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Ge J, Chen R, Ma Y, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhang L, Li F, Ma X, Tsang SW, You J, Jen AKY, Liu SF. Kinetics Controlled Perovskite Crystallization for High Performance Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319282. [PMID: 38272832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells have recently developed rapidly compared to crystalline silicon solar cells. To have an effective way to control the crystallization of perovskite thin films is the key for achieving good device performance. However, a paradox in perovskite crystallization is from the mismatch between nucleation and Oswald ripening. Usually, the large numbers of nucleation sites tend to weak Oswald ripening. Here, we proposed a new mechanism to promote the formation of nucleation sites by reducing surface energy from 44.9 mN/m to 36.1 mN/m, to spontaneously accelerate the later Oswald ripening process by improving the grain solubility through the elastic modulus regulation. The ripening rate is increased from 2.37 Åm ⋅ s-1 to 4.61 Åm ⋅ s-1 during annealing. Finally, the solar cells derived from the optimized films showed significantly improved PCE from 23.14 % to 25.32 %. The long-term stability tests show excellent thermal stability (the optimized device without encapsulation maintaining 82 % of its initial PCE after 800 h aging at 85 °C) and an improved light stability under illumination. This work provides a new method, the elastic modulus regulation, to enhance the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, No. 67, Xiaozhai East Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, PR China
| | - Yabin Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunfan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingjie Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Fengzhu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaokang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 127, Laodong West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, PR China
| | - Sai-Wing Tsang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiaxue You
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex K Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 80, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100039, China
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Liu S, Du Y, Zhang R, He H, Pan A, Ho TC, Zhu Y, Li Y, Yip HL, Jen AKY, Tso CY. Perovskite Smart Windows: The Light Manipulator in Energy-Efficient Buildings. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2306423. [PMID: 37517047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled sunlight entering through windows contributes to substantial heating and cooling demands in buildings, which leads to high energy consumption from the buildings. Recently, perovskite smart windows have emerged as innovative energy-saving technologies, offering the potential to adaptively control indoor solar heat gain through their impressive sunlight modulation capabilities. Moreover, harnessing the high-efficiency photovoltaic properties of perovskite materials, these windows have the potential to generate power, thereby realizing more advanced windows with combined light modulation and energy harvesting capabilities. This review summarizes the recent advancements in various chromic perovskite materials for achieving light modulation, focusing on both perovskite structures and underlying switching mechanisms. The discussion also encompasses device engineering strategies for smart windows, including the improvement of their optical and transition performance, durability, combination with electricity generation, and the evaluation of their energy-saving performance in building applications. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with perovskite smart windows are explicated, aimed at stimulating more academic research and advancing their pragmatic implementation for building energy efficiency and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Yuwei Du
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Huanfeng He
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Aiqiang Pan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Tsz Chung Ho
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Alex K Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
| | - Chi Yan Tso
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKG, China
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3
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Li K, Zhang L, Ma Y, Gao Y, Feng X, Li Q, Shang L, Yuan N, Ding J, Jen AKY, You J, Liu SF. Au Nanocluster Assisted Microstructural Reconstruction for Buried Interface Healing for Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cell Performance. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2310651. [PMID: 38016668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of perovskite film crystallization along the vertical direction leads to voids and traps at the buried interfaces, hampering both efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Here, bovine serum albumin-functionalized Au nanoclusters (ABSA), combined with heavy gravity, high surface charge density, and strong interactions with the electron transport layer, are designed to reconstruct the buried interfaces for not only high-quality crystallization, but also improved carrier transfer. The ABSA macromolecules with amine function groups and larger surface charge density interact with the perovskite to improve the crystallinity, and gradually migrate towards the buried interface, healing the defective voids, hence suppressing surface recombination velocity from 3075 to 452 cm s-1 . The healed buried interface and the higher surface potential of ABSA-modified TiO2 lead to improved carrier extraction at the interface. The resulting solar cell attains a power conversion efficiency of 25.0% with negligible hysteresis and remarkable stability, maintaining 92.9% of their initial efficiency after 3200 h of exposure to the ambient atmosphere, they also exhibit better continuous irradiation stability compared to control devices. These findings provide a new metal-protein complex to eliminate the deleterious voids and defects at the buried interface for improved photovoltaic performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yabin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yajun Gao
