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Lambi AG, DeSante RJ, Patel PR, Hilliard BA, Popoff SN, Barbe MF. Blocking CCN2 Reduces Established Palmar Neuromuscular Fibrosis and Improves Function Following Repetitive Overuse Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13866. [PMID: 37762168 PMCID: PMC10531056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The matricellular protein cell communication factor 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is critical to development of neuromuscular fibrosis. Here, we tested whether anti-CCN2 antibody treatment will reduce established forepaw fibro-degenerative changes and improve function in a rat model of overuse injury. Adult female rats performed a high repetition high force (HRHF) task for 18 weeks. Tissues were collected from one subset after 18 wks (HRHF-Untreated). Two subsets were provided 6 wks of rest with concurrent treatment with anti-CCN2 (HRHF-Rest/anti-CCN2) or IgG (HRHF-Rest/IgG). Results were compared to IgG-treated Controls. Forepaw muscle fibrosis, neural fibrosis and entheseal damage were increased in HRHF-Untreated rats, compared to Controls, and changes were ameliorated in HRHF-Rest/anti-CCN2 rats. Anti-CCN2 treatment also reduced phosphorylated-β-catenin (pro-fibrotic protein) in muscles and distal bone/entheses complex, and increased CCN3 (anti-fibrotic) in the same tissues, compared to HRHF-Untreated rats. Grip strength declines and mechanical sensitivity observed in HRHF-Untreated improved with rest; grip strength improved further in HRHF-Rest/anti-CCN2. Grip strength declines correlated with muscle fibrosis, entheseal damage, extraneural fibrosis, and decreased nerve conduction velocity, while enhanced mechanical sensitivity (a pain-related behavior) correlated with extraneural fibrosis. These studies demonstrate that blocking CCN2 signaling reduces established forepaw neuromuscular fibrosis and entheseal damage, which improves forepaw function, following overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Lambi
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Section, New Mexico Veterans Administration Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA;
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Robert J. DeSante
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (R.J.D.); (P.R.P.); (B.A.H.)
| | - Parth R. Patel
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (R.J.D.); (P.R.P.); (B.A.H.)
| | - Brendan A. Hilliard
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (R.J.D.); (P.R.P.); (B.A.H.)
| | - Steven N. Popoff
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Mary F. Barbe
- Aging + Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (R.J.D.); (P.R.P.); (B.A.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
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Lambi AG, Rowland RJ, Brady NW, Rodriguez DE, Mercer DM. Metacarpal fractures. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2023; 48:42S-50S. [PMID: 37704027 DOI: 10.1177/17531934231184119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Metacarpal fractures are common and can be functionally disabling. The majority are managed non-operatively. When surgical intervention is indicated, various methods of fixation are available with the utility of each being based on injury pattern, patient function and surgeon preference. Early mobilization, especially in case of open reduction and internal fixation, is a critical component of treatment to prevent stiffness and restore function. When possible, a fixation construct that can withstand the applied forces of early postoperative motion is chosen. We provide an updated description for diagnosis, treatment options and operative fixation for metacarpal fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Lambi
- University of New Mexico Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Robert J Rowland
- Larkin Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas W Brady
- University of New Mexico Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Diego E Rodriguez
- University of New Mexico Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Deana M Mercer
- University of New Mexico Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Lambi AG, Morrell NT, Popoff SN, Benhaim P, Barbe MF. Let's Focus on the Fibrosis in Dupuytren Disease: Cell Communication Network Factor 2 as a Novel Target. J Hand Surg Glob Online 2023; 5:682-688. [PMID: 37790821 PMCID: PMC10543811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dupuytren disease is a progressive, benign fibroproliferative disorder of the hands that can lead to debilitating hand contractures. Once symptomatic, treatment involves either surgical intervention, specifically fasciectomy or percutaneous needle aponeurotomy, or enzymatic degradation with clostridial collagenase. Currently, collagenase is the only pharmacotherapy that has been approved for the treatment of Dupuytren contracture. There is a need for a pharmacotherapeutic that can be administered to limit disease progression and prevent recurrence after treatment. Targeting the underlying fibrotic pathophysiology is critical. We propose a novel target to be considered in Dupuytren disease-cell communication network factor 2/connective tissue growth factor-an established mediator of musculoskeletal tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Lambi
