1
|
Han L, Luo H, Huang W, Zhang J, Wu D, Wang J, Pi J, Liu C, Qu X, Liu H, Qin X, Xiang Y. Modulation of the EMT/MET Process by E-Cadherin in Airway Epithelia Stress Injury. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050669. [PMID: 33946207 PMCID: PMC8144967 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent injury and the following improper repair in bronchial epithelial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and airway remodeling of asthma. E-cadherin (ECAD) has been shown to be involved in airway epithelium injury repair, but its underlying mechanisms to this process is poorly understood. Here, we describe a previously undetected function of ECAD in regulating the balance of EMT and MET during injury repair. Injury in mice and human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) was induced by successive ozone stress for 4 days at 30 min per day. ECAD overexpression in HBECs was induced by stable transfection. EMT features, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) secretion, transcriptional repressor Snail expression, and β-catenin expression were assayed. Ozone exposure and then removal successfully induced airway epithelium injury repair during which EMT and MET occurred. The levels of TGF-β1 secretion and Snail expression increased in EMT process and decreased in MET process. While ECAD overexpression repressed EMT features; enhanced MET features; and decreased TGF-β1 secretion, Snail mRNA level, and β-catenin protein expression. Moreover, activating β-catenin blocked the effects of ECAD on EMT, MET and TGF-β1 signaling. Our results demonstrate that ECAD regulates the balance between EMT and MET, by preventing β-catenin to inhibit TGFβ1 and its target genes, and finally facilitates airway epithelia repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China;
| | - Huaiqing Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China;
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Jinmei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiao Pi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.Q.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China; (L.H.); (W.H.); (J.Z.); (D.W.); (J.W.); (J.P.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.Q.); (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Engler AE, Ysasi AB, Pihl RMF, Villacorta-Martin C, Heston HM, Richardson HMK, Thapa BR, Moniz NR, Belkina AC, Mazzilli SA, Rock JR. Airway-Associated Macrophages in Homeostasis and Repair. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108553. [PMID: 33378665 PMCID: PMC8026077 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation for the heterogeneity of myeloid lineages in the lung, but relatively little is known about populations specifically associated with the conducting airways. We use single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence to characterize myeloid cells of the mouse trachea during homeostasis and epithelial injury/repair. We identify submucosal macrophages, similar to lung interstitial macrophages, and intraepithelial macrophages. Following injury, there are early increases in neutrophils and submucosal macrophages, including M2-like macrophages. Intraepithelial macrophages are lost after injury and later restored by CCR2+ monocytes. We show that repair of the tracheal epithelium is impaired in Ccr2-deficient mice. Mast cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells are sources of interleukin-13 (IL-13) that polarize macrophages and directly influence basal cell behaviors. Their proximity to the airway epithelium establishes these myeloid populations as potential therapeutic targets for airway disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Engler
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alexandra B Ysasi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Riley M F Pihl
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Hailey M Heston
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hanne M K Richardson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Bibek R Thapa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Noah R Moniz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna C Belkina
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine and Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jason R Rock
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wardill HR, Choo JM, Dmochowska N, Mavrangelos C, Campaniello MA, Bowen JM, Rogers GB, Hughes PA. Acute Colitis Drives Tolerance by Persistently Altering the Epithelial Barrier and Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1196-1207. [PMID: 30794280 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a remitting and relapsing disease course; however, relatively little is understood regarding how inflammatory damage in acute colitis influences the microbiota, epithelial barrier, and immune function in subsequent colitis. METHODS Mice were administered trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) via enema, and inflammation was assessed 2 days (d2) or 28 days (d28) later. Colitis was reactivated in some mice by re-treating at 28 days with TNBS and assessing 2 days later (d30). Epithelial responsiveness to secretagogues, microbiota composition, colonic infiltration, and immune activation was compared between all groups. RESULTS At day 28, the distal colon had healed, mucosa was restored, and innate immune response had subsided, but colonic transepithelial transport (P = 0.048), regulatory T-cell (TREG) infiltration (P = 0.014), adherent microbiota composition (P = 0.0081), and responsiveness of stimulated innate immune bone marrow cells (P < 0.0001 for IL-1β) differed relative to health. Two days after subsequent instillation of TNBS (d30 mice), the effects on inflammatory damage (P < 0.0001), paracellular permeability (P < 0.0001), and innate immune infiltration (P < 0.0001 for Ly6C+ Ly6G- macrophages) were reduced relative to d2 colitis. However, TREG infiltration was increased (P < 0.0001), and the responsiveness of stimulated T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes shifted from pro-inflammatory at d2 to immune-suppressive at d30 (P < 0.0001 for IL-10). These effects were observed despite similar colonic microbiota composition and degradation of the mucosal layer between d2 and d30. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results indicate that acute colitis chronically alters epithelial barrier function and both innate and adaptive immune responses. These effects reduce the consequences of a subsequent colitis event, warranting longitudinal studies in human IBD subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Wardill
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jocelyn M Choo
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole Dmochowska
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa A Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick A Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide & South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ziegler AL, Pridgen TA, Mills JK, Gonzalez LM, Van Landeghem L, Odle J, Blikslager AT. Epithelial restitution defect in neonatal jejunum is rescued by juvenile mucosal homogenate in a pig model of intestinal ischemic injury and repair. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200674. [PMID: 30138372 PMCID: PMC6107120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemic injury results sloughing of the mucosal epithelium leading to host sepsis and death unless the mucosal barrier is rapidly restored. Volvulus and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in infants have been associated with intestinal ischemia, sepsis and high mortality rates. We have characterized intestinal ischemia/repair using a highly translatable porcine model in which juvenile (6-8-week-old) pigs completely and efficiently restore barrier function by way of rapid epithelial restitution and tight junction re-assembly. In contrast, separate studies showed that younger neonatal (2-week-old) pigs exhibited less robust recovery of barrier function, which may model an important cause of high mortality rates in human infants with ischemic intestinal disease. Therefore, we aimed to further refine our repair model and characterize defects in neonatal barrier repair. Here we examine the defect in neonatal mucosal repair that we hypothesize is associated with hypomaturity of the epithelial and subepithelial compartments. Following jejunal ischemia in neonatal and juvenile pigs, injured mucosa was stripped from seromuscular layers and recovered ex vivo while monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and 3H-mannitol flux as measures of barrier function. While ischemia-injured juvenile mucosa restored TEER above control levels, reduced flux over the recovery period and showed 93±4.7% wound closure, neonates exhibited no change in TEER, increased flux, and a 11±23.3% increase in epithelial wound size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed enterocytes at the wound margins of neonates failed to assume the restituting phenotype seen in restituting enterocytes of juveniles. To attempt rescue of injured neonatal mucosa, neonatal experiments were repeated with the addition of exogenous prostaglandins during ex vivo recovery, ex vivo recovery with full thickness intestine, in vivo recovery and direct application of injured mucosal homogenate from neonates or juveniles. Neither exogenous prostaglandins, intact seromuscular intestinal layers, nor in vivo recovery enhanced TEER or restitution in ischemia-injured neonatal mucosa. However, ex vivo exogenous application of injured juvenile mucosal homogenate produced a significant increase in TEER and enhanced histological restitution to 80±4.4% epithelial coverage in injured neonatal mucosa. Thus, neonatal mucosal repair can be rescued through direct contact with the cellular and non-cellular milieu of ischemia-injured mucosa from juvenile pigs. These findings support the hypothesis that a defect in mucosal repair in neonates is due to immature repair mechanisms within the mucosal compartment. Future studies to identify and rescue specific defects in neonatal intestinal repair mechanisms will drive development of novel clinical interventions to reduce mortality in infants affected by intestinal ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Pridgen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juliana K. Mills
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jack Odle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
