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Murtha N, Morrison H, Roumeliotis M, Quirk S, Smith W, Blais A. Technical note: Investigating the suitability of existing facilities for a new Lu-177 prostate-specific membrane antigen therapy program. Med Phys 2023; 50:2380-2384. [PMID: 36599147 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 177 Lu prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) therapy prolongs survival for some prostate cancer patients. To adopt this technique, institutions may need to evaluate the suitability of existing infrastructure. PURPOSE Develop a methodology to determine whether existing facilities can accommodate a 177 Lu-PSMA therapy program. METHODS Room suitability is defined by both the ability to accommodate 177 Lu-PSMA therapy workflow and to provide appropriate radiation shielding. Two methods of shielding calculation were performed: (1) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements report 151 (NCRP-151), with workload defined in terms of the activity of 177 Lu administered, and (2) using the RadPro shielding calculator. This methodology was applied to 131 I therapy, PET-CT uptake, PET-SPECT injection, and orthovoltage therapy rooms. RESULTS 131 I therapy rooms were found to meet both shielding and workflow requirements. The shielding was found to be adequate for orthovoltage and PET-SPECT facilities, neglecting patient transit between external washrooms. The workflow was the limiting factor for these rooms due to the requirement of dedicated washrooms that shield the patient and contain possible contamination. The PET-CT facility did not meet either criteria. The NCRP-151 method generally predicted a higher dose rate on the other side of shielding than did the RadPro calculator. The dose rate on the other side of concrete shielding as predicted by the NCRP-151 method increased relative to the dose rate predicted by the RadPro calculator as shielding thickness increased. For lead shielding, the dose rate predicted by the NCRP-151 method decreased relative to the result predicted by the RadPro calculator with increasing material thickness. CONCLUSIONS 131 I therapy, PET-CT uptake, PET-SPECT injection, and orthovoltage therapy rooms were considered. The 131 I treatment rooms were the best candidate for 177 Lu-PSMA therapy, due to their shielding and capability to accommodate the necessary workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Murtha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H Morrison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Roumeliotis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Quirk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - W Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Blais
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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CHEFF V, E. Holterman C, Blais A, Thibodeau J, L. Hébert R. POS-369 CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL MOUSE MODEL OF METABOLIC SYNDROME INDUCED-CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. Kidney Int Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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3
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Magnard P, Storz S, Kurpiers P, Schär J, Marxer F, Lütolf J, Walter T, Besse JC, Gabureac M, Reuer K, Akin A, Royer B, Blais A, Wallraff A. Microwave Quantum Link between Superconducting Circuits Housed in Spatially Separated Cryogenic Systems. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:260502. [PMID: 33449744 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.260502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting circuits are a strong contender for realizing quantum computing systems and are also successfully used to study quantum optics and hybrid quantum systems. However, their cryogenic operation temperatures and the current lack of coherence-preserving microwave-to-optical conversion solutions have hindered the realization of superconducting quantum networks spanning different cryogenic systems or larger distances. Here, we report the successful operation of a cryogenic waveguide coherently linking transmon qubits located in two dilution refrigerators separated by a physical distance of five meters. We transfer qubit states and generate entanglement on demand with average transfer and target state fidelities of 85.8% and 79.5%, respectively, between the two nodes of this elementary network. Cryogenic microwave links provide an opportunity to scale up systems for quantum computing and create local area superconducting quantum communication networks over length scales of at least tens of meters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Magnard
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Storz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Kurpiers
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Schär
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F Marxer
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Lütolf
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T Walter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J-C Besse
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Gabureac
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Reuer
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Akin
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Royer
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - A Blais
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - A Wallraff
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Simard JC, Thibodeau JF, Leduc M, Tremblay M, Laverdure A, Sarra-Bournet F, Gagnon W, Ouboudinar J, Gervais L, Felton A, Letourneau S, Geerts L, Cloutier MP, Hince K, Corpuz R, Blais A, Quintela VM, Duceppe JS, Abbott SD, Blais A, Zacharie B, Laurin P, Laplante SR, Kennedy CRJ, Hébert RL, Leblond FA, Grouix B, Gagnon L. Fatty acid mimetic PBI-4547 restores metabolic homeostasis via GPR84 in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12778. [PMID: 32728158 PMCID: PMC7391726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and is associated with metabolic dysregulation. Although G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) has been associated with inflammation, its role in metabolic regulation remains elusive. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential of PBI-4547 for the treatment of NAFLD and to validate the role of its main target receptor, GPR84. We report that PBI-4547 is a fatty acid mimetic, acting concomitantly as a GPR84 antagonist and GPR40/GPR120 agonist. In a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, PBI-4547 treatment improved metabolic dysregulation, reduced hepatic steatosis, ballooning and NAFLD score. PBI-4547 stimulated fatty acid oxidation and induced gene expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in the liver. Liver metabolomics revealed that PBI-4547 improved metabolic dysregulation induced by a high-fat diet regimen. In Gpr84−/− mice, PBI-4547 treatment failed to improve various key NAFLD-associated parameters, as was observed in wildtype littermates. Taken together, these results highlight a detrimental role for the GPR84 receptor in the context of meta-inflammation and suggest that GPR84 antagonism via PBI-4547 may reflect a novel treatment approach for NAFLD and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Simard
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Thibodeau
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Martin Leduc
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Mikael Tremblay
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandre Laverdure
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - François Sarra-Bournet
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - William Gagnon
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Jugurtha Ouboudinar
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Liette Gervais
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Felton