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Surgery Plastic Surgery Section, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Nathan T. Morrell
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Steven N. Popoff
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Prosper Benhaim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary F. Barbe
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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Lambi AG, Harris MY, Amin M, Joiner PG, Hilliard BA, Assari S, Popoff SN, Barbe MF. Blocking CCN2 Reduces Established Bone Loss Induced by Prolonged Intense Loading by Increasing Osteoblast Activity in Rats. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10783. [PMID: 37701153 PMCID: PMC10494513 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have an operant model of reaching and grasping in which detrimental bone remodeling is observed rather than beneficial adaptation when rats perform a high-repetition, high-force (HRHF) task long term. Here, adult female Sprague-Dawley rats performed an intense HRHF task for 18 weeks, which we have shown induces radial trabecular bone osteopenia. One cohort was euthanized at this point (to assay the bone changes post task; HRHF-Untreated). Two other cohorts were placed on 6 weeks of rest while being simultaneously treated with either an anti-CCN2 (FG-3019, 40 mg/kg body weight, ip; twice per week; HRHF-Rest/anti-CCN2), or a control IgG (HRHF-Rest/IgG), with the purpose of determining which might improve the trabecular bone decline. Results were compared with food-restricted control rats (FRC). MicroCT analysis of distal metaphysis of radii showed decreased trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and thickness in HRHF-Untreated rats compared with FRCs; responses improved with HRHF-Rest/anti-CCN2. Rest/IgG also improved trabecular thickness but not BV/TV. Histomorphometry showed that rest with either treatment improved osteoid volume and task-induced increases in osteoclasts. Only the HRHF-Rest/anti-CCN2 treatment improved osteoblast numbers, osteoid width, mineralization, and bone formation rate compared with HRHF-Untreated rats (as well as the latter three attributes compared with HRHF-Rest/IgG rats). Serum ELISA results were in support, showing increased osteocalcin and decreased CTX-1 in HRHF-Rest/anti-CCN2 rats compared with both HRHF-Untreated and HRHF-Rest/IgG rats. These results are highly encouraging for use of anti-CCN2 for therapeutic treatment of bone loss, such as that induced by chronic overuse. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Lambi
- Department of Orthopedics and RehabilitationUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Michele Y Harris
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Mamta Amin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Patrice G Joiner
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Brendan A Hilliard
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - Steven N Popoff
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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Lambi AG, Popoff SN, Benhaim P, Barbe MF. Pharmacotherapies in Dupuytren Disease: Current and Novel Strategies. J Hand Surg Am 2023; 48:810-821. [PMID: 36935324 PMCID: PMC10440226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Dupuytren disease is a benign, progressive fibroproliferative disorder of the hands. To date, only one pharmacotherapy (clostridial collagenase) has been approved for use in Dupuytren disease. There is a great need for additional nonsurgical methods that can be used to either avoid the risks of invasive treatments or help minimize recurrence rates following treatment. A number of nonsurgical modalities have been discussed in the past and continue to appear in discussions among hand surgeons, despite highly variable and often poor or no long-term clinical data. This article reviews many of the pharmacotherapies discussed in the treatment of Dupuytren disease and novel therapies used in inflammation and fibrosis that offer potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Lambi
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM.