S 872419 A, a specific receptor antagonist of peptide leukotrienes, was tested in the early-phase treatment of chemically burned eye (0.25 mol/l sodium hydroxide) of the rabbit. The drug was topically applied 5 times a day in a 1% solution, controls were the untreated opposite eye. Gross and microscopic investigations indicated that S 872419 A inhibits the inflammatory response of the chemically burned anterior eye segment. The parameters of healing considered (epithelial regeneration, corneal clouding and swelling, infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes) suggest inhibition of lipoxygenase-mediated reactions in the tissue. PGF2 alpha levels were the same in aqueous humour of treated and untreated eyes. Further experiments with S 872419 A and other nonsteroidal drugs should improve the anti-inflammatory therapy of the chemically burned eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Struck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue that form between opposing organs and the peritoneum, restricting vital intrapleural and abdominal movement. They remain a major problem in abdominal surgery, occurring in more than three fourths of patients following laparotomy. Adhesions result when injury to the mesothelium is not repaired by mesothelial cells and can be viewed as scar tissue formation. The mechanism of mesothelial healing suggested the involvement of stem cells in the process. It has long been known that peritoneal wounds heal in the same amount of time regardless of size. Therefore, the mesothelium could not regenerate solely by proliferation and centripetal migration of cells at the wound edge as occurs in the healing of skin epithelium. Several studies suggest the presence of i) mesothelial stem cells that can differentiate into mesothelial cells and a few other phenotypes and/or ii) that mesothelial cells are themselves stem cells. Other studies have suggested that adult stem cells in the muscle underlying the peritoneum can differentiate into mesothelial cells and contribute to healing. Prevention of abdominal adhesions have been accomplished by delivery of autologous mesothelial cells and multipotent adult stem cells isolated from skeletal muscle. Adult stem cells from sources other than the serosal tissue offer an alternative treatment modality to prevent the formation of abdominal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Lucas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gamm UA, Huang BK, Mis EK, Khokha MK, Choma MA. Visualization and quantification of injury to the ciliated epithelium using quantitative flow imaging and speckle variance optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15115. [PMID: 29118359 PMCID: PMC5678121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary flow is an important defense mechanism in the lung to remove inhaled pathogens and pollutants. Disruption of ciliary flow can lead to respiratory infections. Multiple factors, from drugs to disease can cause an alteration in ciliary flow. However, less attention has been given to injury of the ciliated epithelium. In this study, we show how optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to investigate injury to the ciliated epithelium in a multi-contrast setting. We used particle tracking velocimetry (PTV-OCT) to investigate the cilia-driven flow field and 3D speckle variance imaging to investigate size and extent of injury caused to the skin of Xenopus embryos. Two types of injuries are investigated, focal injury caused by mechanical damage and diffuse injury by a calcium chloride shock. We additionally investigate injury and regeneration of cilia to calcium chloride on ex vivo mouse trachea. This work describes how OCT can be used as a tool to investigate injury and regeneration in ciliated epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute A Gamm
- Yale University, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brendan K Huang
- Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Emily K Mis
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale University, Department of Genetics, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael A Choma
- Yale University, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Epithelial barriers play an important role in regulating mucosal homeostasis. Upon injury, the epithelium and immune cells orchestrate repair mechanisms that re-establish homeostasis. This process is highly regulated by protein and lipid mediators such as Annexin A1 (ANXA1). In this review, we focus on the pro-repair properties of ANXA1.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen CH, Puliafito A, Cox BD, Primo L, Fang Y, Di Talia S, Poss KD. Multicolor Cell Barcoding Technology for Long-Term Surveillance of Epithelial Regeneration in Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2016; 36:668-80. [PMID: 27003938 PMCID: PMC4806370 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current fate mapping and imaging platforms are limited in their ability to capture dynamic behaviors of epithelial cells. To deconstruct regenerating adult epithelial tissue at single-cell resolution, we created a multicolor system, skinbow, that barcodes the superficial epithelial cell (SEC) population of zebrafish skin with dozens of distinguishable tags. With image analysis to directly segment and simultaneously track hundreds of SECs in vivo over entire surface lifetimes, we readily quantified the orchestration of cell emergence, growth, repositioning, and loss under homeostatic conditions and after exfoliation or appendage amputation. We employed skinbow-based imaging in conjunction with a live reporter of epithelial stem cell cycle activity and as an instrument to evaluate the effects of reactive oxygen species on SEC behavior during epithelial regeneration. Our findings introduce a platform for large-scale, quantitative in vivo imaging of regenerating skin and reveal unanticipated collective dynamism in epithelial cell size, mobility, and interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alberto Puliafito
- Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino 10060, Italy
| | - Ben D Cox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Luca Primo
- Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino 10060, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino 10060, Italy
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Klimashevich AV, Nikol'skii VI, Shabrov AV. [EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON ESOPHAGUS TISSUE REPAIR UPON EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICAL BURN FROM ACETIC ACID]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2015; 78:26-29. [PMID: 27051925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work is an experimental study on 30 rabbits to determine the effect of antioxidants on the process of repair of the esophagus. Chemical agent was 46% acetic acid, a The antioxidant "Mexidol" were injected to core group of test animals in 2 weeks. Animals were taken from the experiment at 5, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 hours. We conducted morphometric study of histological exemplars, determining the number of inflammatory cells, epithelial thickness, the area of newformed blood vessels. In the study group we reported an improvement of reparative processes in the wall of the body: it was increased blood supply to the burn surface on 242% and more rapid relief of inflammatory processes on 117% (p < 0.05).
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a major clinical event with rising incidence, severity, and cost; it now has a morbidity and mortality exceeding acute myocardial infarction. There is also a documented conversion to and acceleration of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease. The multifactorial nature of AKI etiologies and pathophysiology and the lack of diagnostic techniques have hindered translation of preclinical success. An evolving understanding of epithelial, endothelial, and inflammatory cell interactions and individualization of care will result in the eventual development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on epithelial and endothelial injury mediators, interactions, and targets for therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chitchian S, Vincent KL, Vargas G, Motamedi M. Automated segmentation algorithm for detection of changes in vaginal epithelial morphology using optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17:116004. [PMID: 23117799 PMCID: PMC3484240 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a noninvasive tool for assessing the toxicity of topical microbicides, products used to prevent HIV, by monitoring the integrity of the vaginal epithelium. A novel feature-based segmentation algorithm using a nearest-neighbor classifier was developed to monitor changes in the morphology of vaginal epithelium. The two-step automated algorithm yielded OCT images with a clearly defined epithelial layer, enabling differentiation of normal and damaged tissue. The algorithm was robust in that it was able to discriminate the epithelial layer from underlying stroma as well as residual microbicide product on the surface. This segmentation technique for OCT images has the potential to be readily adaptable to the clinical setting for noninvasively defining the boundaries of the epithelium, enabling quantifiable assessment of microbicide-induced damage in vaginal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Chitchian
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Galveston, Texas 77555
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Ophthalmology, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Kathleen L. Vincent
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Galveston, Texas 77555
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Gracie Vargas
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Galveston, Texas 77555
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Galveston, Texas 77555
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Ophthalmology, Galveston, Texas 77555