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Sylvie Letourneau
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Lilianne Geerts
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Cloutier
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Kathy Hince
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Ramon Corpuz
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Blais
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Vanessa Marques Quintela
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Duceppe
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Shaun D Abbott
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Amélie Blais
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Boulos Zacharie
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Pierre Laurin
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Steven R Laplante
- Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Christopher R J Kennedy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Richard L Hébert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - François A Leblond
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Brigitte Grouix
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Lyne Gagnon
- Liminal R&D Biosciences Inc., 500 Boulevard Cartier Ouest (Suite 150), Laval, QC, H7V 5B7, Canada
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5
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Moro J, Khodorova N, Chaumontet C, Even P, Blais A, Piedcoq J, Gaudichon C, Tomé D, Azzout-Marniche D. Identification de biomarqueurs de sources protéiques déficientes en acides aminés indispensables: lysine et thréonine. NUTR CLIN METAB 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2019.01.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Even P, Chaumontet C, Azzout-Marniche D, Blais A, Piedcoq J, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. Un régime à teneur faible en protéine et en méthionine induit une augmentation de la prise alimentaire, de la dépense énergétique et de FGF21 et une baisse de l’IGF-1 et affecte peu l’adiposité chez les souris femelles BalbC. NUTR CLIN METAB 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2019.01.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Moreau M, Rochefort G, Calvez J, Blachier F, Blais A. Effets du monosodium glutamate sur l’os en situation de restriction protéique. NUTR CLIN METAB 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2019.01.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Hazard TM, Gyenis A, Di Paolo A, Asfaw AT, Lyon SA, Blais A, Houck AA. Nanowire Superinductance Fluxonium Qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:010504. [PMID: 31012689 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We characterize a fluxonium qubit consisting of a Josephson junction inductively shunted with a NbTiN nanowire superinductance. We explain the measured energy spectrum by means of a multimode theory accounting for the distributed nature of the superinductance and the effect of the circuit nonlinearity to all orders in the Josephson potential. Using multiphoton Raman spectroscopy, we address multiple fluxonium transitions, observe multilevel Autler-Townes splitting and measure an excited state lifetime of T_{1}=20 μs. By measuring T_{1} at different magnetic flux values, we find a crossover in the lifetime limiting mechanism from capacitive to inductive losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hazard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Gyenis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Di Paolo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A T Asfaw
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - S A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Blais
- Institut quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1 Quebec, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, M5G 1M1 Ontario, Canada
| | - A A Houck
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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9
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Lan A, Vidal-Lletjós S, Andriamihaja M, Lepage P, Leclerc M, Blais A, Grauso-Culetto M, Benamouzig R, Tomé D, Blachier F. Influence du niveau d’apport protéique alimentaire sur la réparation épithéliale après un épisode inflammatoire colique aigu. NUTR CLIN METAB 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Magnard P, Kurpiers P, Royer B, Walter T, Besse JC, Gasparinetti S, Pechal M, Heinsoo J, Storz S, Blais A, Wallraff A. Fast and Unconditional All-Microwave Reset of a Superconducting Qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:060502. [PMID: 30141638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Active qubit reset is a key operation in many quantum algorithms, and particularly in quantum error correction. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a reset scheme for a three-level transmon artificial atom coupled to a large bandwidth resonator. The reset protocol uses a microwave-induced interaction between the |f,0⟩ and |g,1⟩ states of the coupled transmon-resonator system, with |g⟩ and |f⟩ denoting the ground and second excited states of the transmon, and |0⟩ and |1⟩ the photon Fock states of the resonator. We characterize the reset process and demonstrate reinitialization of the transmon-resonator system to its ground state in less than 500 ns and with 0.2% residual excitation. Our protocol is of practical interest as it has no additional architectural requirements beyond those needed for fast and efficient single-shot readout of transmons, and does not require feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Magnard
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Kurpiers
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Royer
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - T Walter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J-C Besse
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Gasparinetti
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Pechal
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Heinsoo
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Storz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Blais
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G IZ8, Canada
| | - A Wallraff
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Grouix B, Sarra-Bournet F, Leduc M, Simard JC, Hince K, Geerts L, Blais A, Gervais L, Laverdure A, Felton A, Richard J, Ouboudinar J, Gagnon W, Leblond FA, Laurin P, Gagnon L. PBI-4050 Reduces Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis through Modulation of Intracellular ATP Levels and the Liver Kinase B1/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:71-81. [PMID: 30093459 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for which there is currently no effective therapy. We previously showed that 2-(3-pentylphenyl)acetic acid (PBI-4050) is a dual G protein-coupled receptor GPR40 agonist/GPR84 antagonist that exerts antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative action. We evaluated PBI-4050 for the treatment of liver fibrosis in vivo and elucidated its mechanism of action on human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The antifibrotic effect of PBI-4050 was evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis rodent models. Treatment with PBI-4050 suppressed CCl4-induced serum aspartate aminotransferase levels, inflammatory marker nitric oxide synthase, epithelial to mesenchymal transition transcription factor Snail, and multiple profibrotic factors. PBI-4050 also decreased GPR84 mRNA expression in CCl4-induced injury, while restoring peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) to the control level. Collagen deposition and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein levels were also attenuated by PBI-4050 treatment in the bile duct ligation rat model. Transforming growth factor-β-activated primary HSCs were used to examine the effect of PBI-4050 and its mechanism of action in vitro. PBI-4050 inhibited HSC proliferation by arresting cells in the G0/G1 cycle phase. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that PBI-4050 signals through a reduction of intracellular ATP levels, activation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and blockade of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in reduced protein and mRNA levels of α-SMA and connective tissue growth factor and restored PPARγ mRNA expression. Our findings suggest that PBI-4050 may exert antifibrotic activity in the liver through a novel mechanism of action involving modulation of intracellular ATP levels and the LKB1/AMPK/mTOR pathway in stellate cells, and PBI-4050 may be a promising agent for treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Leduc
