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Dao F, Dembele L, Diarra B, Sogore F, Marin-Menendez A, Goita S, Haidara AS, Barre YN, Sangare CPO, Kone A, Ouologuem DT, Dara A, Tekete MM, Talman AM, Djimde AA. The Prevalence of Human Plasmodium Species during Peak Transmission Seasons from 2016 to 2021 in the Rural Commune of Ntjiba, Mali. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:438. [PMID: 37755899 PMCID: PMC10535850 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-to-date knowledge of key epidemiological aspects of each Plasmodium species is necessary for making informed decisions on targeted interventions and control strategies to eliminate each of them. This study aims to describe the epidemiology of plasmodial species in Mali, where malaria is hyperendemic and seasonal. Data reports collected during high-transmission season over six consecutive years were analyzed to summarize malaria epidemiology. Malaria species and density were from blood smear microscopy. Data from 6870 symptomatic and 1740 asymptomatic participants were analyzed. The median age of participants was 12 years, and the sex ratio (male/female) was 0.81. Malaria prevalence from all Plasmodium species was 65.20% (95% CI: 60.10-69.89%) and 22.41% (CI: 16.60-28.79%) for passive and active screening, respectively. P. falciparum was the most prevalent species encountered in active and passive screening (59.33%, 19.31%). This prevalence was followed by P. malariae (1.50%, 1.15%) and P. ovale (0.32%, 0.06%). Regarding frequency, P. falciparum was more frequent in symptomatic individuals (96.77% vs. 93.24%, p = 0.014). In contrast, P. malariae was more frequent in asymptomatic individuals (5.64% vs. 2.45%, p < 0.001). P. ovale remained the least frequent species (less than 1%), and no P. vivax was detected. The most frequent coinfections were P. falciparum and P. malariae (0.56%). Children aged 5-9 presented the highest frequency of P. falciparum infections (41.91%). Non-falciparum species were primarily detected in adolescents (10-14 years) with frequencies above 50%. Only P. falciparum infections had parasitemias greater than 100,000 parasites per µL of blood. P. falciparum gametocytes were found with variable prevalence across age groups. Our data highlight that P. falciparum represented the first burden, but other non-falciparum species were also important. Increasing attention to P. malariae and P. ovale is essential if malaria elimination is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.M.-M.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Laurent Dembele
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Bakoroba Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | | | - Siaka Goita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Aboubacrin S. Haidara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Yacouba N. Barre
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Cheick P. O. Sangare
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Aminatou Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Dinkorma T. Ouologuem
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Antoine Dara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mamadou M. Tekete
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Arthur M. Talman
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.M.-M.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Abdoulaye A. Djimde
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (F.D.); (B.D.); (F.S.); (S.G.); (A.S.H.); (Y.N.B.); (C.P.O.S.); (A.K.); (D.T.O.); (A.D.); (M.M.T.)
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Ndegwa DN, Kundu P, Hostetler JB, Marin-Menendez A, Sanderson T, Mwikali K, Verzier LH, Coyle R, Adjalley S, Rayner JC. Using Plasmodium knowlesi as a model for screening Plasmodium vivax blood-stage malaria vaccine targets reveals new candidates. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008864. [PMID: 34197567 PMCID: PMC8279373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria cases outside Africa. Unlike P. falciparum, the P. vivax life-cycle includes a dormant liver stage, the hypnozoite, which can cause infection in the absence of mosquito transmission. An effective vaccine against P. vivax blood stages would limit symptoms and pathology from such recurrent infections, and therefore could play a critical role in the control of this species. Vaccine development in P. vivax, however, lags considerably behind P. falciparum, which has many identified targets with several having transitioned to Phase II testing. By contrast only one P. vivax blood-stage vaccine candidate based on the Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP), has reached Phase Ia, in large part because the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system for P. vivax limits systematic screening of new candidates. We used the close phylogenetic relationship between P. vivax and P. knowlesi, for which an in vitro culture system in human erythrocytes exists, to test the scalability of systematic reverse vaccinology to identify and prioritise P. vivax blood-stage targets. A panel of P. vivax proteins predicted to function in erythrocyte invasion were expressed as full-length recombinant ectodomains in a mammalian expression system. Eight of these antigens were used to generate polyclonal antibodies, which were screened for their ability to recognize orthologous proteins in P. knowlesi. These antibodies were then tested for inhibition of growth and invasion of both wild type P. knowlesi and chimeric P. knowlesi lines modified using CRISPR/Cas9 to exchange P. knowlesi genes with their P. vivax orthologues. Candidates that induced antibodies that inhibited invasion to a similar level as PvDBP were identified, confirming the utility of P. knowlesi as a model for P. vivax vaccine development and prioritizing antigens for further follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan N. Ndegwa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Prasun Kundu
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica B. Hostetler
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Theo Sanderson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kioko Mwikali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa H. Verzier