- LONGI central research institute, LONGI solar technology co., Xi'an, Shaanxi, 712000, China
| | - Xiaolong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jianning Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Alex K Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiaxue You
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-strength Structural Materials, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy; iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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4
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Liu S, Li Y, Wang Y, Du Y, Yu KM, Yip HL, Jen AKY, Huang B, Tso CY. Mask-inspired moisture-transmitting and durable thermochromic perovskite smart windows. Nat Commun 2024; 15:876. [PMID: 38291020 PMCID: PMC10827790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermochromic perovskite smart windows (TPWs) are a cutting-edge energy-efficient window technology. However, like most perovskite-based devices, humidity-related degradation limits their widespread application. Herein, inspired by the structure of medical masks, a unique triple-layer thermochromic perovskite window (MTPW) that enable sufficient water vapor transmission to trigger the thermochromism but effectively repel detrimental water and moisture to extend its lifespan is developed. The MTPW demonstrates superhydrophobicity and maintains a solar modulation ability above 20% during a 45-day aging test, with a decay rate 37 times lower than that of a pristine TPW. It can also immobilize lead ions and significantly reduce lead leakage by 66 times. Furthermore, a significant haze reduction from 90% to 30% is achieved, overcoming the blurriness problem of TPWs. Benefiting from the improved optical performance, extended lifespan, suppressed lead leakage, and facile fabrication, the MTPW pushes forward the wide applications of smart windows in green buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuwei Du
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Man Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex K Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baoling Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi Yan Tso
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Huang Y, Elder DL, Kwiram AL, Jenekhe SA, Jen AKY, Dalton LR, Luscombe CK. Organic Semiconductors at the University of Washington: Advancements in Materials Design and Synthesis and toward Industrial Scale Production. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e1904239. [PMID: 31576634 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research at the University of Washington regarding organic semiconductors is reviewed, covering four major topics: electro-optics, organic light emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors, and organic solar cells. Underlying principles of materials design are demonstrated along with efforts toward unlocking the full potential of organic semiconductors. Finally, opinions on future research directions are presented, with a focus on commercial competency, environmental sustainability, and scalability of organic-semiconductor-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Delwin L Elder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alvin L Kwiram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alex K Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Larry R Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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6
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Zhou XH, Luo J, Davies JA, Huang S, Jen AKY. Push–pull tetraene chromophores derived from dialkylaminophenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl and julolidinyl moieties: optimization of second-order optical nonlinearity by fine-tuning the strength of electron-donating groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32848h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Doubina N, Paniagua SA, Soldatova AV, Jen AKY, Marder SR, Luscombe CK. Steric Effects of the Initiator Substituent Position on the Externally Initiated Polymerization of 2-Bromo-5-iodo-3-hexylthiophene. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1024494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Doubina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sergio A. Paniagua
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Alexandra V. Soldatova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alex K. Y. Jen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
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Lee B, Lin C, Wang X, Chen RT, Luo J, Jen AKY. Bias-free electro-optic polymer-based two-section Y-branch waveguide modulator with 22 dB linearity enhancement. Opt Lett 2009; 34:3277-3279. [PMID: 19881566 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.003277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A bias-free two-section Y-branch directional coupler modulator with high linearity based on domain-inverted modulation is fabricated and tested. 25 wt.% AJLS102/APC is used as an active core layer with an experimentally confirmed device r(33) value of 56 pm/V at 1.59 microm. The fabricated device shows an extinction voltage of 4 V. A two-tone test is performed to demonstrate 64 dB distortion suppression at 25% modulation depth, which is 22 dB higher than a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomsuk Lee
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758, USA.
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Block BA, Younkin TR, Davids PS, Reshotko MR, Chang P, Polishak BM, Huang S, Luo J, Jen AKY. Electro-optic polymer cladding ring resonator modulators. Opt Express 2008; 16:18326-18333. [PMID: 18958109 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.018326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Compact, low capacitance optical modulators are vital for efficient, high-speed chip to chip optical interconnects. Electro-optic (EO) polymer cladding micro-ring resonator modulators have been fabricated and their performance is characterized. Optical modulators with ring diameters smaller than 50 microm have been demonstrated in a silicon nitride based waveguide system on silicon oxide with a top cladding of an electro-optic polymer. Optical modulation has been observed with clock signals up to 10 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Block
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA.
