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Salina ACG, de Aquino Penteado L, Dejani NN, Silva-Pereira L, Raimundo BVB, Corrêa GF, Oliveira KC, Ramalho LNZ, Boko MMM, Bonato VLD, Henrique Serezani C, Medeiros AI. Different bacterial cargo in apoptotic cells drive distinct macrophage phenotypes. Apoptosis 2024; 29:321-330. [PMID: 37796354 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The removal of dead cells (efferocytosis) contributes to the resolution of the infection and preservation of the tissue. Depending on the environment milieu, macrophages may show inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Inflammatory leukocytes are recruited during infection, followed by the accumulation of infected and non-infected apoptotic cells (AC). Efferocytosis of non-infected AC promotes TGF-β, IL-10, and PGE2 production and the polarization of anti-inflammatory macrophages. These M2 macrophages acquire an efficient ability to remove apoptotic cells that are involved in tissue repair and resolution of inflammation. On the other hand, the impact of efferocytosis of infected apoptotic cells on macrophage activation profile remains unknown. Here, we are showing that the efferocytosis of gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae-AC (Sp-AC) or gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae-AC (Kp-AC) promotes distinct gene expression and cytokine signature in macrophages. Whereas the efferocytosis of Kp-AC triggered a predominant M1 phenotype in vitro and in vivo, the efferocytosis of Sp-AC promoted a mixed M1/M2 activation in vitro and in vivo in a model of allergic asthma. Together, these findings suggest that the nature of the pathogen and antigen load into AC may have different impacts on inducing macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Guerta Salina
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Letícia de Aquino Penteado
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Naiana Dejani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Silva-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Vilas Boas Raimundo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ferranti Corrêa
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Cristina Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandra Naira Zambelli Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mèdéton Mahoussi Michaël Boko
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia L D Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexandra Ivo Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Niño-Castaño VE, Penteado LDA, Silva-Pereira L, Bazzano JMR, Orlando AB, Salina ACG, Dejani NN, Bonato VLD, Serezani CH, Medeiros AI. RIP2 Contributes to Expanded CD4 + T Cell IFN-γ Production during Efferocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae-Infected Apoptotic Cells. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:559-568. [PMID: 35882422 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell clearance by professional and nonprofessional phagocytes in the process of efferocytosis is critical to preserve tissue homeostasis. Uptake of apoptotic cells by dendritic cells generates regulatory T cells and induces immunologic tolerance against self-antigens. In contrast, ingestion of infected apoptotic cells promotes activation of TLR4/MyD88-dependent bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and triggers Th17 cell differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected apoptotic cell efferocytosis by BMDCs derived from C57BL/6 mice on differentiation and expansion of CD4+ T cell subsets, as well as the role of TLR2/4 and receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) receptors in recognizing intracellular pathogens during efferocytosis. We demonstrated that BMDC-mediated efferocytosis of S. pneumoniae-infected apoptotic cells induced Th1 cell differentiation and expansion. Although TLR2/4 and RIP2 deficiency in BMDCs did not affect Th1 cell differentiation during efferocytosis, the absence of RIP2 decreased IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells during the expansion phase. These findings suggest that RIP2-mediated IL-1β production during efferocytosis of S. pneumoniae-infected apoptotic cells partially supports a Th1-mediated IFN-γ production microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Eugenia Niño-Castaño
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Letícia de Aquino Penteado
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Silva-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Miranda Ribeiro Bazzano
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allan Botinhon Orlando
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Guerta Salina
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Naiana Dejani
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vânia L D Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alexandra Ivo Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
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Salina A, Medeiros AI, Serezani CH. Skin resident macrophage-derived microRNA21 drives susceptibility to Staphylococcus-aureus infection. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.50.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus skin infection is orchestrated by the actions of resident and recruited immune cells that lead to abscess formation and bacteria contained. Modulation of the immune response can be achieved by microRNAs. MicroRNA21 (miR21) is a homeostatic regulator of macrophage polarization and miR21 could modulate the expression of either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. We are hypothesizing that miR21 is a central node between the regulation of the inflammatory response and antimicrobial effectors functions in the skin. Our data show that miR21 increases as early as 12h, peaks at 24h and 48h. The depletion of skin resident macrophages, but not recruited neutrophils, showed a specific role of skin macrophages in miR21 expression during skin infection. Skin infection in miR21Δmyel mice resulted in reduced lesion size and lower bacterial burden when compared to WT animals. We detected increased IL-1ß and TNF-α and decreased IL-6 and IL-1α levels in the skin of miR21 deficient mice. We also observed increased expression of pro-resolution genes, such as CD36 and collagen3a1 at day 1 after infection. The balance between proinflammatory cytokines, along with the presence of collagen 3 and CD36, resulted in a highly organized abscess with ticker capsule when compared to infected WT mice. Topical treatment with a miR21 antagomir induces reduced lesion size and bacterial burden. Nanostring analysis showed increased Myd88 expression in both naïve and S. aureus infected miR21Δmyel mice and blocking MyD88 actions prevented miR21 antagomir-mediated bacterial clearance in vivo. Our results show blocking miR21 expression leads to a well-controlled inflammatory response necessary to control skin bacterial host defense.