- Prometic BioSciences Inc., Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Kathy Hince
- Prometic BioSciences Inc., Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lyne Gagnon
- Prometic BioSciences Inc., Laval, Québec, Canada
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12
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Landig AJ, Koski JV, Scarlino P, Mendes UC, Blais A, Reichl C, Wegscheider W, Wallraff A, Ensslin K, Ihn T. Coherent spin-photon coupling using a resonant exchange qubit. Nature 2018; 560:179-184. [PMID: 30046114 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electron spins hold great promise for quantum computation because of their long coherence times. Long-distance coherent coupling of spins is a crucial step towards quantum information processing with spin qubits. One approach to realizing interactions between distant spin qubits is to use photons as carriers of quantum information. Here we demonstrate strong coupling between single microwave photons in a niobium titanium nitride high-impedance resonator and a three-electron spin qubit (also known as a resonant exchange qubit) in a gallium arsenide device consisting of three quantum dots. We observe the vacuum Rabi mode splitting of the resonance of the resonator, which is a signature of strong coupling; specifically, we observe a coherent coupling strength of about 31 megahertz and a qubit decoherence rate of about 20 megahertz. We can tune the decoherence electrostatically to obtain a minimal decoherence rate of around 10 megahertz for a coupling strength of around 23 megahertz. We directly measure the dependence of the qubit-photon coupling strength on the tunable electric dipole moment of the qubit using the 'AC Stark' effect. Our demonstration of strong qubit-photon coupling for a three-electron spin qubit is an important step towards coherent long-distance coupling of spin qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Landig
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J V Koski
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Scarlino
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U C Mendes
- Institut quantique and Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Blais
- Institut quantique and Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Reichl
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Wegscheider
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Wallraff
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Ensslin
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Ihn
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Samkharadze N, Zheng G, Kalhor N, Brousse D, Sammak A, Mendes UC, Blais A, Scappucci G, Vandersypen LMK. Strong spin-photon coupling in silicon. Science 2018; 359:1123-1127. [PMID: 29371427 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Long coherence times of single spins in silicon quantum dots make these systems highly attractive for quantum computation, but how to scale up spin qubit systems remains an open question. As a first step to address this issue, we demonstrate the strong coupling of a single electron spin and a single microwave photon. The electron spin is trapped in a silicon double quantum dot, and the microwave photon is stored in an on-chip high-impedance superconducting resonator. The electric field component of the cavity photon couples directly to the charge dipole of the electron in the double dot, and indirectly to the electron spin, through a strong local magnetic field gradient from a nearby micromagnet. Our results provide a route to realizing large networks of quantum dot-based spin qubit registers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Samkharadze
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - G Zheng
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - N Kalhor
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - D Brousse
- QuTech and Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands
| | - A Sammak
- QuTech and Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, Netherlands
| | - U C Mendes
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - A Blais
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Scappucci
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - L M K Vandersypen
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
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Boulier A, Schwarz J, Lespesailles E, Baniel A, Tomé D, Blais A. Combination of micellar casein with calcium and vitamins D2 and K2 improves bone status of ovariectomized mice. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:3103-12. [PMID: 27222105 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nutritional approaches may help to preserve bone quality. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the efficiency of an innovative bone health product (BHP) including micellar casein rich in calcium, vitamin D2 and vitamin K2, to improve bone mineral density. INTRODUCTION The aim of postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment is to decrease bone resorption and/or increase bone formation. Because of the slow bone turnover, osteoporosis prevention and therapies are long-lasting, implying great costs and poor compliance. Even if the effects of nutrition on bone are not as marked as that of pharmaceutical agents, it can be of great help. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the efficiency of an innovative bone health product (BHP) containing micellar casein rich in calcium, vitamin D2 and vitamin K2, for the improvement of bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS An ovariectomized mice model was used to study the effect of different concentrations of the ingredient on BMD and microarchitectural parameters. Blood concentrations of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagene (PINP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC) and RANKL were also measured to evaluate bone remodelling, To evaluate the efficiency of the product to modulate osteoblast and osteoclast growth and differentiation, primary murine bone cells were used. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that BMD and microarchitectural parameters were dose-dependently improved after ingestion of the supplement for 3 months. We also report increased osteoblast activity as shown by increased OC activity and decreased osteoclastogenesis as shown by reduced CTX activity. In vitro studies support that BHPs stimulate osteoblast differentiation and mineralization and inhibit osteoclast resorption activity. CONCLUSION Our results show that, when chronically ingested, BHPs improve BMD of ovariectomized mice. This work supports that providing an ingredient including micellar casein rich in calcium, vitamin D2 and vitamin K2 is more efficient than the control diet to maintain bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boulier
- Ingredia SA, 51 Av. Lobbedez, 62033, Arras Cedex, France
| | - J Schwarz
- Ingredia SA, 51 Av. Lobbedez, 62033, Arras Cedex, France
| | - E Lespesailles
- University Orléans, I3MTO, EA 4708, 45032, Orléans, France
| | - A Baniel
- Ingredia SA, 51 Av. Lobbedez, 62033, Arras Cedex, France
| | - D Tomé
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - A Blais
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France.