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Krapchetov DA, Ma H, Jen AKY, Fischer DA, Loo YL. Deprotecting thioacetyl-terminated terphenyldithiol for assembly on gallium arsenide. Langmuir 2008; 24:851-856. [PMID: 18163654 DOI: 10.1021/la702430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the assembly of terphenyldithiol (TPDT) on gallium arsenide (GaAs) from ethanol (EtOH) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a function of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) concentration. NH4OH facilitates the conversion of thioacetyl end groups of the TPDT precursor to thiolates in the assembly solution. The final structure of TPDT assembled on GaAs is sensitive not only to the assembly solvent but also to NH4OH concentration. In the presence of low concentrations of NH4OH (1 mM), TPDT assemblies from EtOH are oriented upright. The same assemblies are less upright when adsorption is carried out at higher NH4OH concentrations. In THF, TPDT does not adsorb significantly on GaAs at low NH4OH concentrations. The surface coverage and structural organization of these assemblies improve with increasing NH4OH concentrations, although these assemblies are never as organized as those from EtOH. The difference in the final structure of TPDT assemblies is attributed to differences in the thiolate fraction in the assembly solution at the point of substrate immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Krapchetov
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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11
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Ma H, Zin MT, Zareie MH, Kang MS, Kang SH, Kim KS, Reed BW, Behar CT, Sarikaya M, Jen AKY. Assembly of nanomaterials through highly ordered self-assembled monolayers and peptide-organic hybrid conjugates as templates. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2007; 7:2549-66. [PMID: 17685271 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2007.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and processing techniques have now been established for obtaining high quality monodisperse nanocrystals of various metallic and semiconducting materials, fullerenes of distinct properties, single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes, polymeric dendrimers with tailored functionalities, as well as other nanophase constructs. The next key step towards novel applications of nanostructured materials concerns their positioning, arrangement, and connection into functional networks without mutual aggregation. In this review, we highlight the recent progress of using anthracene- and pyrene-based self-assembling molecules with tunable energetic (pi-pi interactions, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions) and variable geometries to create stable, highly ordered, and rigid self-assembled monolayer (SAM) templates with adjustable superlattices on crystalline substrates. Based on aromatic SAM templates, stable and highly ordered self-assembled structures of optoelectronically active C60 have been obtained and shown to exhibit desirable electrical and optoelectronic properties, such as nonlinear transporting effect for molecular electronics and efficient photocurrent generation for mimicking photosynthesis in nature. By using genetically engineered polypeptides with surface recognition for specific inorganics, selective integration of nanoparticles onto aromatic SAM templates have also been realized. Through a combination of spatially confined surface chemical reaction and microcontact printing, sub-micron arrays of peptide-organic hybrid conjugates were successfully generated to serve as templates to achieve the patterned assembly of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352120, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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12
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Krapchetov DA, Ma H, Jen AKY, Fischer DA, Loo YL. High-sensitivity transmission IR spectroscopy for the chemical identification and structural analysis of conjugated molecules on gallium arsenide surfaces. Langmuir 2006; 22:9491-4. [PMID: 17073469 DOI: 10.1021/la0623984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of high-sensitivity, off-normal transmission IR spectroscopy with s-polarized light to probe the chemical identity and orientation of quaterphenyldithiol (QPDT) molecular assemblies on GaAs as a function of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) concentration. NH4OH is added to the assembly solution to convert the thioacetyl groups on the QPDT precursor to thiolates. When assembled at high NH4OH concentrations, the acetyl groups are completely removed, and QPDT is disordered on GaAs. Assembly at low NH4OH concentrations, however, results in QPDT assemblies that are preferentially upright. The molecular orientation is further quantified with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Krapchetov
- Chemical Engineering Department and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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13