Supported by FAPESP 2018/01622-9, HL-103777, R01HL124159-01
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salina
- 1Infection Disease, Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt Univ. Med. Ctr
| | | | - C. Henrique Serezani
- 1Infection Disease, Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt Univ. Med. Ctr
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Salina A, Brandt S, Medeiros AI, Serezani H. Leukotriene B4 is required for inflammasome activation. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.183.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The events that initiate inflammatory responses during infections are not well understood. The lipid mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is produced within seconds to minutes after phagocyte challenge and emerging evidence shown that LTB4 increases antimicrobial effector functions and inflammatory mediators, such as IL1b. Inflammasomes are intracellular platforms required for the secretion of IL1B/IL18 and an inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. Whether LTB4 enhances inflammasome-dependent IL1b secretion remains to be fully understood. Here, we hypothesize that LTB4 enhances inflammasome assembly and release of IL1b in macrophages during infection and sterile inflammation.
METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
To assess whether LTB4 is required for IL1b and pyroptosis in vivo, the skin of WT and LTB4R1−/− (BLT1) mice were infected with S. aureus for 24 h and biopsies were collected. To track inflammasome/IL1b production overtime, we treated IL1bDsRed mice as well as inflammasome reporter macrophages (ASC-cerulean) with a BLT1 antagonist. Using both genetic and pharmacological BLT1 blockage, we detected decreased IL1b production when compared to infected WT animals. A role for LTB4 in inflammasome activation was confirmed by detection of decreased caspase1 activation, ASC/NLRP3 assembly and gasdermin D (an initiator of pyroptosis) cleavage in vivo and in vitro in BLT1 deficient mice.
CONCLUSION
Our data show that LTB4 is necessary for inflammasome activation and blocking BLT1 actions might be a broad and practical approach to inhibit inflammatory diseases induced by exaggerated inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salina
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- 2University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Fraige K, Dametto AC, Zeraik ML, de Freitas L, Saraiva AC, Medeiros AI, Castro-Gamboa I, Cavalheiro AJ, Silva DHS, Lopes NP, Bolzani VS. Dereplication by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and Screening for Biological Activities of Byrsonima Species (Malpighiaceae). Phytochem Anal 2018; 29:196-204. [PMID: 28990237 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Byrsonima species have been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal and gynecological inflammations, skin infections and snakebites. Based on their biological activities, it is important to study other organisms from this genus and to identify their metabolites. OBJECTIVES To determine the metabolic fingerprinting of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of four Byrsonima species (B. intermedia, B. coccolobifolia, B. verbascifolia and B. sericea) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and evaluate their in vitro antioxidant, anti-glycation, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH˙, ABTS˙+ and ROO˙ scavenging assays. Anti-glycation activity was evaluated by the ability to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264-7) in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nitrite (NO2- ) production were measured by ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively. The compounds present in the extracts were tentatively identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS The evaluation of the biological activities showed the potential of the extracts. The activities were assigned to the presence of glycoside flavonoids mainly derived from quercetin, quinic acid derivatives, gallic acid derivatives, galloylquinic acids and proanthocyanidins. Two isomers of sinapic acid-O-hexoside were described for the first time in a Byrsonima species. CONCLUSION This research contributes to the study of the genus, it is the first report of the chemical composition of B. sericea and demonstrates the importance of the dereplication process, allowing the identification of known compounds without time-consuming procedures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Fraige
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Cristina Dametto
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Zeraik
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Larissa de Freitas
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Correia Saraiva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Ivo Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto José Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Helena S Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S Bolzani