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kharlamova UV, Il'icheva OE. [The diagnostic value of laboratory markers of epithelium damage in patients passing the program hemodialysis]. Klin Lab Diagn 2012:39-41. [PMID: 22988802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The sampling of 82 patients was included into the study to assess the diagnostic value of laboratory markers of endothelium dysfunction (homocysteine concentration, von Willebrand factor activity) in patients passing the treatment of program hemodialysis. The study detected the reliable increase of homocysteine level and activity of von Willebrand factor in patients passing hemodialysis. The association of increasing of concentration of homocysteine and von Willebrand factor activity with rate of cardiovascular complications in patients passing the program in patients passing hemodialysis was established.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tanaka SI, Sumioka T, Fujita N, Kitano A, Okada Y, Yamanaka O, Flanders KC, Miyajima M, Saika S. Suppression of injury-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a mouse lens epithelium lacking tenascin-C. Mol Vis 2010; 16:1194-205. [PMID: 20664686 PMCID: PMC2901186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of tenascin-C in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the lens epithelium during wound healing in mice. Tenascin-C is a component of the extracellular matrix in patients having post-operative capsular opacification. METHODS The crystalline lens was injured by needle puncture in tenascin-C null (KO, n=56) and wild-type (WT, n=56) mice in a C57BL/6 background. The animals were killed at day 2, 5, or 10 post-injury. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), a marker of EMT, collagen type I, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), phospho-Smad2, phospho-adducin, and phospho-myosin light chain 9 (MLC9). The expression levels of phospho-adducin and phospho-MLC9 were used as markers for the activation of protein kinase C and Rho kinase, respectively. RESULTS The expression of tenascin-C was upregulated in WT lens epithelial cells adjacent to the capsular break at day 5. The results showed that injury-induced EMT of the mouse lens epithelium, as evaluated by histology and the expression patterns of alphaSMA and fibronectin, was attenuated in the absence of tenascin-C. Upregulation of TGFbeta1 expression in the epithelium was also inhibited, and loss of tenascin-C attenuated the phosphorylation of Smad2 and adducin in epithelial cells adjacent to the capsular break. The expression of phospho-adducin was suppressed, while the expression level of phospho-MLC9 was unchanged, in the healing epithelium in the absence of tenascin C. CONCLUSIONS Tenascin-C is required for injury-induced EMT in the mouse lens epithelium. The mechanism behind this might involve impaired activation of cytoplasmic signaling cascades; i.e., TGFbeta/Smad and protein kinase C-adducing signaling, in the absence of tenascin-C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Desai VD, Wang Y, Simirskii VN, Duncan MK. CD44 expression is developmentally regulated in the mouse lens and increases in the lens epithelium after injury. Differentiation 2010; 79:111-9. [PMID: 19853364 PMCID: PMC2837130 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is an oligosaccharide found in the pericellular matrix of numerous cell types and hyaluronan-induced signaling is known to facilitate fibrosis and cancer progression in some tissues. Hyaluronan is also commonly instilled into the eye during cataract surgery to protect the corneal endothelium from damage. Despite this, little is known about the distribution of hyaluronan or its receptors in the normal ocular lens. In this study, hyaluronan was found throughout the mouse lens, with apparently higher concentrations in the lens epithelium. CD44, a major cellular receptor for hyaluronan, is expressed predominately in mouse secondary lens fiber cells born from late embryogenesis into adulthood. Surgical removal of lens fiber cells from adult mice resulted in a robust upregulation of CD44 protein, which preceded the upregulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression typically used as a marker of epithelial-mesenchyma transition in this model of lens epithelial cell fibrosis. Mice lacking the CD44 gene had morphologically normal lenses with a response to lens fiber cell removal similar to wildtype, although they exhibited an increase in cell-associated hyaluronan. Overall, these data suggest that lens cells have a hyaluronan-containing pericellular matrix whose structure is partially regulated by CD44. Further, these data indicate that CD44 upregulation in the lens epithelium may be an earlier marker of lens injury responses in the mouse lens than the upregulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D. Desai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | | | - Melinda K. Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raub CB, Mahon S, Narula N, Tromberg BJ, Brenner M, George SC. Linking optics and mechanics in an in vivo model of airway fibrosis and epithelial injury. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15:015004. [PMID: 20210444 PMCID: PMC2844131 DOI: 10.1117/1.3322296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic mucosal and submucosal injury can lead to persistent inflammation and tissue remodeling. We hypothesized that microstructural and mechanical properties of the airway wall could be derived from multiphoton images. New Zealand White rabbits were intubated, and the tracheal epithelium gently denuded every other day for five days (three injuries). Three days following the last injury, the tracheas were excised for multiphoton imaging, mechanical compression testing, and histological analysis. Multiphoton imaging and histology confirm epithelial denudation, mucosal ulceration, subepithelial thickening, collagen deposition, immune cell infiltration, and a disrupted elastin network. Elastase removes the elastin network and relaxes the collagen network. Purified collagenase removes epithelium with subtle subepithelial changes. Young's modulus [(E) measured in kiloPascal] was significantly elevated for the scrape injured (9.0+/-3.2) trachea, and both collagenase (2.6+/-0.4) and elastase (0.8+/-0.3) treatment significantly reduced E relative to control (4.1+/-0.7). E correlates strongly with second harmonic generation (SHG) signal depth decay for enzyme-treated and control tracheas (R(2)=0.77), but not with scrape-injured tracheas. We conclude that E of subepithelial connective tissue increases on repeated epithelial wounding, due in part to changes in elastin and collagen microstructure and concentration. SHG depth decay is sensitive to changes in extracellular matrix content and correlates with bulk Young's modulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Raub
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697-2730, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nagai T, Honda H. Computer simulation of wound closure in epithelial tissues: cell-basal-lamina adhesion. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 80:061903. [PMID: 20365186 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.061903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of wound closure in epithelial tissues, i.e., cell monolayer sheets, is investigated through computer simulations. A wound means an area in which some cells have been removed from the normal tissue. The vertex dynamics cell model [T. Nagai and H. Honda, Philos. Mag. B 81, 699 (2001)], which describes morphogenesis of epithelial tissues using the concepts of statistical physics, is modified and applied to the closure of small wounds without mitosis. It is shown that cell-basal-lamina adhesion governs the wound closure competing with cell-cell adhesion and cell elasticity. The simulation results reproduce the actual wound closure process qualitatively and partly quantitatively. The closing proceeds with the translation of the edges of wound polygons toward the wound center and the intermittent reduction in the number of polygon edges. Over time, the process leads to an exponential decrease in the wound area. A shape factor is introduced to describe the wound shape quantitatively and is used to examine the time variation thereof. A method for determining model parameters by comparison with the experiments is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuzo Nagai
- Research Center, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8585, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Epithelial repair is a complex cellular and molecular process, the details of which are still not clearly understood. Plasma membrane glycoconjugates can modulate cell function by altering the function of protein and lipids. Sialyl Lewisx (sLex), a fucose-containing tetrasaccharide, decorates membrane-bound and secreted proteins and mediates cell-cell interaction. In the present study we investigated the role of sLex in airway epithelial repair. Using immunohistochemistry, we showed an increased expression of sLex in areas of damaged bronchial epithelium compared with intact regions. Confluent monolayers of airway epithelial cells were mechanically wounded and allowed to close. Wounded monolayers were photographed for wound closure kinetics, fixed for immunocytochemical studies, or subjected to RNA extraction. Examining the expression of different alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases (FucT), enzymes that mediate the final step in the synthesis of sLex, we found that FucT-IV was the common gene expressed in all cell lines and primary airway epithelial cells. We demonstrated an increased expression of sLex over time after mechanical injury. Blocking of sLex with an inhibitory antibody completely prevented epithelial repair. Our data suggest an essential functional role for sLex in epithelial repair. Further studies are necessary to explore the exact mechanism for sLex in mediating cell-cell interaction in bronchial epithelial cells to facilitate epithelial migration and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Allahverdian