| | - Steven N Popoff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Prosper Benhaim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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Abstract
Purpose/Aim: We recently found that blocking CCN2 signaling using a monoclonal antibody (FG-3019) may be a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing overuse-induced tissue fibrosis. Since CCN2 plays roles in osteoclastogenesis, and persistent performance of a high repetition high force (HRHF) lever pulling task results in a loss in trabecular bone volume in the radius, we examined here whether blocking CCN2 signaling would reduce the early catabolic effects of performing a HRHF task for 3 weeks. Materials and Methods: Young adult, female, Sprague-Dawley rats were operantly shaped to learn to pull at high force levels, before performing the HRHF task for 3 weeks. HRHF task rats were then left untreated (HRHF Untreated), treated in task weeks 2 and 3 with a monoclonal antibody that antagonizes CCN2 (HRHF+FG-3019), or treated with an IgG (HRHF+IgG), while continuing to perform the task. Non-task control rats were left untreated. Results: In metaphyseal trabeculae of the distal radius, HRHF Untreated and HRHF-IgG rats showed increased osteoblast numbers and other indices of bone formation, compared to controls, yet decreased trabecular bone volume, increased osteoclast numbers, and increased serum CTX-1 (a serum biomarker of bone resorption). HRHF+FG-3019 rats also showed increased osteoblast numbers and bone formation, but in contrast to HRHF Untreated and HRHF-IgG rats, showed higher trabecular bone volume, and reduced osteoclast numbers and serum CTX-1 levels (and statistically similar to Control levels). Conclusions: HRHF loading increased bone formation in each task group, yet blocking CCN2 dampened trabecular bone catabolism by reducing osteoclast numbers and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mamta Amin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anne Gingery
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alex G Lambi
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven N Popoff
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Tarr JT, Lambi AG, Bradley JP, Barbe MF, Popoff SN. Development of Normal and Cleft Palate: A Central Role for Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)/CCN2. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6030018. [PMID: 30029495 PMCID: PMC6162467 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the palate is the result of an organized series of events that require exquisite spatial and temporal regulation at the cellular level. There are a myriad of growth factors, receptors and signaling pathways that have been shown to play an important role in growth, elevation and/or fusion of the palatal shelves. Altered expression or activation of a number of these factors, receptors and signaling pathways have been shown to cause cleft palate in humans or mice with varying degrees of penetrance. This review will focus on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) or CCN2, which was recently shown to play an essential role in formation of the secondary palate. Specifically, the absence of CCN2 in KO mice results in defective cellular processes that contribute to failure of palatal shelf growth, elevation and/or fusion. CCN2 is unique in that it has been shown to interact with a number of other factors important for palate development, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), epidermal growth factor (EGF), Wnt proteins and transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), thereby influencing their ability to bind to their receptors and mediate intracellular signaling. The role that these factors play in palate development and their specific interactions with CCN2 will also be reviewed. Future studies to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action for CCN2 and its interactions with other regulatory proteins during palatogenesis are expected to provide novel information with the potential for development of new pharmacologic or genetic treatment strategies for clinical intervention of cleft palate during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Tarr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Alex G Lambi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - James P Bradley
- Northwell Health Surgical Service Line, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Steven N Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Gao HGL, Fisher PW, Lambi AG, Wade CK, Barr-Gillespie AE, Popoff SN, Barbe MF. Increased serum and musculotendinous fibrogenic proteins following persistent low-grade inflammation in a rat model of long-term upper extremity overuse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71875. [PMID: 24015193 PMCID: PMC3756034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between grip strength declines and muscle-tendon responses induced by long-term performance of a high-repetition, low-force (HRLF) reaching task in rats. We hypothesized that grip strength declines would correlate with inflammation, fibrosis and degradation in flexor digitorum muscles and tendons. Grip strength declined after training, and further in weeks 18 and 24, in reach limbs of HRLF rats. Flexor digitorum tissues of reach limbs showed low-grade increases in inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β after training and in week 18, IL-1α in week 18, TNF-α and IL-6 after training and in week 24, and IL-10 in week 24, with greater increases in tendons than muscles. Similar cytokine increases were detected in serum with HRLF: IL-1α and IL-10 in week 18, and TNF-α and IL-6 in week 24. Grip strength correlated inversely with IL-6 in muscles, tendons and serum, and TNF-α in muscles and serum. Four fibrogenic proteins, TGFB1, CTGF, PDGFab and PDGFbb, and hydroxyproline, a marker of collagen synthesis, increased in serum in HRLF weeks 18 or 24, concomitant with epitendon thickening, increased muscle and tendon TGFB1 and CTGF. A collagenolytic gelatinase, MMP2, increased by week 18 in serum, tendons and muscles of HRLF rats. Grip strength correlated inversely with TGFB1 in muscles, tendons and serum; with CTGF-immunoreactive fibroblasts in tendons; and with MMP2 in tendons and serum. Thus, motor declines correlated with low-grade systemic and musculotendinous inflammation throughout task performance, and increased fibrogenic and degradative proteins with prolonged task performance. Serum TNF-α, IL-6, TGFB1, CTGF and MMP2 may serve as serum biomarkers of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, although further studies in humans are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen G. L. Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Fisher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex G. Lambi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christine K. Wade
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Barr-Gillespie
- College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven N. Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Lambi AG, Pankratz TL, Mundy C, Gannon M, Barbe MF, Richtsmeier JT, Popoff SN. The skeletal site-specific role of connective tissue growth factor in prenatal osteogenesis. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1944-59. [PMID: 23073844 PMCID: PMC3752831 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a matricellular protein that is highly expressed during bone development. Mice with global CTGF ablation (knockout, KO) have multiple skeletal dysmorphisms and perinatal lethality. A quantitative analysis of the bone phenotype has not been conducted. RESULTS We demonstrated skeletal site-specific changes in growth plate organization, bone microarchitecture, and shape and gene expression levels in CTGF KO compared with wild-type mice. Growth plate malformations included reduced proliferation zone and increased hypertrophic zone lengths. Appendicular skeletal sites demonstrated decreased metaphyseal trabecular bone, while having increased mid-diaphyseal bone and osteogenic expression markers. Axial skeletal analysis showed decreased bone in caudal vertebral bodies, mandibles, and parietal bones in CTGF KO mice, with decreased expression of osteogenic markers. Analysis of skull phenotypes demonstrated global and regional differences in CTGF KO skull shape resulting from allometric (size-based) and nonallometric shape changes. Localized differences in skull morphology included increased skull width and decreased skull length. Dysregulation of the transforming growth factor-β-CTGF axis coupled with unique morphologic traits provides a potential mechanistic explanation for the skull phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We present novel data on a skeletal phenotype in CTGF KO mice, in which ablation of CTGF causes site-specific aberrations in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G. Lambi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Talia L. Pankratz
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina Mundy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Division of Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mary F. Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven N. Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Arnott JA, Lambi AG, Mundy C, Hendesi H, Pixley RA, Owen TA, Safadi FF, Popoff SN. The role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in skeletogenesis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2012; 21:43-69. [PMID: 21967332 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v21.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a 38 kDa, cysteine rich, extracellular matrix protein composed of 4 domains or modules. CTGF has been shown to regulate a diverse array of cellular functions and has been implicated in more complex biological processes such as angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. A role for CTGF in the development and maintenance of skeletal tissues first came to light in studies demonstrating its expression in cartilage and bone cells, which was dramatically increased during skeletal repair or regeneration. The physiological significance of CTGF in skeletogenesis was confirmed in CTGF-null mice, which exhibited multiple skeletal dysmorphisms as a result of impaired growth plate chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and bone formation/mineralization. Given the emerging importance of CTGF in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, this review will focus on its expression in skeletal tissues, its effects on osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and function, and the skeletal implications of ablation or over-expression of CTGF in knockout or transgenic mouse models, respectively. In addition, this review will examine the role of integrin-mediated signaling and the regulation of CTGF expression as it relates to skeletogenesis. We will emphasize CTGF studies in bone or bone cells, and will identify opportunities for future investigations concerning CTGF and chondrogenesis/osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Arnott
- Basic Sciences Department, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
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