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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Mrozowski K, Strzelec K. Effect of Modified and Unmodified Oak Bark (Quercus Cortex) on the Cross-Linking Process and Mechanical, Anti-Aging, and Hydrophobic Properties of Biocomposites Produced from Natural Rubber (NR). Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1968. [PMID: 38730774 PMCID: PMC11084775 DOI: 10.3390/ma17091968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The study explores the novel use of oak bark (Quercus cortex) as a bio-filler in elastomeric composites, aligning with the global trend of plant-based biocomposites. Both modified and unmodified oak bark were investigated for their impact on the physicochemical properties of natural rubber (NR) composites. The bio-filler modified with n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane exhibited enhanced dispersion and reduced aggregates in the elastomeric matrix. NR composites containing more than 20 phr of unmodified and modified oak bark demonstrated an increased degree of cross-linking (αc > 0.21). Mechanical properties were optimal at 10-15 phr of oak bark and the sample with modified bio-filler (10 phr) achieved the highest tensile strength (15.8 MPa). Silanization and the addition of the bio-filler increased the hardness of vulcanizates. The incorporation of oak bark improved aging resistance at least two-fold due to phenolic derivatives with antioxidant properties. Hydrophobicity decreased with added bark, but silanization reversed the trend, making samples with a high content of oak bark the most hydrophobic (contact angle: 129°). Overall, oak bark shows promise as an eco-friendly, anti-aging filler in elastomeric composites, with modification enhancing compatibility and hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Konrad Mrozowski
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Mrozowski K, Strzelec K. Correction: Smejda-Krzewicka et al. Interelastomer Reactions Occurring during the Cross-Linking of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (HNBR) and Chloroprene (CR) Rubbers Blends in the Presence of Silver(I) Oxide (Ag 2O) and Mechanical Properties of Cured Products. Materials 2023, 16, 4573. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1021. [PMID: 38473697 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the original publication [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Mrozowski
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Rybiński P, Żukowski W, Bradło D, Wencel K, Berkowicz-Płatek G. Cross-Linking Characteristics, Morphology, Dynamics, and Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polychloroprene/Polybutadiene/Nano-Zinc (CR/BR/nZn) Compositions with Reduced Fire Hazard. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5804. [PMID: 37687499 PMCID: PMC10489150 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The properties of unconventional blends of crystallizable and thermo-cross-linkable polychloroprene (CR) with polybutadiene (BR) were investigated in this study. The compositions were prepared using the method of reactive processing and cross-linking in the presence of nano-sized zinc (nZn). The purpose of the research was to assess the efficacy of nano-zinc as a curing agent of polychloroprene and polybutadiene (CR/BR) composites and to obtain rubber goods characterized by increased flame resistance. The blends were filled with nano-silica (aerosil) and fillers of natural origin (chalcedonite or silitin). The cross-linking process was characterized by determining the kinetics curves, the equilibrium swelling, and the Mooney-Rivlin elasticity constants. The morphology of the vulcanizate surface was specified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dynamic and mechanical properties, flammability, and toxicity of gaseous substances involved in thermal decomposition were determined. Mass changes and thermal effects were studied using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). It was confirmed that nano-zinc is an efficient curing agent for the polychloroprene and polybutadiene compositions, with a satisfactory degree of cross-linking (αc = 0.10, CRI = 4.11 min-1), good mechanical strength (TSb = 5 MPa), satisfactory tear resistance (Ts = 2.9 N/mm), and very high flame resistance (OI = 30%, HRRmax = 283 kW/m2). Filled products could be used as non-combustible materials, confirming the low fire hazard (1/tflashover = 3.5-6.4 kW/m2∙s). The most effective filler of the tested composites was nano-sized silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, Żeromskiego Street 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
| | - Witold Żukowski
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.Ż.); (D.B.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Dariusz Bradło
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.Ż.); (D.B.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Kinga Wencel
- Department of Thermal Processes, Air Protection and Waste Utilization, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Berkowicz-Płatek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska Street 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (W.Ż.); (D.B.); (G.B.-P.)