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Faculty of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Rm. 166, 1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Exposure to platinum salts, such as may occur in the platinum refining industry, can be associated with the development of airway disorders such as asthma. However, there have been no studies investigating the direct effects of platinum salts on human ciliated epithelium. We have investigated the effects of platinic chloride on human ciliated epithelium, obtained by brushing the inferior nasal turbinate of healthy human volunteers. Ciliary beat frequency was measured using a phototransistor technique, and damage to the structural integrity of the epithelium was measured using a visual scoring index. Platinic chloride at concentrations between 0.25 and 25 microM caused a dose-dependent slowing of ciliary beating and damage to the structural integrity of the epithelium. These direct injurious effects were not affected by catalase, but were almost completely attenuated by preincubation of the epithelium with cysteine. The effects of platinic chloride on ciliary beating and structural integrity were enhanced by the presence of neutrophils and were partially attenuated by preincubation of the epithelial strips with catalase, suggesting that the direct effects of the metal were enhanced in this experimental system by reactive oxidants produced by activated neutrophils. This study documents that platinum salts have an injurious effect on human ciliated epithelium in vitro. If such effects also occur in vivo they may play a role, at least partly, in the pathogenesis of airway disorders that may manifest in exposed workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Idilman R, Kuzu I, Erden E, Arat M, Soydan E, Soykan I, Akyol G, Karayalcin S, Akan H, Beksac M. Evaluation of the effect of transplant-related factors and tissue injury on donor-derived hepatocyte and gastrointestinal epithelial cell repopulation following hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 37:199-206. [PMID: 16299546 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect donor-derived hepatocytes and gastrointestinal epithelial cells in recipients of sex-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants, and to assess the effect of tissue injury on the extent of the repopulation. A total of 29 paraffin-embedded biopsy samples were reviewed. Double labeling by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed. Eighty-nine percent of sex-mismatched samples with histologic evidence of injury demonstrated the presence of donor-derived hepatocytes and gastrointestinal epithelial cells (mean 2.4%). None of the hepatocytes and gastrointestinal epithelial cells in samples obtained from female recipients with female donors showed a Y chromosome signal. The proportion of donor-derived hepatocyte and gastrointestinal epithelial cells in samples with severe graft-versus-host disease was greater than that of samples with mild/moderate graft-versus-host disease (P = 0.09). No relationship between the source of stem cells and the population rate was detected (P > 0.05). We conclude that some recipient hepatocytes and gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells are replaced by donor-derived cells during tissue injury. The severity of tissue injury seems to influence on the extent of this repopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Idilman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ibn'i Sina Hospital, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins are intracellular mediators of cytokine signaling. These proteins are induced rapidly by cytokine stimulation and act in a classic negative-feedback loop to attenuate the cellular response to the cytokine signal. In this study, we present the cloning and initial characterization of the Xenopus SOCS3 gene. We show that xSOCS3 is rapidly induced in response to epithelial wounding in the tadpole. The induction of xSOCS3 in response to trauma is transient with maximal expression being reached 1 hr after the injury and diminishing after that. Unlike other genes known to be responsive to wound-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, such as Egr1, SOCS3 expression in response to trauma is unaffected by blockade of the MAP kinase pathway by chemical inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emin Kuliyev
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song E, Yang W, Cui ZH, Dong Y, Sui DM, Guan XK, Ma YL, Ma YL. Transplantation of human limbal cells cultivated on amniotic membrane for reconstruction of rat corneal epithelium after alkaline burn. Chin Med J (Engl) 2005; 118:927-35. [PMID: 15978194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transplantation of limbal epithelial cells cultivated on amniotic membrane is a newly developed treatment for limbal stem cell deficiency. The purpose of our study was to investigate the biological characteristics of limbal epithelial cells and evaluate the effect of transplantation of cultivated human limbal epithelial cells on ocular surface reconstruction in limbal stem cell deficiency rat model. METHODS Human limbal cells were isolated and cultivated in vitro. Cytokeratins 3, 12, and 19 (K3, K12 and K19) and p63 were detected by immunofluorescent staining or RT-PCR. BrdU labelling test was used to identify the slow cycling cells in the cultures. Limbal stem cell deficiency was established in rat cornea by alkali burn. Two weeks after injury, the rats received transplants of human limbal stem cells cultivated on amniotic membrane carrier. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by slit lamp observation, Hemotoxin and Eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS On day 7 in primary culture, p63 and K19 were strongly expressed by most cells but only a few cells expressed K3. On days 14 and 21, p63 and K19 were still expressed by a majority of cells, but the expressive intensity of p63 decreased in a number of cells, while the proportion of K3 positive cells increased slightly and some cells coexpressed p63 and K3. RT-PCR showed that gene expression of both p63 and K12 were positive in cultivated limbal cells, but in mature superficial epithelial cells, only K12 was detected. BrdU labelling test showed that most cells were labelled with BrdU after 7 days' labelling and BrdU label retaining cells were observed after chasing for 21 days with BrdU free medium. For in vivo test, slit lamp observation, HE staining and immunofluorescent staining showed that the rats receiving transplant of human limbal stem cells cultivated on amniotic membrane grew reconstructed corneas with intact epithelium, improved transparency and slight or no neovascularization. A majority of epithelial cells of the reconstructed cornea were positive to antihuman nuclear antibody and cells expressing K3 were found mainly in superfacial epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Limbal stem cells can be cultivated in vitro: the cells are characterized by high proliferation and slow cycling and identified as p63/K19 positive and K3/K12 negative. During culture, some stem cells can proliferate and differentiate into mature cornea epithelial cells. Amniotic membrane is a suitable carrier for limbal stem cells. Transplantation of human limbal stem cells cultivated on amniotic membrane can functionally reconstruct rat cornea with limbal stem cell deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Macpherson H, Keir P, Webb S, Samuel K, Boyle S, Bickmore W, Forrester L, Dorin J. Bone marrow-derived SP cells can contribute to the respiratory tract of mice in vivo. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2441-50. [PMID: 15923657 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has indicated that adult bone marrow-derived cells have the ability to contribute to both the haematopoietic system and other organs. Haematopoietic reconstitution by whole bone marrow and selected but not fully characterised cell populations have resulted in reports indicating high-level repopulation of lung epithelia. The well-characterised cells from the side population have a robust ability for haematopoietic reconstitution. We have used freshly isolated side population cells derived from ROSA26 adult bone marrow and demonstrate that despite being unable to contribute to embryos following blastocyst injection, or air liquid interface cultures or denuded tracheal xenografts, they could contribute to the tracheal epithelium in vivo. Epithelial damage is reported to be important in encouraging the recruitment of marrow-derived stem cells into non-haematopoietic organs. Here we demonstrate that mice engrafted with side population cells have donor-derived cells present in the epithelial lining of the trachea following damage and repair. Donor-derived cells were found at a frequency of 0.83%. Widefield and confocal microscopy revealed donor cells that expressed cytokeratins, indicative of cells of an epithelial nature. These results imply that SP haematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow do not have the ability to contribute to airway epithelia themselves but require factors present in vivo to allow them to acquire characteristics of this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Macpherson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pull SL, Doherty JM, Mills JC, Gordon JI, Stappenbeck TS. Activated macrophages are an adaptive element of the colonic epithelial progenitor niche necessary for regenerative responses to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:99-104. [PMID: 15615857 PMCID: PMC544052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405979102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified cellular and molecular features of the stem cell niche required for marked amplification of mouse colonic epithelial progenitors (ColEPs) that occurs in response to wounding of the epithelium with dextran sodium sulfate. This regenerative response in areas adjacent to breaches in the epithelial barrier depends on the gut microbiota because ColEP proliferation is markedly diminished in germ-free animals. Analysis of conventionally raised C57BL/6 (B6) knockout mice lacking the Toll-like receptor signal transduction pathway component Myd88 and wild-type animals transplanted with Myd88(-/-) bone marrow, revealed that Myd88-mediated signaling through mesenchymal cells is also required for the ColEP response. Studies of B6 Csf1(op/op) (lacking macrophages) mice, Rag1(-/-) mice, and wild-type mice treated with neutrophil-specific Gr1 mAbs, disclosed that macrophages but not lymphocytes or neutrophils are necessary. GeneChip analysis of laser-capture-microdissected mesenchymal cells coupled with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies showed that, during the regenerative response, macrophages in the pericryptal stem cell niche express genes associated with their activation and extend processes to directly contact ColEPs near the crypt base. GeneChip analysis also identified a number of potential molecular mediators of regeneration expressed in the pericryptal progenitor niche, including secreted factors that stimulate epithelial proliferation and proteins involved in extracellular matrix and basement membrane function, stability, and growth factor binding. Together, these studies indicate that the colonic epithelial progenitor niche is a dynamic structure in which macrophages function as mobile "cellular transceivers" that coordinate inputs from luminal microbes and injured epithelium and transmit regenerative signals to neighboring ColEPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pull