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15
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Chaumontet C, Drouin G, Even P, Voisin T, Couvineau A, Blais A. Effet d’un traitement chronique aux orexines chez la souris sur le comportement alimentaire et le métabolisme glucidique. NUTR CLIN METAB 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Beauchamp B, Ghosh S, Dysart MW, Kanaan GN, Chu A, Blais A, Rajamanickam K, Tsai EC, Patti ME, Harper ME. Low birth weight is associated with adiposity, impaired skeletal muscle energetics and weight loss resistance in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:702-11. [PMID: 25091727 PMCID: PMC4326251 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero undernutrition is associated with obesity and insulin resistance, although its effects on skeletal muscle remain poorly defined. Therefore, in the current study we explored the effects of in utero food restriction on muscle energy metabolism in mice. METHODS We used an experimental mouse model system of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy to examine offspring from undernourished dams (U) and control offspring from ad libitum-fed dams (C). Weight loss of 10-week-old offspring on a 4-week 40% calorie-restricted diet was also followed. Experimental approaches included bioenergetic analyses in isolated mitochondria, intact (permeabilized) muscle and at the whole body level. RESULTS U have increased adiposity and decreased glucose tolerance compared to C. Strikingly, when U are put on a 40% calorie-restricted diet they lose half as much weight as calorie-restricted controls. Mitochondria from muscle overall from U had decreased coupled (state 3) and uncoupled (state 4) respiration and increased maximal respiration compared to C. Mitochondrial yield was lower in U than C. In permeabilized fiber preparations from mixed fiber-type muscle, U had decreased mitochondrial content and decreased adenylate-free leak respiration, fatty acid oxidative capacity and state 3 respiratory capacity through complex I. Fiber maximal oxidative phosphorylation capacity did not differ between U and C but was decreased with calorie restriction. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that in utero undernutrition alters metabolic physiology through a profound effect on skeletal muscle energetics and blunts response to a hypocaloric diet in adulthood. We propose that mitochondrial dysfunction links undernutrition in utero with metabolic disease in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Beauchamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Ghosh
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M W Dysart
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - G N Kanaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Chu
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [2] Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Blais
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [2] Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Rajamanickam
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - E C Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M-E Patti
- Division of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M-E Harper
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [2] Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wallraff A, Stockklauser A, Ihn T, Petta JR, Blais A. Comment on "Vacuum Rabi splitting in a semiconductor circuit QED system". Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:249701. [PMID: 24483705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.249701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Wallraff
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Stockklauser
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Ihn
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J R Petta
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Blais
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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18
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van Loo AF, Fedorov A, Lalumiere K, Sanders BC, Blais A, Wallraff A. Photon-Mediated Interactions Between Distant Artificial Atoms. Science 2013; 342:1494-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1244324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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19
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Ong FR, Boissonneault M, Mallet F, Doherty AC, Blais A, Vion D, Esteve D, Bertet P. Quantum heating of a nonlinear resonator probed by a superconducting qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:047001. [PMID: 25166193 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We measure the quantum fluctuations of a pumped nonlinear resonator using a superconducting artificial atom as an in situ probe. The qubit excitation spectrum gives access to the frequency and amount of excitation of the intracavity field fluctuations, from which we infer its effective temperature. These quantities are found to be in agreement with theoretical predictions; in particular, we experimentally observe the phenomenon of quantum heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Ong
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS URA 2464), IRAMIS, DSM, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and Institute for Quantum Computing, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - M Boissonneault
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1 and Calcul Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - F Mallet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS (UMR 8551), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A C Doherty
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - A Blais
- Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - D Vion
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS URA 2464), IRAMIS, DSM, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Esteve
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS URA 2464), IRAMIS, DSM, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Bertet
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS URA 2464), IRAMIS, DSM, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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20
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Slichter DH, Vijay R, Weber SJ, Boutin S, Boissonneault M, Gambetta JM, Blais A, Siddiqi I. Measurement-induced qubit state mixing in circuit QED from up-converted dephasing noise. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:153601. [PMID: 23102305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We observe measurement-induced qubit state mixing in a transmon qubit dispersively coupled to a planar readout cavity. Our results indicate that dephasing noise at the qubit-readout detuning frequency is up-converted by readout photons to cause spurious qubit state transitions, thus limiting the nondemolition character of the readout. Furthermore, we use the qubit transition rate as a tool to extract an equivalent flux noise spectral density at f~1 GHz and find agreement with values extrapolated from a 1/f(α) fit to the measured flux noise spectral density below 1 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Slichter
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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21
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Guillerminet F, Fabien-Soulé V, Even PC, Tomé D, Benhamou CL, Roux C, Blais A. Hydrolyzed collagen improves bone status and prevents bone loss in ovariectomized C3H/HeN mice. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:1909-19. [PMID: 21927918 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study evaluates the effect of hydrolyzed collagen (HC) on bone health of ovariectomized mice (OVX) at different ages. Twenty-six weeks after the OVX procedure, HC ingestion was still able to improve significantly bone mineral density (BMD) and some femur biomechanical parameters. Moreover, HC ingestion for 1 month before surgery prevented BMD decrease. INTRODUCTION HC can play an important role in preserving BMD before osteoporosis appears. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HC on bone health of ovariectomized mice at different ages. METHODS Female C3H mice were either OVX at 3 or 6 months and fed for 6 months (first experiment) or 3 months (second experiment) with diet including 0, 10, or 25 g/kg of HC. In the second experiment, one group received HC 1 month before surgery, and two groups received the supplementation immediately after surgery, one fed ad libitum and the other by gavage. Mice treated with raloxifene were used as a positive control. BMD, femur intrinsic and extrinsic biomechanical properties, and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide were measured after 12 and 26 weeks. Food intake and spontaneous physical activity were also recorded. RESULTS The OVX procedure increased body weight, while food intake decreased, thus suggesting that resting metabolism was decreased. Ingestion of 25 g/kg of HC for 3 or 6 months reduced bone loss significantly in, respectively, 3- and 6-month-old OVX mice. The lowest HC concentration was less efficient. HC ingestion for 3 months is as efficient as raloxifene to protect 3-month-old OVX mice from bone loss. Our results also demonstrated that HC ingestion before surgery prevented the BMD decreases. CONCLUSION This study confirms that dietary collagen reduces bone loss in OVX mice by increasing the diameter of the cortical areas of femurs and can have a preventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guillerminet