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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Mrozowski K, Strzelec K. Interelastomer Reactions Occurring during the Cross-Linking of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene (HNBR) and Chloroprene (CR) Rubbers Blends in the Presence of Silver(I) Oxide (Ag 2O) and Mechanical Properties of Cured Products. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4573. [PMID: 37444887 PMCID: PMC10342298 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the possibility of producing new blends of hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene and chloroprene rubbers (HNBR/CR) unconventionally cross-linked with silver(I) oxide (Ag2O), and to investigate the physicomechanical properties of the obtained materials. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that HNBR/CR composites were effectively cured with Ag2O, which led to interelastomer reactions, and the degree of binding of HNBR with CR was in the range of 14-59%. The rheometric and equilibrium swelling studies revealed that the cross-linking progress depended on the weight proportion of both elastomers, and the degree of cross-linking was greater with more content of chloroprene rubber in the tested blends. Interelastomer reactions occurring between HNBR and CR improved the homogeneity and miscibility of the tested compositions, which was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The tensile strength and hardness of the obtained HNBR/CR/Ag2O vulcanizates proportionally increased with the content of CR, while the tear strength showed an inverse relationship. The obtained new, unconventional materials were characterized by significant resistance to thermo-oxidative factors, which was confirmed by the high aging factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (K.S.)
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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Rybiński P, Bradło D, Żukowski W. The Morphology, Mechanical and Dynamic Properties, Fire Hazard and Toxicity of Chloroprene and Butadiene Rubber Composites Cross-Linked with Zinc. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16031240. [PMID: 36770247 PMCID: PMC9920496 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the influence of zinc on the cross-linking process, mechanical and dynamic properties, morphologies and balance of thermal degradation of blends containing chloroprene rubber (CR) and butadiene rubber (BR). The novel aspect of this research is a comprehensive approach presenting a new curing agent for the CR/BR blends to increase their cross-linking density and final properties, including non-flammability and low fire hazard. This is due to the need to find an alternative to zinc oxide, which is the standard curing agent for chloroprene rubber. The regulations of the European Union enforce a significant limitation on the use of this compound in elastomer technology, due to its harmful effect on aquatic organisms. In this paper, the CR/BR composites were cured with zinc and filled with natural silica fillers (sillitin or chalcedonite) or synthetic silica filler (aerosil). The investigation focused on the morphology characterization of the obtained compounds, their cross-linking degree, swelling, mechanical and dynamic properties, fire hazard and toxicity. The structure of cured CR/BR blends was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fire resistance studies were performed using cone calorimetry or oxygen index methods, whereas toxicity tests were performed with the use of the FB-FTIR (fluidized bed reactor coupled with FTIR analyzer) method. The results showed that obtained CR/BR products were characterized by satisfactory final properties. The properties determined by the oxygen index and cone calorimetry methods, including the behaviors of the tested CR/BR vulcanizates in fire conditions, showed that the produced compounds were characterized by a low fire hazard and can be classified as non-combustible rubber products. However, the toxicity of the decomposition products, determined at 450, 550 and 750 °C, was very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.-K.); (P.R.); Tel.: +48-42-6313210 (A.S.-K.); +48-41-3496437 (P.R.)
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, Żeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.-K.); (P.R.); Tel.: +48-42-6313210 (A.S.-K.); +48-41-3496437 (P.R.)
