting overall program success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- Centre for GeoInformatics, School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL, Scotland, UK.
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Grubesic TH, Murray AT, Pridemore WA, Tabb LP, Liu Y, Wei R. Alcohol beverage control, privatization and the geographic distribution of alcohol outlets. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1015. [PMID: 23170899 PMCID: PMC3520732 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With Pennsylvania currently considering a move away from an Alcohol Beverage Control state to a privatized alcohol distribution system, this study uses a spatial analytical approach to examine potential impacts of privatization on the number and spatial distribution of alcohol outlets in the city of Philadelphia over a long time horizon. Methods A suite of geospatial data were acquired for Philadelphia, including 1,964 alcohol outlet locations, 569,928 land parcels, and school, church, hospital, park and playground locations. These data were used as inputs for exploratory spatial analysis to estimate the expected number of outlets that would eventually operate in Philadelphia. Constraints included proximity restrictions (based on current ordinances regulating outlet distribution) of at least 200 feet between alcohol outlets and at least 300 feet between outlets and schools, churches, hospitals, parks and playgrounds. Results Findings suggest that current state policies on alcohol outlet distributions in Philadelphia are loosely enforced, with many areas exhibiting extremely high spatial densities of outlets that violate existing proximity restrictions. The spatial model indicates that an additional 1,115 outlets could open in Philadelphia if privatization was to occur and current proximity ordinances were maintained. Conclusions The study reveals that spatial analytical approaches can function as an excellent tool for contingency-based “what-if” analysis, providing an objective snapshot of potential policy outcomes prior to implementation. In this case, the likely outcome is a tremendous increase in alcohol outlets in Philadelphia, with concomitant negative health, crime and quality of life outcomes that accompany such an increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony H Grubesic
- Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Analysis Laboratory, College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Yao J, Murray AT, Agadjanian V, Hayford SR. Geographic influences on sexual and reproductive health service utilization in rural Mozambique. Appl Geogr 2012; 32:601-607. [PMID: 22505786 PMCID: PMC3324281 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains a major public health issue across the globe, and it is of particular concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services can significantly impact HIV prevention, transmission, and treatment. SRH service utilization may be determined by individual characteristics, such as education and economic status, but also by the location and accessibility of health care facilities. Using population-based survey data, this study applies exploratory spatial analysis techniques to examine spatial patterns of SRH service utilization among rural married women in southern Mozambique. Clustering among those using services is found as are spatial associations, indicating significant spatial variability in the utilization of health services. The findings provide valuable insights for current and future health care program planning and configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- GeoDa Center for Geospatial Analysis and Computation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875302, Tempe, AZ 85287-5302, USA
| | - Alan T. Murray
- GeoDa Center for Geospatial Analysis and Computation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875302, Tempe, AZ 85287-5302, USA
| | - Victor Agadjanian
- School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Population Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sarah R. Hayford
- School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Population Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Cudnik MT, Yao J, Zive D, Newgard C, Murray AT. Surrogate Markers of Transport Distance for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2011; 16:266-72. [DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2011.615009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guild SB, Murray AT, Wilson ML, Wiegand UK, Apps DK, Jin Y, Rindler M, Roder J, Jeromin A. Over-expression of NCS-1 in AtT-20 cells affects ACTH secretion and storage. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 184:51-63. [PMID: 11694341 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of over-expressing neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1) upon stimulated adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) secretion was studied in AtT-20 cells. Stably-transfected AtT-20 cell lines over-expressing NCS-1 were obtained and compared to wild type AtT-20 cells. Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF-41)-stimulated ACTH secretion from NCS-1 over-expressing cells was significantly reduced from that obtained in wild type AtT-20 cells. The effects of other stimulants of ACTH secretion from wild type AtT-20 cells were not attenuated in NCS-1 over-expressing cells. Calcium, guanosine 5'-O-(3'-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-gamma-S) and mastoparan stimulated ACTH secretion from permeabilised wild type AtT-20 and NCS-1 over-expressing AtT-20 cells with significantly greater ACTH secretion obtained in NCS-1 over-expressing cells. This study shows that in intact cells over-expression of NCS-1 reduces exocytotic ACTH release, while in permeabilised cells increases ACTH release. NCS-1 has multiple cellular targets and that directly and indirectly via these targets acts to increase the releasable ACTH pool while inhibiting CRF-41 stimulus-secretion coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Guild
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, School of Biology, Bute Medical Building, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TS, UK.