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
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22
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Frey T, Leek PJ, Beck M, Blais A, Ihn T, Ensslin K, Wallraff A. Dipole coupling of a double quantum dot to a microwave resonator. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:046807. [PMID: 22400878 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.046807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the realization of a hybrid solid-state quantum device, in which a semiconductor double quantum dot is dipole coupled to the microwave field of a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. The double dot charge stability diagram extracted from measurements of the amplitude and phase of a microwave tone transmitted through the resonator is in good agreement with that obtained from transport measurements. Both the observed frequency shift and linewidth broadening of the resonator are explained considering the double dot as a charge qubit coupled with a strength of several tens of MHz to the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Frey
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Lang C, Bozyigit D, Eichler C, Steffen L, Fink JM, Abdumalikov AA, Baur M, Filipp S, da Silva MP, Blais A, Wallraff A. Observation of resonant photon blockade at microwave frequencies using correlation function measurements. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:243601. [PMID: 21770569 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Creating a train of single photons and monitoring its propagation and interaction is challenging in most physical systems, as photons generally interact very weakly with other systems. However, when confining microwave frequency photons in a transmission line resonator, effective photon-photon interactions can be mediated by qubits embedded in the resonator. Here, we observe the phenomenon of photon blockade through second-order correlation function measurements. The experiments clearly demonstrate antibunching in a continuously pumped source of single microwave photons measured by using microwave beam splitters, linear amplifiers, and quadrature amplitude detectors. We also investigate resonance fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering in Mollow-triplet-like spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lang
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Ong FR, Boissonneault M, Mallet F, Palacios-Laloy A, Dewes A, Doherty AC, Blais A, Bertet P, Vion D, Esteve D. Circuit QED with a nonlinear resonator: ac-Stark shift and dephasing. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:167002. [PMID: 21599402 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.167002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have performed spectroscopic measurements of a superconducting qubit dispersively coupled to a nonlinear resonator driven by a pump microwave field. Measurements of the qubit frequency shift provide a sensitive probe of the intracavity field, yielding a precise characterization of the resonator nonlinearity. The qubit linewidth has a complex dependence on the pump frequency and amplitude, which is correlated with the gain of the nonlinear resonator operated as a small-signal amplifier. The corresponding dephasing rate is found to be close to the quantum limit in the low-gain limit of the amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Ong
- Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS URA 2464), IRAMIS, DSM, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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25
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Beauchamp B, Ghosh S, Chu A, Blais A, Patti ME, McPherson R, Dent R, Harper ME. Epigenetic programming and resistance to weight loss. Can J Diabetes 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1499-2671(11)52163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Bianchetti R, Filipp S, Baur M, Fink JM, Lang C, Steffen L, Boissonneault M, Blais A, Wallraff A. Control and tomography of a three level superconducting artificial atom. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:223601. [PMID: 21231385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A number of superconducting qubits, such as the transmon or the phase qubit, have an energy level structure with small anharmonicity. This allows for convenient access of higher excited states with similar frequencies. However, special care has to be taken to avoid unwanted higher-level populations when using short control pulses. Here we demonstrate the preparation of arbitrary three level superposition states using optimal control techniques in a transmon. Performing dispersive readout, we extract the populations of all three levels of the qutrit and study the coherence of its excited states. Finally we demonstrate full quantum state tomography of the prepared qutrit states and evaluate the fidelities of a set of states, finding on average 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bianchetti
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Blais A, Leszczynski K, Lederer E. Poster - Thur Eve - 08: Dosimetric Comparison Study of Rotational and Static IMRT Treatment Plans for the Prostate. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3476113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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28
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Fink JM, Bianchetti R, Baur M, Göppl M, Steffen L, Filipp S, Leek PJ, Blais A, Wallraff A. Dressed collective qubit states and the Tavis-Cummings model in circuit QED. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:083601. [PMID: 19792728 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.083601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an ideal realization of the Tavis-Cummings model in the absence of atom number and coupling fluctuations by embedding a discrete number of fully controllable superconducting qubits at fixed positions into a transmission line resonator. Measuring the vacuum Rabi mode splitting with one, two, and three qubits strongly coupled to the cavity field, we explore both bright and dark dressed collective multiqubit states and observe the discrete square root N scaling of the collective dipole coupling strength. Our experiments demonstrate a novel approach to explore collective states, such as the W state, in a fully globally and locally controllable quantum system. Our scalable approach is interesting for solid-state quantum information processing and for fundamental multiatom quantum optics experiments with fixed atom numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fink
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Baur M, Filipp S, Bianchetti R, Fink JM, Göppl M, Steffen L, Leek PJ, Blais A, Wallraff A. Measurement of Autler-Townes and Mollow transitions in a strongly driven superconducting qubit. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:243602. [PMID: 19659005 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.243602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present spectroscopic measurements of the Autler-Townes doublet and the sidebands of the Mollow triplet in a driven superconducting qubit. The ground to first excited state transition of the qubit is strongly pumped while the resulting dressed qubit spectrum is probed with a weak tone. The corresponding transitions are detected using dispersive readout of the qubit coupled off resonantly to a microwave transmission line resonator. The observed frequencies of the Autler-Townes and Mollow spectral lines are in good agreement with a dispersive Jaynes-Cummings model taking into account higher excited qubit states and dispersive level shifts due to off-resonant drives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baur