| | - Dariusz Bradło
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Witold Żukowski
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Smejda-Krzewicka A, Mrozowski K, Kobędza P, Adamus-Włodarczyk A. The Use of Iron(II,III) Oxide (Fe 3O 4) as a Cross-Linking Agent for Unfilled and Filled Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) and Study of the Vulcanizates Properties. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7276. [PMID: 36295341 PMCID: PMC9612123 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the cross-linking behaviors, mechanical and dynamical properties, and flammability of elastomeric composites containing unconventionally cured chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM). The purpose of this work was to verify the CSM ability to cross-link with iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) and to produce flame retardant materials. During the first series of tests, three types of CSM were used, differing in the content of bound chlorine (29-43%). The results showed that the CSM with 43% bound chlorine (Hypalon 30, CSM43) was the most advantageous type of chlorosulfonated polyethylene in terms of its properties. It exhibited a short vulcanization time, a high degree of cross-linking, and very good mechanical properties. In the next stage, the CSM composites with various fillers (talc, arsil, kaolin, chalcedonite, or carbon black) were prepared, because filled rubber materials are of the greatest practical importance. The cross-linking kinetics, equilibrium swelling, mechanical and dynamic properties as well as flammability were studied. It was found that the addition of fillers led to a decrease in the degree of cross-linking, an increase in the vulcanization time (in the case of talc, arsil, or kaolin), an increase in the overall mechanical strength (in the case of carbon black, arsil or talc). All filled vulcanizates proved to be non-flammable, as the specific oxygen index value exceeded 37.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Mrozowski
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kobędza
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego Street 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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Irzmańska E, Siciński M, Smejda-Krzewicka A, Adamus-Włodarczyk A, Makowicz M, Gozdek T. Enhanced Hydrophobicity of Polymers for Protective Gloves Achieved by Geometric, Chemical and Plasma-Surface Modification. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19095239. [PMID: 35564635 PMCID: PMC9104649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gloves are one of the most important elements of personal protective equipment (PPE). To improve gloves properties, a lot of different methods of surface modifications are used. In this work, the application of geometric, chemical, and plasma surface modifications to improve the hydrophobicity of butyl (IIR) and silicone (MVQ) rubber are described. To characterise surface properties contact angle measurements, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used. This study showed that when the chemical modification applied, the contact angle value increases compared to non-modified samples. In addition, plasma modification raised the contact angle value and smoothed the surface morphology. An increase in the polymer surfaces hydrophobicity was the observed effect of the three modifications of rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Irzmańska
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, 16 Czerniakowska, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariusz Siciński
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 16 Stefanowskiego, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.S.-K.); (T.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 16 Stefanowskiego, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.S.-K.); (T.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, 16 Czerniakowska, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Makowicz
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, 16 Czerniakowska, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (M.M.)
| | - Tomasz Gozdek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 16 Stefanowskiego, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (A.S.-K.); (T.G.)
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Kobędza P, Smejda-Krzewicka A, Strzelec K. Cross-Link Density, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Chloroprene Rubber Cross-Linked with Silver(I) Oxide. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15062006. [PMID: 35329456 PMCID: PMC8950021 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to cross-link chloroprene rubber (CR) with silver(I) oxide (Ag2O) and to investigate the properties of the obtained vulcanizates. Silver(I) oxide was chosen as an alternative to zinc oxide (ZnO), which is part of the standard CR cross-linking system. The obtained results show that it is possible to cross-link chloroprene rubber with silver(I) oxide. This is evidenced by the determined vulcametric parameters, equilibrium swelling and elasticity constants. As the Ag2O content in the composition increases, the cross-link density of the vulcanizates also increases. However, the use of 1 phr of Ag2O is insufficient to obtain a suitably extensive network. Exclusively, the incorporation of 2 phr of Ag2O results in obtaining vulcanizates with great cross-link density. The obtained compositions are characterized by good mechanical properties, as evidenced by high tensile strength. The performed thermal analyses—differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA) allowed us to determine the course of composition cross-linking, but also to determine changes in their properties during heating. The results of the thermal analysis confirmed that CR can be cross-linked with Ag2O, and the increasing amount of oxide in the composition increases the degree of cross-linking of vulcanizates. However, the amount of Ag2O in the composition does not affect the processes occurring in the heated vulcanizate.