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brest P, Turchi L, Le'Negrate G, Berto F, Moreilhon C, Mari B, Ponzio G, Hofman P. Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 inhibits intestinal epithelial wound healing in vitro after mechanical injury. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5733-40. [PMID: 15385472 PMCID: PMC517525 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5733-5740.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) from Escherichia coli activates the small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) by catalyzing their deamidation at a specific glutamine residue. Since RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42 play a pivotal role in cell migration during the early phase of wound repair, we investigated whether CNF1 was able to interfere with wound healing in intestinal epithelial monolayers (T84 cells). After mechanical injury, we found that CNF1 blocks epithelial wound repair within 48 h. This effect was characterized by cell elongation and filopodium formation on the leading edge, in association with permanent phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) via Rho activation. Moreover, inhibition of Rho kinase with Y-27632 decreased CNF1-mediated permanent FAK phosphorylation, leading to complete restitution of wound repair within 24 h. In addition, we found that CNF1 induced upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation. Moreover, activation of Rac and MAPK by CNF1 increased matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in wounded T84 monolayers. Taken together, these results provide evidence that CNF1 strongly impairs intestinal epithelial wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brest
- Equipe INSERM 0215, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Nucleotides are naturally occurring substances present in tear film that can stimulate tear secretion in animals and humans. We investigated whether certain nucleotides can affect the rate of wound healing in the cornea of white rabbits. In the absence of any added compound, the rate of healing was 72.4 +/- 2.2 microm h(-1). Of all the tested nucleotides, UTP and Ap(4)A were the most active ones, maximally increasing the rate of healing to 121.6 +/- 3.7 and 93.7 +/- 3.2 microm h(-1), respectively. Responses to UTP were dose dependent. UTP had a pD(2) value of 8.9 +/- 0.1 (EC(50): 1.25 nM). P2 purinoceptor antagonists such as suramin and reactive blue-2, inhibited the effect of UTP indicating the involvement of P2Y receptors. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade inhibitors also abolished the effects of UTP, suggesting that P2Y receptors are coupled to the MAPK cascade, and that this is involved in controlling the rate of epithelial cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pintor
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Universtaria de Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalon s/n, Madrid 28037, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ding Q, Jia XS, Zhou Y. [Study of tracheal regeneration after injury induced by 5-fluorouracil in rats]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2004; 33:143-5. [PMID: 15132852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Localization of tracheal stem cells in rat trachea. METHODS Extracorporeal tracheal injury (Wistar rats) was induced by 5-FU. The process of regeneration was observed and analyzed by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Twelve hours after treatment with 5-FU, the tracheal epithelium shed and cells with naked nuclei were seen located sparsely on the basement membrane. Six hours after removal of 5-FU, the tracheal rings were covered with flattened epithelium. These cells were poorly differentiated under electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry showed few proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-negative cells sparsely scattered among PCNA-positive cells on the basement membrane. Nine hours later, electron microscopy found that these cells differentiated into mucous cells and ciliated cells. Forty-eight hours later, the tracheal rings were entirely covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. CONCLUSIONS A small number of G(0) cells with naked nuclei are located sparsely on the basement membrane of the trachea. Tracheal epithelium regenerates by proliferation and differentiation of these cells. It is likely that some of these G(0) cells on the tracheal basement membrane represent tracheal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
von Ruhland CJ, Newman GR, Topley N, Williams JD. Can artifact mimic the pathology of the peritoneal mesothelium? Perit Dial Int 2003; 23:428-33. [PMID: 14604193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A peritoneal biopsy registry was established to examine morphological and functional changes to the peritoneum during peritoneal dialysis (PD). During the early stages of this study, it became clear that surgical trauma to the peritoneum at the time of biopsy could cause a variety of changes to the surface. We examined the effects of surgical trauma in a rat biopsy model. DESIGN Rat peritoneum was subjected to a variety of traumas that might occur at biopsy and compared with peritoneal biopsies that had been collected, using the suture method described here, from PD patients. Changes in the quality of non-PD biopsies taken before and after the development of the suture technique were evaluated. RESULTS In the rat model, external massaging of the peritoneum induced moderate loss of microvilli. Brief light touching caused distortion of the mesothelial surface. Pressing resulted in mesothelial denudation and thin strands of presumed cellular remains. Rubbing caused complete loss of mesothelial cells and their basement membrane. Air drying caused progressive loss of microvilli and eventual cellular distortion. Comparison with peritoneal biopsies from PD patients revealed similarities with certain types of trauma, namely, air drying and pressing. Collection of peritoneal biopsies using the suture method significantly improved specimen quality compared with specimens taken before its introduction (p < 0.025%). CONCLUSION These results illustrate the sensitivity of the mesothelium to mechanical trauma, the possibility of confusing trauma with genuine pathology, and, hence, the necessity of employing a trauma-free method of biopsy collection, such as the technique described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J von Ruhland
- Medical Microscopy Sciences, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Noya F, Balagué C, Banerjee NS, Curiel DT, Broker TR, Chow LT. Activation of adenovirus early promoters and lytic phase in differentiated strata of organotypic cultures of human keratinocytes. J Virol 2003; 77:6533-40. [PMID: 12743310 PMCID: PMC155017 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6533-6540.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oncolytic adenoviruses have been used in clinical trials targeting cancers of epithelial origin. To gain a better understanding of the infectious cycle of adenovirus in normal human squamous tissues, we examined the viral infection process in organotypic cultures of primary human keratinocytes. We show that for the infection to occur, wounding of the epithelium is required. In addition, infection appears to initiate at the basal or parabasal cells that express the high-affinity coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor, CAR, whereas the productive phase takes place in differentiated cells. This is due, at least in part, to the differentiation-dependent activation of the E1A and E2A early promoters and E4 promoters. We also show that adenovirus infection triggers a response mediated by the abnormal accumulation of cyclin E and p21cip1 proteins similar to the one previously observed in human papillomavirus-infected tissues. However, the virus seems to be able to overcome it, at least partially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Noya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0005, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu NG, Chen YJ, Huang XH. [Expression of EIIIA-fibronectin in injured rat skin used in estimation of wound interval]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002; 18:129-31. [PMID: 12608286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the means of fibronectin(FN) alternative splicing and the expression of EIIIA-FN variant in rat skin after bruise, for the sake of providing some help for forensic estimation of wound interval. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from wounded skin, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was conducted to amplify target segments. RESULTS Detectable EIIIA+(526 bp) segments, lacked in normal organize, was amplified at 1 h after experimental wound, and the levels were increased within 24 h. CONCLUSION The alternative splicing EIIIA-fibronectin variant would be a satisfied criterion for research of skin injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-guo Liu
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin grafting may be necessary to close nonhealing skin wounds. This report describes a fast and minimally invasive method to produce minced skin suitable for transplantation to skin wounds. The technique was evaluated in an established porcine skin wound healing model and was compared to split-thickness skin grafts and suspensions of cultured and noncultured keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 90 wounds on 3 pigs. Fluid-treated full-thickness skin wounds were grafted with minced skin, split-thickness skin grafts, noncultured keratinocytes, or cultured keratinocytes. Controls received either fluid or dry treatment. The wound healing process was analyzed in histologies collected at Days 8 to 43 postwounding. Wound contraction was quantified by photoplanimetry. RESULTS Wounds transplanted with minced skin and keratinocyte suspension contained several colonies of keratinocytes in the newly formed granulation tissue. During the healing phase, the colonies progressed upward and reepithelialization was accelerated. Minced skin and split-thickness skin grafts reduced contraction as compared to keratinocyte suspensions and saline controls. Granulation tissue formation was also reduced in split-thickness skin-grafted wounds. CONCLUSIONS Minced skin grafting accelerates reepithelialization of fluid-treated skin wounds. The technique is faster and less expensive than split-thickness skin grafting and keratinocyte suspension transplantation. Minced skin grafting may have implications for the treatment of chronic wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tor Svensjö