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Abstract
Pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy (PPRCA) is a rare disorder of unknown origin characterised by bone corpuscle pigmentation accumulation along the distribution of the retinal veins. In addition there are peripapillary pigmentary changes as well as areas of chorioretinal atrophy adjacent to the perivenular pigmentary changes. The finding of PPRCA is usually incidental and does not affect vision. The literature regarding this condition is reviewed. Its natural course has been considered controversial. Observation of the initial insult leading to PPRCA has not previously been reported. A case that provides a photographic record over 20 years of the development of this condition from the initial insult, including the gradual development of the characteristic fundus appearance, is described. The initial presentation was with a sudden reduction of vision and gross diffuse macular oedema in one eye, which was rapidly followed by similar involvement of the fellow eye despite treatment. Thus it was possible to examine the patient at the stage of the initial insult, 5 years before the development of the typical and pathognomonic retinal changes of PPRCA. The clinical and electrophysiological findings are discussed, as also is the relevance of this case to the literature reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Murray
- Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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McGhee CN, Bryce IG, Anastas CN, Webber SK, Burvill M, Murray AT. Corneal topographic lagoons: a potential new marker for post-traumatic recurrent corneal erosion syndrome. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1996; 24:27-31. [PMID: 8743001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1996.tb01547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic recurrent corneal erosion syndrome is a common clinical problem in which a definitive diagnosis is not always possible based solely upon biomicroscopic corneal signs. Indeed, in some cases archetypical symptoms or a preceding history of epithelial trauma cannot always be elucidated. METHODS Four groups of patients underwent corneal analysis using computer videokeratography. Group 1 (n = 11), subjects who presented with simple corneal epithelial trauma approximately three months before the study. Group 2 (n = 11), prospective analysis of subjects presenting with simple corneal epithelial trauma. Group 3 (n = 12), prospective analysis subjects with an established diagnosis of post-traumatic recurrent erosion syndrome. Group 4 (n = 135), prospective analysis of healthy control subjects. RESULTS Small, well delineated areas (1.0 to 1.5 mm in diameter) of markedly reduced corneal dioptric power (greater than 2 dioptres), which we have termed 'corneal topographic lagoons', were identified more commonly in eyes with recurrent corneal erosion syndrome and in eyes that had recently sustained corneal epithelial trauma; being found in 18.2% of Group 1, 9.1% of Group 2, 58.3% of Group 3 but only 1.5% of Group 4 (control). CONCLUSIONS The identification of areas of focal abnormality in the corneas of patients with post-traumatic recurrent corneal erosion syndrome remains a significant clinical problem. Corneal topographic analysis has demonstrated a focal abnormality, the 'corneal topographic lagoon', which is much more prevalent in cases of recent corneal trauma and recurrent corneal erosion syndrome than in the 'normal' population. Computerised videokeratography therefore adds a new tool to the armamentarium of the clinician seeking to identify and locate abnormalities in these difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N McGhee
- Corneal Diseases and Excimer Laser Unit, Sunderland Eye Infirmary, United Kingdom
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Horber FF, Frey FJ, Descoeudres C, Murray AT, Reubi FC. Differential effect of impaired renal function on the kinetics of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 29:614-9. [PMID: 3707111 PMCID: PMC180453 DOI: 10.1128/aac.29.4.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are prescribed as a fixed drug combination. The purpose of the present study was to assess the influence of various degrees of renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate [GFR], less than 5 to greater than 75 ml/min per 1.73 m2) on the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid following oral (500 and 125 mg of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, respectively) and intravenous (1,000 and 200 mg, respectively) dosing. The volume of distribution and the systemic availability were independent of the renal function, while the total body clearance and the renal and the nonrenal clearance of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid decreased with decreasing renal function. The decrease in the total body clearance was more pronounced for amoxicillin than for clavulanic acid. This explains the increase in the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve of amoxicillin to that of clavulanic acid with decreasing glomerular filtration rate after oral dosing; for example for a GFR of 75 ml/min, the ratio of amoxicillin to clavulanic acid was 4.9 +/- 1.2; for a GFR of 35 to 75 ml/min, 5.3 +/- 2.4; for a GFR of 10 to 35 ml/min, 11.9 +/- 5.8; for a GFR of 5 to 10 ml/min, 13.4 +/- 9.1; and for patients on hemodialysis, 14.7 +/- 5.3. Dosage recommendations are suggested which prevent undue accumulations of amoxicillin while maintaining adequate concentrations of clavulanic acid.
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Stein ER, Carter WW, Murray AT. A modification of imazalil residue analysis in treated grapefruit. J Environ Sci Health B 1981; 16:427-437. [PMID: 7288094 DOI: 10.1080/03601238109372269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Residues of imazalil, 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole, a fungicide that prevents decay of citrus, were determined in treated grapefruit. The method consists of a simplified heptance-isoamyl extraction solvent, acid-base clean-up, and direct gas chromatographic analysis with electron-capture detection.
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Branner JC, Jenkins OP, Anderson MB, Stillman JM, Sanford F, Marx CD, Gilbert CH, Campbell DH, Flügel E, Wing CB, Angell F, Dudley WR, Murray AT, Goebel J, Abbott N, Matzke JE, Richardson GM, Griffin JO, Miller W, Green RL, Elliott OL, Kellogg VL, Lenox LR, Newcomer AG, Clark AB, McFarland FM, Copeland CA, Price GC, Fish JC, Nash HC, Cubberley EP, Marx GH, Clark GA, Hall JP, Johnston OM, Peirce GJ, Stearns HD. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY. Science 1901; 13:751. [PMID: 17830166 DOI: 10.1126/science.13.332.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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