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Irzmańska E, Korzeniewska E, Pawlak R, Tomczyk M, Smejda-Krzewicka A, Adamus-Włodarczyk A. Enhanced Hydrofobicity of Polymers for Personal Protective Equipment Achieved by Chemical and Physical Modification. Materials (Basel) 2021; 15:ma15010106. [PMID: 35009253 PMCID: PMC8746267 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The article presents significant results in research on creating superhydrophobic properties of materials which can be used as an interesting material for use in self-cleaning polymer protective gloves and similar applications where the superhydrophobicity plays a significant role. In this work the influence of laser surface modification of MVQ silicone rubber was investigated. The research was conducted using a nanosecond-pulsed laser at 1060 nm wavelength. After a process of laser ablation, the surface condition was examined using a SEM microscope and infrared spectroscopy. During the tests, the contact angle was checked both before and after the laser modification of samples pre-geometrised in the process of their production. The test results presented in the paper indicate that the chemical and physical modifications contribute to the change in the MVQ silicone rubber contact angle. A significant increase (by more than 30°) in the contact angle to 138° was observed. It was confirmed that surface geometrisation is not the only factor contributing to an increase in the contact angle of the analyzed material; other factors include a change in laser texturing parameters, such as mean beam power, pulse duration, scanning speed and pulse repetition frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Irzmańska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection, Department of Personal Protective Equipment, National Research Institute (CIOP—PIB), Wierzbowa 48 Str., 90-133 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Institute of Electrical Engineering Systems, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18 Str., 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (E.K.); (R.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Ryszard Pawlak
- Institute of Electrical Engineering Systems, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18 Str., 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (E.K.); (R.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Mariusz Tomczyk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering Systems, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18 Str., 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (E.K.); (R.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stafanowskiego 16 Str., 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Central Institute for Labour Protection, Department of Personal Protective Equipment, National Research Institute (CIOP—PIB), Wierzbowa 48 Str., 90-133 Lodz, Poland;
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Słubik A, Smejda-Krzewicka A, Strzelec K. Curing Behaviors, Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Composites Containing Chloroprene and Butadiene Rubbers Crosslinked with Nano-Iron(III) Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060853. [PMID: 33802183 PMCID: PMC7999159 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the curing behaviors, mechanical and dynamical properties of composites containing chloroprene rubber (CR) and butadiene rubber (BR) reinforced with mineral fillers. The iron(III) oxide nanoparticles were used as a crosslinking agent of the CR/BR blends. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nano-iron(III) oxide (nano-Fe2O3) as a new crosslinking agent while producing elastomeric materials with good mechanical properties and reduced flammability. The CR/BR (chloroprene rubber/butadiene rubber) blends were filled with silicas from natural resources (chalcedony, Neuburg silica earth) or silicas used in elastomer technology in many fields (aerosil, ultrasil). The results revealed that all composites were characterized by satisfactory tensile strength, tear resistance, and high resistance to fire. The filler dispersion in the elastomer matrix was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the possibility of the filler-filler or filler-rubber interaction in the designed compositions was determined using the Payne effect and the Mullins effect.
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Krzemińska S, Lipińska L, Woluntarski M, Oleksy M, Ślusarczyk C, Biniaś W, Smejda-Krzewicka A. Hybrid XNBR composites with carbon and aluminosilicate nanofillers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Olejnik A, Smejda-Krzewicka A, Strzelec K. Effect of antioxidants on aging of the chloroprene rubber/butadiene rubber (CR/BR) blends. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2019.1602922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Olejnik
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - A. Smejda-Krzewicka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - K. Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Olejnik A, Smejda-Krzewicka A, Strzelec K, Szynkowska MI. Curing and properties of chloroprene and butadiene rubber (CR/BR) blends cross-linked with copper(I) oxide or copper(II) oxide. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2018.1514696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olejnik
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata I. Szynkowska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Dmowska-Jasek P, Rzymski WM, Smejda-Krzewicka A. Crosslinking process and properties of unconventional blends of chloroprene rubber and partially hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. POLIMERY-W 2016. [DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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