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Gene Transfer, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Piscaer M, Ijzerman Y, van der Velden U. Oscillating/rotating electric toothbrushes compared: plaque removal and gingival abrasion. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 28:536-43. [PMID: 11350520 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028006536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to test the efficacy in plaque removal and the potential for gingival abrasion of 3 electric toothbrushes. The established Braun Oral-B 'Ultra' plaque remover (D9), the Philips/Jordan HP 735, and the newly designed Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover (3D). MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was designed as a split-mouth, single blind, randomised clinical study consisting of 3 identical experiments with 3 combinations of toothbrushes (exp 1:3D-HP735, exp 2:D9-HP735, exp 3:D9-3D). 40 subjects were requested not to brush their teeth 48 h prior to each examination. At this visit, both the gums and teeth were disclosed for the assessment of baseline plaque and gingival abrasion. Abrasion sites were scored as small (< or = 5 mm) or large sites (> 5 mm). Plaque was assessed according to the Quigley & Hein index at 6 sites per tooth. The participants brushed 60 s with the 2 brushes, each brush in 2 randomly selected contra-lateral quadrants. RESULTS The increase in number of small abrasions after brushing (exp. 1) was 1.2 versus 1.7 for 3D and HP735, respectively (ns); In exp. 2 the increase was 0.9 for both D9 and HP735. In exp. 3 the increase was 0.4 sites for both D9 and 3D. Comparison of the 3D and HP735 showed a mean plaque reduction of 67% and 54%, respectively (p<0.05); when the D9 and HP735 were compared, a mean plaque reduction of 70% and 58%, respectively, was found (p<0.05); a mean plaque reduction of 74% was found in the comparison of D9 and 3D. CONCLUSION The results show that the potential gingival abrasion after brushing is comparable for all 3 electric toothbrushes. In addition the longer the subjects used the brushes the less abrasion occurred. Finally both 3D and D9 were more effective than the HP735 in removing plaque.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, ACTA, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Restitution of an epithelial layer after environmental or biological damage is important to maintain the normal function of the respiratory tract. We have investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoforms in the repair of layers of 16HBE 14o(-) bronchial epithelial-derived cells after damage by multiple scoring. ELISA showed that both latent TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 were converted to their active forms 2 h after wounding. Time-lapse microscopy showed that the addition of TGF-beta1, but not TGF-beta2, progressively increased the rate of migration of damaged monolayers at concentrations down to 250 pg/ml. This increase was blocked by addition of a neutralizing TGF-beta1 antibody. Phase-contrast microscopy and inhibition of proliferation with mitomycin C showed that proliferation was not required for migration. These results demonstrate that conversion of latent to active TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 during in vitro epithelial wound repair occurs quickly and that TGF-beta1 speeds epithelial repair. A faster repair may be advantageous in preventing access of environmental agents to the internal milieu of the lung although the production of active TGF-beta molecules may augment subepithelial fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Howat
- Division of Respiratory, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
In vitro, transforming growth factor-alpha is an important factor controlling epithelial cell proliferation and migration. However, the transforming growth factor-alpha knockout mouse has shown no wound epithelialization defect in tail amputation and full-thickness back wounds. To resolve this disparity, we combined a full-thickness head wound and a partial-thickness ear wound on the transforming growth factor-alpha knockout mouse for analysis of wound epithelialization with or without granulation tissue formation. Three-millimeter ear wounds were made on the transforming growth factor-alpha knockout and heterozygous control mice. Full-thickness head wounds were made using a 6-mm trephine on the crown of the skull. In the ear model, transforming growth factor-alpha knockout mice had significantly larger epithelial gaps versus control at post-operative day 3 and 5. Epithelial thickness at the wound edge of transforming growth factor-alpha deficient mice was also depressed at post-operative day 3 and post-operative day 5 compared to control mice. On post-operative day 8, most wounds of both groups were epithelialized. In contrast, no difference in epithelial gap or new granulation tissue was found in the head model. The data support the concept that transforming growth factor-alpha plays a significant early role in wound epithelialization in vivo but its deficit is compensated if accompanied by granulation tissue formation. The data further show the importance of appropriate wound models to address the role of vulnerary factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kim
- Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
This article describes microbial keratitis, infection of the cornea by micro-organisms. Contact lens wear is a predisposing factor for the development of microbial keratitis. Micro-organisms probably adhere to the contact lens, transfer from the contact lens to a damaged or compromised corneal epithelial surface, penetrate into the deeper layers of the cornea and produce corneal damage. Host responses to the invading micro-organisms, while designed to protect the eye, can often exacerbate the situation and the resulting microbial keratitis can lead to permanent blindness. The microbial, biochemical and immunological aspects of MK will be described in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Willcox
- Co-operative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology, School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), using an excimer laser, are the currently popular techniques of correcting refractive errors. Since these techniques work by selective ablation of corneal stroma, the tissue healing response plays a great role in the ultimate outcome of surgery. Also, various methods of wound healing modulation can be used to achieve better results. While these procedures do lead to a decrease in dioptric power and increase in unaided visual acuity, higher visual functions like contrast sensitivity can sometimes be compromised after the surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Bansal
- L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, L. V. Prasad Marg, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Synthetic onlays that are implanted onto the surface of the cornea have the potential to become an alternative to spectacles and contact lenses for the correction of refractive error. A successful corneal onlay is dependent on development of a biocompatible polymer material that will maintain a healthy cornea after implantation and that will promote growth of corneal epithelial cells over the onlay, and development of a method for attachment of the onlay with minimal surgical invasiveness. The ideal onlay should be made of a material that is highly permeable yet has sufficient surface characteristics to stimulate stable and firm attachment of the corneal epithelium over the onlay. Recent research indicates that collagen I coated polymer materials that mimic the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium promote the most favorable growth of epithelial cells in vivo in comparison to wholly biological or synthetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Z Xie
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology (CRCERT), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Two human models were developed to quantify the stratum corneum removed by different adhesive dressings and to measure the peel force of dressing removal and relate this to stratum corneum removal. The first was an open study designed to compare the effects of applying Mepiform Safetac, Tielle and Duoderm Extra Thin to the skin of 12 normal volunteers aged 19-53 years. Treatments were applied once (one 24-hour application) or three times (three x 24-hour applications) to forearm skin which had been prestained with methylene blue. After dressing removal the dye left on the skin was sampled using the skin surface biopsy method and measured spectrophotometrically. The results show that, after one and three applications, the Mepiform Safetac sites had a higher level of dye than those on which the other dressings had been applied (p < 0.05, after three applications). Based on the assumption that the more dye is left on the skin, the less damage is caused, this suggests that Mepiform Safetac is less damaging to the skin surface than the other products tested. In the second study the peel force needed to remove adhesive dressings from prestained skin was measured and related to the amount of stratum corneum removed. Mepilex Border Safetac, Duoderm Extra Thin, Allevyn Adhesive, Biatain Adhesive and Tielle Hydropolymer Dressing were compared in 20 normal volunteers aged 23-64 years. Three consecutive 24-hour applications of each product were made, with measurements of peel force at 24, 48 and 72 hours. The amount of dye remaining on the skin at 72 hours was assessed by the surface biopsy method. Statistically significant differences between products were observed in terms of both peak force and steady state force of removal. Differences in the level of damage to the superficial stratum corneum were also detected. However, low levels of peel force were not always associated with low damage and, therefore, other factors must contribute to stratum corneum removal