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Filipp S, Maurer P, Leek PJ, Baur M, Bianchetti R, Fink JM, Göppl M, Steffen L, Gambetta JM, Blais A, Wallraff A. Two-qubit state tomography using a joint dispersive readout. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:200402. [PMID: 19519010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum state tomography is an important tool in quantum information science for complete characterization of multiqubit states and their correlations. Here we report a method to perform a joint simultaneous readout of two superconducting qubits dispersively coupled to the same mode of a microwave transmission line resonator. The nonlinear dependence of the resonator transmission on the qubit state dependent cavity frequency allows us to extract the full two-qubit correlations without the need for single-shot readout of individual qubits. We employ standard tomographic techniques to reconstruct the density matrix of two-qubit quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Filipp
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Basillais A, Koenig F, Beaupied H, Malet A, Blais A, Benhamou C. 76 Intracortical Porosity Characterisation in Mice by Microcomputed Tomography. J Clin Densitom 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2008.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fragner A, Göppl M, Fink JM, Baur M, Bianchetti R, Leek PJ, Blais A, Wallraff A. Resolving vacuum fluctuations in an electrical circuit by measuring the Lamb shift. Science 2008; 322:1357-60. [PMID: 19039130 DOI: 10.1126/science.1164482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantum theory predicts that empty space is not truly empty. Even in the absence of any particles or radiation, in pure vacuum, virtual particles are constantly created and annihilated. In an electromagnetic field, the presence of virtual photons manifests itself as a small renormalization of the energy of a quantum system, known as the Lamb shift. We present an experimental observation of the Lamb shift in a solid-state system. The strong dispersive coupling of a superconducting electronic circuit acting as a quantum bit (qubit) to the vacuum field in a transmission-line resonator leads to measurable Lamb shifts of up to 1.4% of the qubit transition frequency. The qubit is also observed to couple more strongly to the vacuum field than to a single photon inside the cavity, an effect that is explained by taking into account the limited anharmonicity of the higher excited qubit states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fragner
- Department of Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zurich (ETHZ), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Fink JM, Göppl M, Baur M, Bianchetti R, Leek PJ, Blais A, Wallraff A. Climbing the Jaynes–Cummings ladder and observing its nonlinearity in a cavity QED system. Nature 2008; 454:315-8. [PMID: 18633413 DOI: 10.1038/nature07112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Leek PJ, Fink JM, Blais A, Bianchetti R, Goppl M, Gambetta JM, Schuster DI, Frunzio L, Schoelkopf RJ, Wallraff A. Observation of Berry's Phase in a Solid-State Qubit. Science 2007; 318:1889-92. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1149858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Majer J, Chow JM, Gambetta JM, Koch J, Johnson BR, Schreier JA, Frunzio L, Schuster DI, Houck AA, Wallraff A, Blais A, Devoret MH, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. Coupling superconducting qubits via a cavity bus. Nature 2007; 449:443-7. [PMID: 17898763 DOI: 10.1038/nature06184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Superconducting circuits are promising candidates for constructing quantum bits (qubits) in a quantum computer; single-qubit operations are now routine, and several examples of two-qubit interactions and gates have been demonstrated. These experiments show that two nearby qubits can be readily coupled with local interactions. Performing gate operations between an arbitrary pair of distant qubits is highly desirable for any quantum computer architecture, but has not yet been demonstrated. An efficient way to achieve this goal is to couple the qubits to a 'quantum bus', which distributes quantum information among the qubits. Here we show the implementation of such a quantum bus, using microwave photons confined in a transmission line cavity, to couple two superconducting qubits on opposite sides of a chip. The interaction is mediated by the exchange of virtual rather than real photons, avoiding cavity-induced loss. Using fast control of the qubits to switch the coupling effectively on and off, we demonstrate coherent transfer of quantum states between the qubits. The cavity is also used to perform multiplexed control and measurement of the qubit states. This approach can be expanded to more than two qubits, and is an attractive architecture for quantum information processing on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Majer
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Wallraff A, Schuster DI, Blais A, Gambetta JM, Schreier J, Frunzio L, Devoret MH, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. Sideband transitions and two-tone spectroscopy of a superconducting qubit strongly coupled to an on-chip cavity. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:050501. [PMID: 17930736 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sideband transitions are spectroscopically probed in a system consisting of a Cooper pair box strongly but nonresonantly coupled to a superconducting transmission line resonator. When the Cooper pair box is operated at the optimal charge bias point, the symmetry of the Hamiltonian requires a two-photon process to access sidebands. The observed large dispersive ac-Stark shifts in the sideband transitions induced by the strong nonresonant drives agree well with our theoretical predictions. Sideband transitions are important in realizing qubit-photon and qubit-qubit entanglement in the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture for quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallraff
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Schuster DI, Houck AA, Schreier JA, Wallraff A, Gambetta JM, Blais A, Frunzio L, Majer J, Johnson B, Devoret MH, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. Resolving photon number states in a superconducting circuit. Nature 2007; 445:515-8. [PMID: 17268464 DOI: 10.1038/nature05461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic signals are always composed of photons, although in the circuit domain those signals are carried as voltages and currents on wires, and the discreteness of the photon's energy is usually not evident. However, by coupling a superconducting quantum bit (qubit) to signals on a microwave transmission line, it is possible to construct an integrated circuit in which the presence or absence of even a single photon can have a dramatic effect. Such a system can be described by circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED)-the circuit equivalent of cavity QED, where photons interact with atoms or quantum dots. Previously, circuit QED devices were shown to reach the resonant strong coupling regime, where a single qubit could absorb and re-emit a single photon many times. Here we report a circuit QED experiment in the strong dispersive limit, a new regime where a single photon has a large effect on the qubit without ever being absorbed. The hallmark of this strong dispersive regime is that the qubit transition energy can be resolved into a separate spectral line for each photon number state of the microwave field. The strength of each line is a measure of the probability of finding the corresponding photon number in the cavity. This effect is used to distinguish between coherent and thermal fields, and could be used to create a photon statistics analyser. As no photons are absorbed by this process, it should be possible to generate non-classical states of light by measurement and perform qubit-photon conditional logic, the basis of a logic bus for a quantum computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Schuster