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Hochberg M, Baehr-Jones T, Wang G, Shearn M, Harvard K, Luo J, Chen B, Shi Z, Lawson R, Sullivan P, Jen AKY, Dalton L, Scherer A. Terahertz all-optical modulation in a silicon-polymer hybrid system. Nat Mater 2006; 5:703-9. [PMID: 16921359 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although gigahertz-scale free-carrier modulators have been demonstrated in silicon, intensity modulators operating at terahertz speeds have not been reported because of silicon's weak ultrafast nonlinearity. We have demonstrated intensity modulation of light with light in a silicon-polymer waveguide device, based on the all-optical Kerr effect-the ultrafast effect used in four-wave mixing. Direct measurements of time-domain intensity modulation are made at speeds of 10 GHz. We showed experimentally that the mechanism of this modulation is ultrafast through spectral measurements, and that intensity modulation at frequencies in excess of 1 THz can be obtained. By integrating optical polymers through evanescent coupling to silicon waveguides, we greatly increase the effective nonlinearity of the waveguide, allowing operation at continuous-wave power levels compatible with telecommunication systems. These devices are a first step in the development of large-scale integrated ultrafast optical logic in silicon, and are two orders of magnitude faster than previously reported silicon devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hochberg
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Krapchetov DA, Ma H, Jen AKY, Fischer DA, Loo YL. Solvent-dependent assembly of terphenyl- and quaterphenyldithiol on gold and gallium arsenide. Langmuir 2005; 21:5887-93. [PMID: 15952838 DOI: 10.1021/la0503000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of terphenyldithiol (TPDT) and quaterphenyldithiol (QPDT) on gold and gallium arsenide from ethanol (EtOH), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and solutions consisting of both solvents has been characterized by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The surface coverage and the average orientation of both TPDT and QPDT on gold are solvent-independent. These molecules readily form monolayers on gold with an ensemble-average backbone tilt of 30 degrees +/- 3 degrees from the substrate normal. In sharp contrast, the assembly of TPDT and QPDT on gallium arsenide is extremely solvent-sensitive. At high ethanol fractions, both molecules form monolayers with an ensemble-average orientation that is indistinguishable from those on gold substrates. At low ethanol fractions and in pure THF, however, these molecules are disordered on gallium arsenide and the surface coverage is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Krapchetov
- Chemical Engineering Department and Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Zhang HX, Lu D, Peyghambarian N, Fallahi M, Luo JD, Chen BQ, Jen AKY. Electro-optic properties of hybrid solgel doped with a nonlinear chromophore with large hyperpolarizability. Opt Lett 2005; 30:117-119. [PMID: 15675685 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the electro-optic properties of hybrid silica solgel doped with a nonlinear chromophore with large hyperpolarizability. Electro-optic coefficients of higher than 30 pm/V have been obtained. Moreover, the electro-optic coefficients have good temporal stability and show promise for the development of high-speed electro-optic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xi Zhang
- Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The frequency dependence of the first molecular hyperpolarizability of a dendrimer incorporated with thiophene-stilbene based charge-transfer chromophores is investigated by using a nanosecond 1907 nm laser and a number of wavelengths ranging from 1160 to 1760 nm emitted from an optical parametric amplifier pumped by a 1 kHz 130 fs Ti:sapphire laser. The measured hyperpolarizabilities are compared with those calculated from the charge-transfer absorption spectrum involving a Kramers-Kronig transformation scheme. The Kramers-Kronig transformation analysis provides a satisfactory account of the dispersion of the first molecular hyperpolarizability over the entire excitation wavelength range measured. The Kramers-Kronig technique extends the Oudar-Chemla two-level model previously proposed for the first molecular hyperpolarizability and it can be used in the nonresonance as well as the resonance region where the Oudar-Chemla model fails. The Kramers-Kronig transformation scheme allows a consistent intrinsic hyperpolarizability beta(0) to be obtained from the measured beta(HRS) using different excitation wavelengths for the dendrimer. The comparison of beta(0) for the dendrimer, which contains three chromophores, with that of corresponding monomer chromophore suggests that the chromophores inside the dendrimer are independent. This gives the evidence of the site isolation effect of the dendrimer and substantiates the larger macroscopic optical nonlinearity recently obtained for the dendrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Y H Tai
- Center of Organic Materials for Advanced Technology, Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Luo J, Ma H, Haller M, Jen AKY, Barto RR. Large electro-optic activity and low optical loss derived from a highly fluorinated dendritic nonlinear optical chromophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:888-9. [PMID: 12123029 DOI: 10.1039/b200851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 3-D shape nonlinear optical chromophore encapsulated by highly-fluorinated dendrons exhibits significantly improved electro-optic properties and optical attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Box 352120, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, USA
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