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Núcleo de Bioensaios, Biossíntese e Ecofisiologia de Produtos Naturais (NUBBE), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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de Carvalho Dias K, Barbugli PA, de Patto F, Lordello VB, de Aquino Penteado L, Medeiros AI, Vergani CE. Soluble factors from biofilm of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus promote cell death and inflammatory response. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:146. [PMID: 28666415 PMCID: PMC5493077 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to better understand the effects of soluble factors from biofilm of single- and mixed-species Candida albicans (C. albicans) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) cultures after 36 h in culture on keratinocytes (NOK-si and HaCaT) and macrophages (J774A.1). Soluble factors from biofilms of C. albicans and MSSA were collected and incubated with keratinocytes and macrophages, which were subsequently evaluated by cell viability assays (MTT). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme release was measured to assess cell membrane damage to keratinocytes. Cells were analysed by brightfield microscopy after 2 and 24 h of exposure to the soluble factors from biofilm. Cell death was detected by labelling apoptotic cells with annexin V and necrotic cells with propidium iodide (PI) and was visualized via fluorescence microscopy. Soluble factors from biofilm were incubated with J774A.1 cells for 24 h; the subsequent production of NO and the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α was measured by ELISA. Results The cell viability assays showed that the soluble factors of single-species C. albicans cultures were as toxic as the soluble factors from biofilm of mixed cultures, whereas the soluble factors of MSSA cultures were less toxic than those of C. albicans or mixed cultures. The soluble factors from biofilm of mixed cultures were the most toxic to the NOK-si and HaCaT cells, as confirmed by analyses of PI labelling and cell morphology. Soluble factors from biofilm of single-species MSSA and mixed-species cultures induced the production of IL-6, NO and TNF-α by J744A.1 macrophages. The production of IL-6 and NO induced by the soluble factors from biofilm of mixed cultures was lower than that induced by the soluble factors from biofilm of single-species MSSA cultures, whereas the soluble factors from biofilm of C. albicans cultures induced only low levels of NO. Conclusions Soluble factors from 36-h-old biofilm of C. albicans and MSSA cultures promoted cell death and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassia de Carvalho Dias
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program-Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, Araraquara, SP, 14801903, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program-Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, Araraquara, SP, 14801903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Patto
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program-Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, Araraquara, SP, 14801903, Brazil
| | - Virginia Barreto Lordello
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia de Aquino Penteado
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Ivo Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program-Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, Araraquara, SP, 14801903, Brazil.
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Penteado LDA, Dejani NN, Verdan FF, Orlando AB, Niño VE, Dias FDN, Salina ACG, Medeiros AI. Distinctive role of efferocytosis in dendritic cell maturation and migration in sterile or infectious conditions. Immunology 2017; 151:304-313. [PMID: 28267881 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, or clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs), by dendritic cells (DCs) leads to immune response suppression and tolerance to self-antigens. However, efferocytosis of infected apoptotic cells (IACs) leads to the production of a mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu. We examined the DC phenotype and ability to migrate after phagocytosis of ACs or IACs and observed higher levels of CD86 and CCR7 expression in DCs, as well as enhanced migration capacity following efferocytosis of IACs. Interestingly, higher levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-10 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) were also produced in this context. Blockage of IAC recognition led to an impaired maturation profile and PGE2 production, which may have contributed to reduced CD86 and CCR7 expression and migration capacity. These data contribute to the understanding of how efferocytosis of sterile or infected cells may regulate the adaptive immune response, although the precise role of PGE2 in this process requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia de Aquino Penteado