in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Dykes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The salivary gland is considered to be a reservoir of many growth factors in rodents. In humans, the epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and insulin and insulin-like growth factor family have also been detected in this gland, but their physiological role remains unclear. In this study, we focused on bFGF, which is a well-known mitogen for various types of cells, and is present in the salivary gland as well as in saliva. The roles of bFGF in the salivary gland were investigated by three different procedures. First, the effects of bFGF on the salivary gland cells were investigated with a monolayer culture of normal submandibular gland cells. The effects of different concentrations of bFGF on the second passage of these cultured cells were examined. In both human and rat cultured submandibular gland cells, bFGF accelerated the cell proliferation at a concentration of 100 ng/mL or higher. Next, an atrophic model of the rat submandibular gland was used to examine the ability of bFGF to accelerate tissue repair. Two weeks after ductal ligation, the ligature was removed, and various amounts of bFGF, isoproterenol, or saline were administered via a retrograde duct instillation. Both isoproterenol and bFGF increased acinar and ductal cell proliferation significantly. To determine the role of bFGF in saliva, we investigated its effect on the healing process of oral mucosal defects. Four-millimeter mucosal defects were made to the depth of the periosteum in the rat palate under anesthesia. bFGF or vehicle alone was applied once only at the time of surgery as a suspension. At days 3, 5, and 7 in the bFGF group, significant increases in the degree of re-epithelialization were found in treated groups. These results indicate that its action as a mitogen stimulus is the major effect of bFGF on salivary gland cells and mucosal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kagami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University, Postgraduate School of Medicine.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronan (HA) is an important extracellular matrix component that is involved in cell movement and tissue repair. In vertebrates, HA synthase genes (HAS 1, HAS 2, and HAS 3) that control the synthesis of HA have been identified. In this article, we investigated HA synthesis in the response of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) to injury. METHODS The expression of HAS 1, HAS 2, and HAS 3 mRNA and the synthesis of [(3)H]-labeled HA were examined in an in vitro model of peritoneal mesothelial cell damage. The staining for uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of HA, and biotinylated HA-binding protein was used to determine the cellular location of HA synthesis and its site of deposition. RESULTS Growth-arrested human HPMCs expressed low levels of mRNA for HAS 2 and HAS 3 but not HAS 1. Following injury to the monolayer, HAS 2 was up-regulated by 6 hours, reaching maximal expression between 12 and 24 hours. In contrast, the expression of HAS 3 was down-regulated. During the same time period, synthesis of HA was increased in the injured monolayer. This synthetic activity appeared to be restricted to cells at the edge of the wound and to cells entering the wound. In a separate series of experiments, the addition of HA to the injured monolayer at a concentration range found in peritoneal fluid (50 to 3300 ng/mL) increased the migration of cells into the wound in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide evidence that HA is an important component of peritoneal mesothelial cell migration. The results also suggest that in this process, there is differential regulation of HAS gene expression and that the synthesis of HA is limited to cells located at the leading edge of the wound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yung
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kinoshita K, Taupin DR, Itoh H, Podolsky DK. Distinct pathways of cell migration and antiapoptotic response to epithelial injury: structure-function analysis of human intestinal trefoil factor. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:4680-90. [PMID: 10848594 PMCID: PMC85884 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.13.4680-4690.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The trefoil peptide intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) plays a critical role in the protection of colonic mucosa and is essential to restitution after epithelial damage. These functional properties are accomplished through coordinated promotion of cell migration and inhibition of apoptosis. ITF contains a unique three-looped trefoil motif formed by intrachain disulfide bonds among six conserved cysteine residues, which is thought to contribute to its marked protease resistance. ITF also has a seventh cysteine residue, which permits homodimer formation. A series of cysteine-to-serine substitutions and a C-terminally truncated ITF were made by PCR site-directed mutagenesis. Any alteration of the trefoil motif or truncation resulted in loss of protease resistance. However, neither an intact trefoil domain nor dimerization was required to promote cell migration. This pro-restitution activity correlated with the ability of the ITF mutants to activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase independent of phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In contrast, only intact ITF retained both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the EGF receptor-dependent antiapoptotic effect in HCT116 and IEC-6 cells. The inability to block apoptosis correlated with a loss of trefoil peptide-induced transactivation of the EGF receptor or Akt kinase in HT-29 cells. In addition to defining structural requirements for the functional properties of ITF, these findings demonstrate that distinct intracellular signaling pathways mediate the effects of ITF on cell migration and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kinoshita
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histological recovery of tracheal grafts after cryopreservation was investigated using a rat heterotopic tracheal transplant model in order to evaluate the clinical applicability of tracheal cryopreservation. METHODOLOGY Heterotopic syngeneic tracheal transplantation was performed between F344 rats. Recipient animals received either a non-cryopreserved or a cryopreserved tracheal graft for direct comparison with regard to the effect of cryo-injury. In the non-cryopreserved group (CP(-)), tracheal segments were transplanted syngeneically between F344 rats immediately after harvest. Grafts were implanted into the abdominal space and wrapped with the greater omentum. In the cryopreserved group (CP(+)), grafts were implanted after cryopreservation for 7 days at -85 degrees C. Recipient rats were killed on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and at 2 months after surgery. Epithelial regeneration and cartilage changes were evaluated using a semiquantitative four grade scoring system. RESULTS Squamous epithelium without ciliated structure was observed on day 7 in both groups. Bronchial epithelium was then regenerated gradually and normally ciliated epithelium was observed on day 28 in both groups. The condition of the epithelium was still well maintained in the CP(-) group at 2 months post-transplantation; however, a severe epithelial defect was observed in the CP(+) group. Bronchial cartilage showed a normal shape and mostly viable chondrocytes with proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive staining at all time points in the CP(-) group until 2 months after surgery. However, in the CP(+) group, a massive loss of viable chondrocytes was observed at 2 months post-transplantation. Macroscopically, CP(+) grafts showed a diminished structure without satisfactory airway lumen at 2 months. CONCLUSION The epithelium of a tracheal graft can be temporarily recovered after implantation followed by 7 days cryopreservation. However, bronchial cartilage may be severely damaged by freezing, which results in late destruction with loss of viable chondrocytes. It is suggested here that establishing a method of safe cryopreservation for tracheal cartilage will be imperative to making tracheal cryopreservation possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Kumon
- Second Department of Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Leir SH, Baker JE, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Increased CD44 expression in human bronchial epithelial repair after damage or plating at low cell densities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L1129-37. [PMID: 10835317 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.6.l1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of mechanical damage, cell density, and cell-derived soluble mediators on CD44 expression in a model of bronchial epithelial repair. CD44 (all isoforms) and variant-containing isoforms (CD44v3, CD44v6, and CD44v9) were identified with flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry with image analysis. After mechanical damage, CD44 expression increased up to 500 microm from the wound edge and for up to 48 h in two human bronchial epithelium-derived cell lines, 16HBE14o- and NCI-H292. CD44 expression was unchanged by interferon-gamma and increased by <50% by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. To exclude other soluble factors, a Vaseline spacer was used to temporarily divide petri dishes, with cells at high density on one side and those at low density on the other. After the spacer was removed, the cells at low cell density growing in the shared medium expressed up to fourfold higher CD44, although cell proliferation was unchanged. Thus increased CD44 expression at low cell density was not mediated by soluble factors and may reflect functional involvement in cell motility, dedifferentiation, or altered cell-substrate adhesion in epithelial repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Leir