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Wallraff A, Schuster DI, Blais A, Frunzio L, Majer J, Devoret MH, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. Approaching unit visibility for control of a superconducting qubit with dispersive readout. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:060501. [PMID: 16090931 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In a Rabi oscillation experiment with a superconducting qubit we show that a visibility in the qubit excited state population of more than 95% can be attained. We perform a dispersive measurement of the qubit state by coupling the qubit non-resonantly to a transmission line resonator and probing the resonator transmission spectrum. The measurement process is well characterized and quantitatively understood. In a measurement of Ramsey fringes, the qubit coherence time is larger than 500 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallraff
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Schuster DI, Wallraff A, Blais A, Frunzio L, Huang RS, Majer J, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. ac Stark shift and dephasing of a superconducting qubit strongly coupled to a cavity field. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:123602. [PMID: 15903919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have performed spectroscopy of a superconducting charge qubit coupled nonresonantly to a single mode of an on-chip resonator. The strong coupling induces a large ac Stark shift in the energy levels of both the qubit and the resonator. The dispersive shift of the resonator frequency is used to nondestructively determine the qubit state. Photon shot noise in the measurement field induces qubit level fluctuations leading to dephasing which is characteristic for the measurement backaction. A crossover in line shape with measurement power is observed and theoretically explained. For weak measurement a long intrinsic dephasing time of T2>200 ns of the qubit is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Schuster
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Wallraff A, Schuster DI, Blais A, Frunzio L, Huang RS, Majer J, Kumar S, Girvin SM, Schoelkopf RJ. Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics. Nature 2004; 431:162-7. [PMID: 15356625 DOI: 10.1038/nature02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of matter and light is one of the fundamental processes occurring in nature, and its most elementary form is realized when a single atom interacts with a single photon. Reaching this regime has been a major focus of research in atomic physics and quantum optics for several decades and has generated the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we perform an experiment in which a superconducting two-level system, playing the role of an artificial atom, is coupled to an on-chip cavity consisting of a superconducting transmission line resonator. We show that the strong coupling regime can be attained in a solid-state system, and we experimentally observe the coherent interaction of a superconducting two-level system with a single microwave photon. The concept of circuit quantum electrodynamics opens many new possibilities for studying the strong interaction of light and matter. This system can also be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum communication and may lead to new approaches for single photon generation and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallraff
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Lecoeur S, Huynh-Delerme C, Blais A, Duché A, Tomé D, Kolf-Clauw M. Implication of distinct proteins in cadmium uptake and transport by intestinal cells HT-29. Cell Biol Toxicol 2003; 18:409-23. [PMID: 12484551 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020867707079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of intestinal absorption have not been clearly elucidated for cadmium, a toxic metal. In this work, we show the implication of distinct proteins in cadmium transport, and the transport step where these proteins are involved. We first validated the HT-29 model by evaluating nontoxic doses of cadmium (ranging from 1 to 20 micromol/L), and by quantifying metal uptake and transepithelial transport. The time-course of 1 micromol/L cadmium uptake at pH 7.5 showed three steps: a rapid one during the first 4 min, probably due to cadmium binding to the membrane; a slower one, characterized by Km of 1.65+/-0.54 micromol/L and Vmax of 3.9+/-0.3 micromol/min per mg protein; and a third, corresponding to slow accumulation that was not equilibrated even after 48 h of cadmium exposure. Intracellular metallothionein content following 1 or 5 micromol/L cadmium exposure showed a significant increase after 6 h of exposure, and was not equilibrated even after 72 h, allowing cadmium accumulation. After 24 h of exposure, metallothionein content was 5-fold, 14-fold, 26-fold, and 50-fold, respectively, for cells grown in the presence of 1, 5, 10, and 20 micromol/L cadmium, compared to control cells. The second step of uptake, characterized by carrier-mediated transport, was markedly increased at pH 5.5, compared to pH 7.5, and strongly inhibited by the metabolic inhibitor dinitrophenol. Moreover Nramp2 transporter cDNA was present in HT-29 cells. These data suggest the involvement of a proton-coupled transporter, which may be the divalent cation transporter Nramp2 (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2). Cadmium uptake was also inhibited by copper, zinc, and para-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (pCMBS), but not by verapamil or ouabain. Taken together, our results indicate that cadmium could enter HT-29 cell by Nramp2 proton-coupled active transport and by diffusion, and accumulates in the cell as long as it binds to metallothionein. Cadmium toxicity could depend partly on the activity of Nramp2, and partly on metallothionein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lecoeur
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
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Fournier P, Nadeau R, Blais A, Gidengil E, Nevitte N. Validation of Time-of-Voting-Decision Recall. Public Opin Q 2001; 65:95-107. [PMID: 11264057 DOI: 10.1086/320040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Fournier
- Université de Montréal. Université de Montréal. Université de Montréal. McGill University. University of Toronto
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Durand C, Blais A, Vachon S. The polls-review: a late campaign swing or a failure of the polls? The case of the 1998 quebec election. Public Opin Q 2001; 65:108-123. [PMID: 11264058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Blais A, Nevitte N, Gidengil E, Nadeau R. Do People Have Feelings Toward Leaders about Whom They Say They Know Nothing? Public Opin Q 2000; 64:452-463. [PMID: 11171026 DOI: 10.1086/318640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Blais
- Université de Montréal. University of Toronto. McGill University. Université de Montréal
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Blais A, Lecoeur S, Milhaud G, Tomé D, Kolf-Clauw M. Cadmium uptake and transepithelial transport in control and long-term exposed Caco-2 cells: the role of metallothionein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 160:76-85. [PMID: 10502504 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to cadmium, a common environmental pollutant, is mainly through food intake. However, the mechanisms of intestinal absorption have not been clearly elucidated for this toxic metal ion. In order to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to this metal and the role of metallothioneins in cadmium absorption, we used human-derived Caco-2 cells cultured on porous membrane filters. We first validated this model by quantifying metal uptake and transepithelial transport on control cells and cells adapted to grow for 2 to 5 weeks in the presence of low doses of cadmium in the culture medium. The nontoxic doses of cadmium (0.1, 1.0, and 5 microM), in which Caco-2 cells could be cultured for many passages without deleterious effects, were determined by evaluating transepithelial resistance of the cells and lactate dehydrogenase leakage. After 24 h of 1 microM Cd exposure, intracellular cadmium levels were 3- and 6-fold higher for cells exposed for extended periods to 1 and 5 microM cadmium, respectively, compared to control cells. In control and long-term exposed cells, this accumulation was inhibited by zinc, copper, and pCMBS, but not by verapamil or ouabain. Intracellular metallothionein content was increased 1.5-, 5-, and 12-fold for the cells grown in the presence of 0.1, 1.0, and 5 microM cadmium, respectively, in the culture medium. The amount of metallothionein synthesized and released by the cells was highly correlated with cadmium accumulation and transport. Our results suggest that Caco-2 cell monolayers are a good predictive model for the study of cadmium intestinal absorption following exposure to repeated low doses of cadmium, and confirm the essential role of metallothionein in the regulation of cadmium intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blais