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Naiana Dejani
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fortino Verdan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allan Botinhon Orlando
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victoria Eugenia Niño
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda De Nuzzi Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Guerta Salina
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Ivo Medeiros
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dejani N, Fortino F, Nino V, Medeiros AI. ‘Efferocytosis of infected apoptotic cells inhibits Th17 differentiation via PGE2-EP4 signaling’. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.133.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Clearance of infected apoptotic cells (IAC) by dendritic cells (DC) triggers the production of Th17-related cytokines. Moreover, we have found that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is also produced during efferocytosis containing microbial products, but the effect of this prostanoid on Th17-differentiation is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of PGE2, produced during recognition of IAC by DC, on Th17 differentiation. As source of IAC, Raw 264-7 cells were cultured with Escherichia coli during 2h for phagocytosis and apoptosis was induced by UV irradiation. BMDC were co-culture with IAC during 18h, and the supernatant from this co-culture was used to differentiate naïve CD4+ T cells for 4d, plus anti-CD3/anti-CD28. Phagocytosis of IAC by DC promotes the production of high levels of PGE2 (15±0.7 ng/ml), IL-6 (26±0.4 ng/ml), TGF-β (3.5±0.09 ng/ml) and IL-1β (5.4±0.1 ng/ml), when compared to phagocytosis of uninfected-AC. The treatment with COX inhibitor significantly decreased PGE2 level and promotes Th17 cell differentiation at least 4 times higher (16%) than untreated co-cultures (4%). Moreover, adding back exogenous PGE2 decreased drastically the percentage of Th17 cells (2%). Moreover, the treatment of naive T cells with antagonists of PGE2 receptor (EP1/EP2/EP4) suggests that the suppressor effect of this prostanoid on Th17 cell differentiation is mainly mediated by EP4/cAMP/PKA activation pathway. Taken all together, our results show that PGE2 is able to suppress Th17 differentiation in vitro through EP4 signaling. Further studies are needed to clarify how PGE2 can modulate the Th17 differentiation using in vivo model.
Financial Support: FAPEP 14/17374-3, 12/23580-0, 11/17611-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Dejani
- 1Univ. of São Paulo, Brazil
- 2Univ. Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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de Almeida OP, Toledo TR, Rossi D, Rossetto DDB, Watanabe TF, Galvão FC, Medeiros AI, Zanelli CF, Valentini SR. Hypusine modification of the ribosome-binding protein eIF5A, a target for new anti-inflammatory drugs: understanding the action of the inhibitor GC7 on a murine macrophage cell line. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20:284-92. [PMID: 23701550 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is part of an important mechanism triggered by the innate immune response that rapidly responds to invading microorganisms and tissue injury. One important elicitor of the inflammatory response is the Gram-negative bacteria component lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which induces the activation of innate immune response cells, the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), and the cellular generation of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Although essential to the immune response, uncontrolled inflammatory responses can lead to pathological conditions, such as sepsis and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, identifying cellular targets for new anti-inflammatory treatments is crucial to improving therapeutic control of inflammation-related diseases. More recently, the translation factor eIF5A has been demonstrated to have a proinflammatory role in the release of cytokines and the production of NO. As eIF5A requires and essential and unique modification of a specific residue of lysine, changing it to hypusine, eIF5A is an interesting cellular target for anti-inflammatory treatment. The present study reviews the literature concerning the anti-inflammatory effects of inhibiting eIF5A function. We also present new data showing that the inhibition of eIF5A function by the small molecule GC7 significantly decreases TNF-α release without affecting TNF-α mRNA levels. We discuss the mechanisms by which eIF5A may interfere with TNF-α mRNA translation by binding to and regulating the function of ribosomes during protein synthesis.