- Southampton University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The airway epithelium may be damaged by inhalation of noxious agents, in response to pathogens, or during endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Maintenance of an intact epithelium is important for lung fluid balance, and the loss of epithelium may stimulate inflammatory responses. Epithelial repair in the airways following injury must occur on a substrate that undergoes cyclic elongation and compression during respiration. We have previously shown that cyclic mechanical strain inhibits wound closure in the airway epithelium (Savla and Waters, 1998b). In this study, we investigated the stimulation of epithelial wound closure by keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in vitro and the mechanisms by which KGF overcomes the inhibition due to mechanical strain. Primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and a cell line of human airway epithelial cells, Calu 3, were grown on Silastic membranes, and a wound was scraped across the well. The wells were then exposed to cyclic strain using the Flexercell Strain Unit, and wound closure was measured. While cyclic elongation (20% maximum) and cyclic compression (approximately 2%) both inhibited wound closure in untreated wells, treatment with KGF (50 ng/ml) significantly accelerated wound closure and overcame the inhibition due to cyclic strain. Since wound closure involves cell spreading, migration, and proliferation, we investigated the effect of cyclic strain on cell area, cell-cell distance, and cell velocity at the wound edge. While the cell area increased in unstretched monolayers, the cell area of monolayers in compressed regions decreased significantly. Treatment with KGF increased the cell area in both cyclically elongated and compressed cells. Also, when cells were treated with KGF, cell velocity was significantly increased in both static and cyclically strained monolayers, and cyclic strain did not inhibit cell migration. These results suggest that KGF is an important factor in epithelial repair that is capable of overcoming the inhibition of repair due to physiological levels of cyclic strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Waters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Krejci-Papa NC, Hoang A, Hansbrough JF. Fibroblast sheets enable epithelialization of sounds that do not support keratinocyte migration. Tissue Eng 1999; 5:555-62. [PMID: 10611547 DOI: 10.1089/ten.1999.5.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte migration over the wound bed is the single most important parameter for wound epithelialization. Therefore, improvement of the wound bed matrix holds considerable promise for the shortening of hospitalization time in patients with ulcers, burns, and chronic wounds. We investigated wound epithelialization in athymic mice in the presence or absence of a sheet of cultured human fibroblasts. The physiology of keratinocyte growth on fibroblast sheets was investigated in tissue culture using histology, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Keratinocytes from human skin explants were unable to attach or migrate on full-thickness dorsal wounds of athymic mice. Placement of a fibroblast-seeded polyglactin mesh on the wounds resulted in dramatically increased keratinocyte outgrowth. Similarly, human keratinocytes showed good outgrowth on fibroblast sheets at the air/liquid interface in tissue culture. Outgrowth was correlated inversely with fibroblast viability, indicating that the observed effect was due to the complex extracellular matrix secreted by the fibroblasts and matrix-bound growth factors rather than ongoing growth factor release. Collagen IV, a promoter of keratinocyte migration, was found to be abundant in the fibroblast-derived matrix. This study demonstrates that wounds which are unable to support keratinocyte migration can undergo epithelialization if a conducive substrate, supplying appropriate extracellular matrix and/or matrix-bound growth factors, is applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Krejci-Papa
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego, 92103-8896, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
ChangLai SP, Hung WT, Liao KK. Detecting alveolar epithelial injury following volatile anesthetics by (99m)Tc DTPA radioaerosol inhalation lung scan. Respiration 1999; 66:506-10. [PMID: 10575335 DOI: 10.1159/000029449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many volatile anesthetics have long been thought to affect alveolar epithelial permeability. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of volatile anesthetics on the permeability of the alveolocapillary barrier to (99m)Tc DTPA. METHODS Twenty-seven patients (24 females, 3 males, age 29-73 years) undergoing operation were enrolled in this study and grouped according to the type of anesthesia received. Group 1 patients were administered 1% halothane. Group 2 patients were given 1.5% isoflurane. Intravenous anesthesia without volatile anesthetics were used for group 3 patients. Before and after anesthesia, (99m)Tc DTPA radioaerosol inhalation lung scans were performed to detect alveolar epithelial injury due to volatile anesthetics. The negative slope of the regression line was designated as the (99m)Tc DTPA pulmonary clearance rate and was expressed in terms of percentage decrease in radioactivity per minute. RESULTS In group 1, the (99m)Tc DTPA clearance rates were 1.26 +/- 0.34 and 1.29 +/- 0.38 before and after anesthesia, respectively. The difference was not significant (p > 0.05). In group 2, the rates were 0.76 +/- 0.20 and 1.10 +/- 0. 37, before and after anesthesia, respectively. The difference was significant (p < 0.05). In group 3, the clearance rates were 1.07 +/- 0.38 and 1.21 +/- 0.48, before and after anesthesia, respectively. The difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Following isoflurane administration, the more rapid pulmonary clearance of (99m)Tc DTPA indicates that isoflurane increases the permeability of the alveolo-capillary barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P ChangLai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- J Hickman-Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233-6810, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu S, Wu R, Chen C. [The study of E-cadherin expression on injury and repair of epithelium of respiratory tract in smoking mice]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 1999; 22:417-9. [PMID: 11775815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of smoking on E-cadherin (E-cd) expression of injury and repair of respiratory tract epithelium by observation of dynamic expression of E-cd on epithelial cells of respiratory tract in smoking mice. METHODS Immunohistochemistry SP technique was used to examine E-cd expression on epithelial cells of respiratory tract in smoking mice of different stages and dosages and the morphological changes observed by light and electron microscopy respectively. RESULTS Four and twelve weeks after smoking, the E-cd expression in the epithelial cells was significantly down-regulated compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Morphologically, the intercellular junction was loose, and the epithelial cells were injured and proliferated on the same time. Eight weeks after smoking, however, the E-cd expression was not different from that of the control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Smoking is able to cause wavy change of the E-cd expression on the epithelial cells which may play an important role in the injury and repair of the epithelial cell of the respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan 430030
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Planus E, Galiacy S, Matthay M, Laurent V, Gavrilovic J, Murphy G, Clérici C, Isabey D, Lafuma C, d'Ortho MP. Role of collagenase in mediating in vitro alveolar epithelial wound repair. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 2):243-52. [PMID: 9858477 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II pneumocytes are essential for repair of the injured alveolar epithelium. The effect of two MMP collagenases, MMP-1 and MMP-13 on alveolar epithelial repair was studied in vitro. The A549 alveolar epithelial cell line and primary rat alveolar epithelial cell cultures were used. Cell adhesion and cell migration were measured with and without exogenous MMP-1. Wound healing of a cell monolayer of rat alveolar epithelial cell after a mechanical injury was evaluated by time lapse video analysis. Cell adhesion on type I collagen, as well as cytoskeleton stiffness, was decreased in the presence of exogenous collagenases. A similar decrease was observed when cell adhesion was tested on collagen that was first incubated with MMP-1 (versus control on intact collagen). Cell migration on type I collagen was promoted by collagenases. Wound healing of an alveolar epithelial cell monolayer was enhanced in the presence of exogenous collagenases. Our results suggest that collagenases could modulate the repair process by decreasing cell adhesion and cell stiffness, and by increasing cell migration on type I collagen. Collagen degradation could modify cell adhesion sites and collagen degradation peptides could induce alveolar type II pneumocyte migration. New insights regarding alveolar epithelial cell migration are particularly relevant to investigate early events during alveolar epithelial repair following lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Planus
- Unité INSERM U492, Faculté de Médecine, 94010 Créteil, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical features of retinal detachments caused by traumatic tears in the pars plana ciliaris. METHODS This study is a retrospective review of five cases of retinal detachments secondary to traumatic breaks limited to the nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana ciliaris. Four patients had a history of recent closed-globe trauma due to a fist blow and the remaining patient had a history of remote closed-globe trauma. RESULTS In all cases, the tearing of the pars plana developed in the superonasal quadrant. The low-lying configuration of the detachment and the absence of a retinal break, oral tear, or avulsed vitreous base challenged the ability of the initial examiners to establish the correct diagnosis. Each patient underwent successful surgical reattachment of the retina. CONCLUSIONS Retinal detachments may result from traumatic tears in the nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana ciliaris. These detachments often do not become clinically manifest for several months or longer following ocular contusion. They tend to be shallow with a smooth and flat surface, which makes diagnosis difficult during routine ophthalmoscopy. Scleral depression is almost always necessary to identify the pars plana tear(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Alappatt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|