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Coyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Adjalley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Kariuki SN, Marin-Menendez A, Introini V, Ravenhill BJ, Lin YC, Macharia A, Makale J, Tendwa M, Nyamu W, Kotar J, Carrasquilla M, Rowe JA, Rockett K, Kwiatkowski D, Weekes MP, Cicuta P, Williams TN, Rayner JC. Red blood cell tension protects against severe malaria in the Dantu blood group. Nature 2020; 585:579-583. [PMID: 32939086 PMCID: PMC7116803 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria has had a major effect on the human genome, with many protective polymorphisms-such as the sickle-cell trait-having been selected to high frequencies in malaria-endemic regions1,2. The blood group variant Dantu provides 74% protection against all forms of severe malaria in homozygous individuals3-5, a similar degree of protection to that afforded by the sickle-cell trait and considerably greater than that offered by the best malaria vaccine. Until now, however, the protective mechanism has been unknown. Here we demonstrate the effect of Dantu on the ability of the merozoite form of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to invade red blood cells (RBCs). We find that Dantu is associated with extensive changes to the repertoire of proteins found on the RBC surface, but, unexpectedly, inhibition of invasion does not correlate with specific RBC-parasite receptor-ligand interactions. By following invasion using video microscopy, we find a strong link between RBC tension and merozoite invasion, and identify a tension threshold above which invasion rarely occurs, even in non-Dantu RBCs. Dantu RBCs have higher average tension than non-Dantu RBCs, meaning that a greater proportion resist invasion. These findings provide both an explanation for the protective effect of Dantu, and fresh insight into why the efficiency of P. falciparum invasion might vary across the heterogenous populations of RBCs found both within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia N Kariuki
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Viola Introini
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yen-Chun Lin
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Macharia
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Makale
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Metrine Tendwa
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wilfred Nyamu
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jurij Kotar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - J Alexandra Rowe
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kirk Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Campino S, Marin-Menendez A, Kemp A, Cross N, Drought L, Otto TD, Benavente ED, Ravenhall M, Schwach F, Girling G, Manske M, Theron M, Gould K, Drury E, Clark TG, Kwiatkowski DP, Pance A, Rayner JC. A forward genetic screen reveals a primary role for Plasmodium falciparum Reticulocyte Binding Protein Homologue 2a and 2b in determining alternative erythrocyte invasion pathways. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007436. [PMID: 30496294 PMCID: PMC6289454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of human erythrocytes is essential for Plasmodium falciparum parasite survival and pathogenesis, and is also a complex phenotype. While some later steps in invasion appear to be invariant and essential, the earlier steps of recognition are controlled by a series of redundant, and only partially understood, receptor-ligand interactions. Reverse genetic analysis of laboratory adapted strains has identified multiple genes that when deleted can alter invasion, but how the relative contributions of each gene translate to the phenotypes of clinical isolates is far from clear. We used a forward genetic approach to identify genes responsible for variable erythrocyte invasion by phenotyping the parents and progeny of previously generated experimental genetic crosses. Linkage analysis using whole genome sequencing data revealed a single major locus was responsible for the majority of phenotypic variation in two invasion pathways. This locus contained the PfRh2a and PfRh2b genes, members of one of the major invasion ligand gene families, but not widely thought to play such a prominent role in specifying invasion phenotypes. Variation in invasion pathways was linked to significant differences in PfRh2a and PfRh2b expression between parasite lines, and their role in specifying alternative invasion was confirmed by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing. Expansion of the analysis to a large set of clinical P. falciparum isolates revealed common deletions, suggesting that variation at this locus is a major cause of invasion phenotypic variation in the endemic setting. This work has implications for blood-stage vaccine development and will help inform the design and location of future large-scale studies of invasion in clinical isolates. Plasmodium parasites cause more than 200 million cases of malaria each year. All the symptoms of malaria are caused after Plasmodium parasites invade human red blood cells. Once inside, they grow, multiply and break open the red blood cells to release new parasites. This cycle is repeated every 48 hours, rapidly amplifying the number of parasites and causing severe anemia and other complications. Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite species responsible for almost all malaria deaths, can use multiple different pathways to invade human red blood cells, but the relative importance of each is not well understood. We tested the invasion pathways used by a collection of closely related parasites and compared their genome sequences to identify the genes responsible. This analysis revealed that expression differences in two neighboring genes of the Reticulocyte Binding Homologue family are responsible for most of the variation in two invasion pathways. P. falciparum may use variation in these genes to avoid the immune system or adapt to specific blood groups, which has important implications for vaccine development against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campino
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SC); (JCR)
| | - Alejandro Marin-Menendez
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Kemp
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Cross
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Drought
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Ravenhall
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Schwach
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Girling
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Manske
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Theron
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelda Gould
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Drury
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic P. Kwiatkowski
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Pance
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SC); (JCR)
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Marin-Menendez A, Bell A. Identification and characterization of novel Plasmodium falciparum cyclophilins and their roles in the antimalarial actions of cyclosporin A and derivatives. Malar J 2010. [PMCID: PMC2963238 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-s2-o3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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