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10
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Franco LH, Paula MOE, Wowk PF, Fonseca DMD, Sérgio CA, Fedatto PF, Gembre AF, Ramos SG, Silva CL, Medeiros AI, Faccioli LH, Bonato VLD. Leukotrienes are not essential for the efficacy of a heterologous vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:645-50. [PMID: 20521013 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes are reported to be potent proinflammatory mediators that play a role in the development of several inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Leukotrienes have also been associated with protection against infectious diseases. However, the role of leukotrienes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is not understood. To answer this question, we studied the role of leukotrienes in the protective immune response conferred by prime-boost heterologous immunization against tuberculosis. We immunized BALB/c mice (4-11/group) with subcutaneous BCG vaccine (1 x 10(5) M. bovis BCG) (prime) followed by intramuscular DNA-HSP65 vaccine (100 microg) (boost). During the 30 days following the challenge, the animals were treated by gavage daily with MK-886 (5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) to inhibit leukotriene synthesis. We showed that MK-886-treated mice were more susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection by counting the number of M. tuberculosis colony-forming units in lungs. The histopathological analysis showed an impaired influx of leukocytes to the lungs of MK-886-treated mice after infection, confirming the involvement of leukotrienes in the protective immune response against experimental tuberculosis. However, prime-boost-immunized mice treated with MK-886 remained protected after challenge with M. tuberculosis, suggesting that leukotrienes are not required for the protective effect elicited by immunization. Protection against M. tuberculosis challenge achieved by prime-boost immunization in the absence of leukotrienes was accompanied by an increase in IL-17 production in the lungs of these animals, as measured by ELISA. Therefore, these data suggest that the production of IL-17 in MK-886-treated, immunized mice could contribute to the generation of a protective immune response after infection with M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Franco
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Tuberculose, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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11
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Silva RABD, Leonardo MR, Faccioli LH, Medeiros AI, Nelson-Filho P. Effect of different methods of sterilization on the inactivation of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) in endodontic files. Braz J Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822007000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Anibal FF, Rogerio AP, Malheiro A, Machado ER, Martins-Filho OA, Andrade MC, Soares EG, Medeiros AI, Faccioli LH. Impact of MK886 on Eosinophil Counts and Phenotypic Features in Toxocariasis. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:344-52. [PMID: 17386025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental toxocariasis was used as a model of eosinophil migration. Mice inoculated with 200 Toxocara canis eggs were treated with the leukotriene inhibitor MK886 (1 mg/kg/day). Eosinophils were counted in peripheral blood (PB), peritoneal cavity (PC) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples on post-infection days 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36. Eosinophil expression of Mac-1 and VLA-4 was analysed in PB and PC samples. We found that T. canis infection induced systemic eosinophilia from post-infection day 3, peaking on days 6, 12 and 24 in PB, PC and BALF samples respectively. Eosinophilia was more pronounced in PB and PC samples than in BALF samples, and MK886 downregulated eosinophilia to varying degrees in the different sample types. In PB and PC samples, T. canis infection caused early upregulation of Mac-1 with late changes in the VLA-4 profile, whereas MK886 had opposite effects. The distinct time-dependent eosinophilia peaks and differential involvement of leukotrienes in integrin expression demonstrate that, despite the systemic eosinophilia triggered by T. canis infection, inflammatory responses vary by compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Anibal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Sá-Nunes A, Bolzoni RMF, Medeiros AI, Jamur MC, Oliver C, Baruffi MD, Faccioli LH. Ultrasonically nebulized distilled water prevents exogenous histamine hyperreactivity in Toxocara canis-infected mice. Inflamm Res 2005; 54:243-8. [PMID: 15973507 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-005-1347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the effect of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water inhalation on the systemic histamine hyperreactivity of Toxocara canis-infected mice. METHODS Uninfected and T. canis-infected mice received an intravenous sublethal dose of histamine and lethality rates were documented. At 24 days post infection, infected mice received ultrasonically nebulized distilled water inhalation for 1 h. Twenty-four hours later histamine levels were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as histamine lethality and toluidine blue-stained mast cell number in the lung. RESULTS T. canis-infected mice showed increased lethality after exposure to histamine in comparison to uninfected mice. Ultrasonically nebulized distilled water inhalation prevented histamine-induced lethality and reduced toluidine blue-stained mast cell numbers in the lung. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between decreases in stained mast cells in the lung after ultrasonically nebulized distilled water inhalation and inhibition of histamine-induced lethality in these animals suggests participation of mast cells in the phenomenon and could be helpful in understanding the mechanisms of hyperreactivity during helminth parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sá-Nunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Medeiros AI, Malheiro A, Jose PJ, Conroy DM, Williams TJ, Faccioli LH. Differential release of MIP-1alpha and eotaxin during infection of mice by Histoplasma capsulatum or inoculation of beta-glucan. Inflamm Res 2004; 53:351-4. [PMID: 15316665 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-004-1269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we evaluated the levels of MIP-1alpha and eotaxin and in vivo migration in the peritoneal cavity model, in mice inoculated with live yeast forms of Histoplasma capsulatum or the beta-glucan cell wall component of this fungus, and the influence of a leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor, MK886, on the release of these chemokines in relation to cell recruitment. MATERIALS Female outbred Swiss mice (N = 4-5 per group, 3-4 wk, were used. Mice were injected i.p. with 1 ml of the 6 x 10(5) live yeast form of the fungus or with 10 microg of beta-glucan from the cell wall fraction, and treated daily with MK886 (1 mg kg(-1), p.o.) or vehicle. RESULTS The fungus induced rapid generation of high levels of MIP-1alpha, which remained elevated from 4-48 h whereas very little eotaxin was detected at any time point (Fig. 1A and B). In contrast, the beta-glucan induced a little MIP-1alpha but considerably higher concentrations of eotaxin within the first four hours; however, the level of neither chemokine was sustained (Fig. 2A and B). Treatment of animals with MK886 was effective in reducing the numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils and, to a lesser degree, mononuclear cells accumulating in the peritoneal cavity in response to both the live fungus (Fig. 1C-E) and the cell wall beta-glucan (Fig. 2C-E). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that chemokines and leukotrienes may play key roles in the inflammatory cell influx to H. capsulatum infection or to the inoculation of the beta-glucan cell wall component of this fungus
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Medeiros
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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15
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Sá-Nunes A, Medeiros AI, Faccioli LH. Interleukin-5 mediates peritoneal eosinophilia induced by the F1 cell wall fraction of Histoplasma capsulatum. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:343-6. [PMID: 15060701 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An alkali-insoluble fraction 1 (F1), which contains mainly ss-glucan isolated from the cell wall of Histoplasma capsulatum, induces eosinophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity of mice. The present study was carried out to determine the participation of interleukin-5 (IL-5) in this process. Inbred C57BL/6 male mice weighing 15-20 g were treated ip with 100 microg of anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (TRFK-5, N=7) or an isotype-matched antibody (N=7), followed by 300 microg F1 in 1 ml PBS ip 24 h later. Controls (N=5) received only 1 ml PBS. Two days later, cells from the peritoneal cavity were harvested by injection of 3 ml PBS and total cell counts were determined using diluting fluid in a Neubauer chamber. Differential counts were performed using Rosenfeld-stained cytospin preparations. The F1 injection induced significant (P<0.01) leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity (8.4 x 10(6) cells/ml) when compared with PBS alone (5.5 x 10(6) cells/ml). Moreover, F1 selectively (P<0.01) induced eosinophil recruitment (1 x 10(6) cells/ml) when compared to the control group (0.07 x 10(6) cells/ml). Treatment with TRFK-5 significantly (P<0.01) inhibited eosinophil recruitment (0.18 x 10(6) cells/ml) by F1 without affecting recruitment of mononuclear cells or neutrophils. We conclude that the F1 fraction of the cell wall of H. capsulatum induces peritoneal eosinophilia by an IL-5-dependent mechanism. Depletion of this cytokine does not have effect on the recruitment of other cell types induced by F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sá-Nunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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16
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Rogerio AP, Sá-Nunes A, Albuquerque DA, Anibal FF, Medeiros AI, Machado ER, Souza AO, Prado JC, Faccioli LH. Lafoensia pacari extract inhibits IL-5 production in toxocariasis. Parasite Immunol 2004; 25:393-400. [PMID: 14521582 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is an infection induced by Toxocara canis, an intestinal parasite of dogs. In this study, an experimental murine model of toxocariasis was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari stem bark. Mice infected with T. canis were treated with L. pacari extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.). Subsequently, we observed a reduction in the number of eosinophils in the peritoneal cavity, bronchoalveolar fluid, blood and bone marrow. Production of interleukin (IL)-5, a major cytokine involved in eosinophilic differentiation, proliferation and activation, is also an important marker for infection. The reduced levels of IL-5 observed in serum, lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar fluid