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
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Jourdan N, Brunet JP, Sapin C, Blais A, Cotte-Laffitte J, Forestier F, Quero AM, Trugnan G, Servin AL. Rotavirus infection reduces sucrase-isomaltase expression in human intestinal epithelial cells by perturbing protein targeting and organization of microvillar cytoskeleton. J Virol 1998; 72:7228-36. [PMID: 9696817 PMCID: PMC109945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.7228-7236.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe infantile gastroenteritis worldwide. These viruses infect mature enterocytes of the small intestine and cause structural and functional damage, including a reduction in disaccharidase activity. It was previously hypothesized that reduced disaccharidase activity resulted from the destruction of rotavirus-infected enterocytes at the villus tips. However, this pathophysiological model cannot explain situations in which low disaccharidase activity is observed when rotavirus-infected intestine exhibits few, if any, histopathologic changes. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the simian rotavirus strain RRV replicated in and was released from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells without cell destruction (N. Jourdan, M. Maurice, D. Delautier, A. M. Quero, A. L. Servin, and G. Trugnan, J. Virol. 71:8268-8278, 1997). In the present study, to reinvestigate disaccharidase expression during rotavirus infection, we studied sucrase-isomaltase (SI) in RRV-infected Caco-2 cells. We showed that SI activity and apical expression were specifically and selectively decreased by RRV infection without apparent cell destruction. Using pulse-chase experiments and cell surface biotinylation, we demonstrated that RRV infection did not affect SI biosynthesis, maturation, or stability but induced the blockade of SI transport to the brush border. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we showed that RRV infection induces important alterations of the cytoskeleton that correlate with decreased SI apical surface expression. These results lead us to propose an alternate model to explain the pathophysiology associated with rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jourdan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CJF 94 07, Pathogénie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Microorganismes Entérovirulents, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris XI, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Blais A, Labrie Y, Pouliot F, Lachance Y, Labrie C. Structure of the gene encoding the human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p18 and mutational analysis in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247:146-53. [PMID: 9636670 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p18 blocks progression of the cell cycle by associating with the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK6 and CDK4. To better understand the regulation of p18 gene expression, we isolated full-length cDNA clones from a human BT-20 breast cancer cell cDNA library. These clones were then used to isolate the human gene from a human genomic DNA library. The human p18 gene spans at least 7.5 kb and is composed of three exons, two of which encode the p18 protein. The genomic clone we isolated contained 5 kb of putative promotor sequence which directed expression of the luciferase reporter gene in transient transfection experiments. The longest cDNA that we isolated from BT-20 cells contained 2103 nucleotides which corresponds to the size of the major RNA transcript detected by Northern analysis in these cells. Transcription start sites mapping to the 5' end of the putative full-length cDNA were identified by ribonuclease protection assays. A novel polymorphism was identified in the 3' untranslated region of BT-20 cell cDNA clones that contained the previously described codon 72 mutation. The codon 72 mutation was also detected in 3 of 35 breast tumors analyzed using a mismatch PCR/RFLP strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blais
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center, University Hospital of Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Intestinal calcium absorption has been shown to include two processes, a saturable transcellular movement and a non-saturable paracellular pathway. The potential utility of cell monolayers for studying transepithelial intestinal calcium transport has already been demonstrated; however, simultaneous evaluation of the contribution of the saturable transcellular and of the non-saturable paracellular processes to the total transepithelial transport has not yet been attempted. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution both of transcellular and paracellular transport processes to the total transepithelial calcium transport in two cell culture monolayers. Caco-2 cells and a clone derived from HT-29 cells (HT29-Cl.19A), two cell lines derived from colon adenocarcinomas which are known to be able to exhibit typical enterocytic differentiation, were used. Cell monolayers were grown on a permeable support and used after 15 days of culture when these cells express enterocytic differentiation and high transepithelial resistance. Isotopic transport rate measurements were performed in the absence of a chemical gradient. The paracellular route was evaluated using [3H]mannitol. Calcium and [3H]mannitol transport rates across cell monolayers were not significantly different. Augmentation of calcium uptake by 200 mM sorbitol did not significantly increase calcium or mannitol transepithelial transport; however, calcium accumulation in the cells was increased by about 200%. Modulation of the monolayer permeability by addition of 10 nM vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or 0.5 mM carbachol treatment, which respectively increased and decreased the transepithelial resistance, consequently modified calcium and mannitol transport in a parallel manner. Our results show that Caco-2 and HT29-Cl.19A cell monolayers are good models for studying the calcium paracellular transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blais
- Département de Physiologie, Tour E2, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Abstract
We investigated the kinetics of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DG) uptake and metabolism in Caco-2 cells, because this human cell line may represent a valid enterocyte model to assess the dynamics between sugar transport and metabolism and hence to obtain insights into the factors involved during the intracellular phase of glucose absorption. When studied in 14-day-old monolayers, DG uptake is characterized by a lag phase with a time course matching the decrease in intracellular glucose concentrations, and no intracellular glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) can be detected at any time during incubation. After 1 h of preincubation of Caco-2 cells in substrate-free transport medium, however, steady-state DG uptake matches 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate (DG-6-P) accumulation with undetectable levels of free DG. This complex behavior in DG uptake is linked to high hexokinase activity in Caco-2 cells, and the enzyme has a Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) for glucose that is typical of hexokinase type II (0.120 +/- 0.003 mM). Caco-2 cells also contain low-level glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity, which may account for the leveling off in DG uptake, and the kinetics of DG transport may be attributed to the existence of a predominant pathway with a K(m) of 1.7 +/- 0.2 mM. Finally, analysis of the growth-related expression of DG transport and hexokinase activity clearly shows that DG uptake is lowest in postconfluent cells when hexokinase is at its highest levels. We thus conclude that 1) transport is the rate-limiting step during DG accumulation, 2) G-6-P is a potent inhibitor of hexokinase activity compared with DG-6-P, so that enzyme inhibition may have physiological relevance in diverting glucose from metabolism during its active reabsorption in the small intestine, and 3) low levels of G-6-Pase activity seem to exclude this enzyme, and hence the endoplasmic reticulum, as important factors during the intracellular phase of glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bissonnette
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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