demonstrated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of L. pacari. Larvae recovery from infected mice treated with L. pacari was comparable with that from untreated mice, suggesting that L. pacari is not toxic to the parasite. Nonetheless, our results demonstrate a potential therapeutic effect of L. pacari extract in IL-5-mediated inflammatory diseases and provide new prospects for the development of drugs to treat IL-5-dependent allergic diseases such as parasite infection and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Rogerio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a fungus found intracellularly in neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), suggesting that it is capable of evading damage and survives inside these cells. In this study, we report that neutrophils from H. capsulatum-infected mice, and human neutrophils and mononuclear cells exposed to H. capsulatum presented less apoptosis than those from noninfected animals or cells exposed to medium only. Moreover, cells harvested from infected animals are resistant to apoptosis induced by dexamethasone - a proapoptotic stimulant. We also show that neutrophils harvested from infected mice and PBMCs from humans exposed to the fungus had a greatly decreased Mac-1 expression. We conclude that H. capsulatum induces an antiapoptotic state on leucocytes, which correlates with decreased cell-surface Mac-1 expression. These facts may represent an escape mechanism for the fungus by delaying cell death and allowing the fungus to survive inside leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Medeiros
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Bromatology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Bonato VL, Medeiros AI, Lima VM, Dias AR, Faccioliti LH, Silva CL. Downmodulation of CD18 and CD86 on macrophages and VLA-4 on lymphocytes in experimental tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:564-73. [PMID: 11902331 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Development and evaluation of new vaccines and immunotherapy against tuberculosis demand a better understanding of the immune mechanisms in this disease. Costimulatory signals and intercellular contact seem to be pivotal in determining whether recognition of antigen by T cells leads to activation or anergy. In this paper, we show that virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv downmodulates the ex vivo expression of CD18 and CD86 on peritoneal macrophages and VLA-4 on lymphocytes but does not disturb the in vitro production of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma after intraperitoneal infection. In addition, splenocytes from infected mice produce IL-10, while the expression of cell surface receptors is unchanged. The interplay among IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 in vivo and the downmodulation of cell-surface receptors during the infection at the inflammatory site may contribute to the explanation of the maintenance of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Bonato
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
In this review we discuss our recently results showing interleukin 5 (IL-5) involvement in eosinophil migration and in the maintenance of eosinophilia in blood, bone marrow, lung and peritoneal cavity, in a visceral larva migrans syndrome model using guinea-pigs infected with Toxocara canis. We also describe the sequential release of TNF-alpha and IL-8 during the course of infection. Finally we propose a biological role for IL-5, at least in our model, as a modulator of IL-8 release and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Faccioli
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
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Faccioli LH, Medeiros AI, Malheiro A, Pietro RC, Januário A, Vargaftig BB. Interleukin-5 modulates interleukin-8 secretion in eosinophilic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 1998; 7:41-7. [PMID: 9839698 PMCID: PMC1781822 DOI: 10.1080/09629359891379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum and BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) IL-8 levels and serum levels were investigated in Toxocara canis infected guinea-pigs and the role of IL-5 as a modulator of cytokine secretion was studied. Serum levels increased early in infected animals, exceeding control levels 4 h after infection, peaked between days 6 and 18, and continued to exceed control levels after 48 days of infection. Serum and BALF IL-8 levels showed the same profile as blood eosinophilia, increasing 6 days post-infection and peaking between days 18 and 24. Treatment of infected animals with anti-IL-5 Ab suppressed eosinophilia with a parallel increase in blood IL-8 levels, whereas no change was found in levels. To support our in vivo observation we carried out experiments in vitro using guinea-pig LPS-stimulated adherent peritoneal cells which release large amounts of IL-8 into the supernatants. When rIL-5 was added to LPS-stimulated cells, 65% inhibition of IL-8 release into the supernatants was observed. Pre-incubation of cells with anti-IL-5 Ab prevented the inhibition of IL-8 release into the supernatants induced by rIL-5. Our results demonstrate for the first time that TNF-alpha and IL-8 are released concomitant with or after IL-5 in the eosinophilic inflammation induced by T. canis. Moreover, in addition to showing that IL-5 is fundamental for the induction of blood eosinophilia, the present results suggest that this cytokine may play a new biological role by acting as modulator of IL-8 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Faccioli
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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