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Khan A, Pahl E, Koehl DA, Cantor RS, Kirklin JK, Rusconi P, Barnes AP, Azeka E, Everitt MD. Improved heart transplant survival for children with congenital heart disease and heterotaxy syndrome in the current era: An analysis from the pediatric heart transplant society. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:1153-1163. [PMID: 34366230 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Challenges exist with heterotaxy due to the complexity of heart disease, abnormal venous connections, and infection risks. This study aims to understand heart transplant outcomes for children with heterotaxy. METHODS All children with congenital heart disease listed for transplant from 1993 to 2018 were included. Those with and without heterotaxy were compared. Waitlist outcomes and survival post-listing and transplant were analyzed. Post-transplant risk factors were identified using multiphase parametric hazard modeling. RESULTS There were 4814 children listed, of whom 196 (4%) had heterotaxy. Heterotaxy candidates were older (5.8 ± 5.7 vs 4.2 ± 5.5 years, p < 0.01), listed at a lower urgency status (29.8% vs 18.4%, p < 0.01), more commonly single ventricle physiology (71.3% vs 59.2%, p < 0.01), and less often supported by mechanical ventilation (22% vs 29.1%, p < 0.05) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (3.6% vs 7.5%, p < 0.05). There were no differences in waitlist outcomes of transplant, death, or removal. Overall, post-transplant survival was worse for children with heterotaxy: one-year survival 77.2% vs 85.1%, with and without heterotaxy, respectively. Heterotaxy was an independent predictor for early mortality in the earliest era (1993-2004), HR 2.09, CI 1.16-3.75, p = 0.014. When stratified by era, survival improved with time. Heterotaxy patients had a lower freedom from infection and from severe rejection, but no difference in vasculopathy or malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Mortality risk associated with heterotaxy is mitigated in the recent transplant era. Early referral may improve waitlist outcomes for heterotaxy patients who otherwise have a lower status at listing. Lower freedom from both infection and severe rejection after transplant in heterotaxy highlights the challenges of balancing immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Elfriede Pahl
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Devin A Koehl
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ryan S Cantor
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James K Kirklin
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Paolo Rusconi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Aliessa P Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Estela Azeka
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melanie D Everitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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Peng DM, Koehl DA, Cantor RS, McMillan KN, Barnes AP, McConnell PI, Jordan J, Andersen ND, St Louis JD, Maeda K, Kirklin JK, Kindel SJ. Outcomes of children with congenital heart disease implanted with ventricular assist devices: An analysis of the Pediatric Interagency Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support (Pedimacs). J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 38:420-430. [PMID: 30459063 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reported ventricular assist device (VAD) experience in the pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) population is limited. We sought to describe contemporary use and outcomes of VADs in children with CHD and compare these outcomes to those of non-CHD children. METHODS Patients enrolled in the Pediatric Interagency Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support (Pedimacs) between September 19, 2012 through June 30, 2017 were included. CHD was classified as biventricular vs single ventricle (Stages 1, 2, or 3). Outcomes were compared between groups and multivariable analysis was used to identify factors associated with mortality on the device. RESULTS Among the 471 patients enrolled, 108 (24%) had CHD (45 biventricular and 63 single ventricle). CHD patients were younger (5.7 ± 5.7 years vs 9.8 ± 6.5 years; p < 0.0001) and smaller (0.8 ± 0.5 m2 vs 1.2 ± 0.7 m2; p < 0.0001) compared with non-CHD patients. CHD patients were more likely to receive a paracorporeal continuous-flow VAD (36.1% vs 12.9%; p < 0.0001) and less likely to receive an implantable continuous-flow VAD (27.8% vs 55.0%; p < 0.0001) compared with non-CHD patients. After 6 months on a VAD, CHD patients had higher mortality (36.4% vs 12.1%) and a lower transplantation rate (29.1% vs 59.9%) than non-CHD patients (p < 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, CHD was the factor most strongly associated with mortality on VAD (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.9; p < 0.0001), whereas the factors implantable continuous-flow device and high-volume center were protective (HR = 0.3, p < 0.0001, and HR = 0.6, respectively; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS VAD use in children with CHD is associated with increased mortality and decreased transplant rates compared to children without CHD. For the subgroup of children with CHD who received implantable continuous-flow VADs, survival rates were higher and comparable to those of children without CHD. Increased experience correlated with better survival in pediatric VADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Devin A Koehl
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ryan S Cantor
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kristen N McMillan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aliessa P Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick I McConnell
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica Jordan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas D Andersen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D St Louis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Katsuhide Maeda
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - James K Kirklin
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Steven J Kindel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Patel PC, Hill DA, Ayers CR, Lavingia B, Kaiser P, Dyer AK, Barnes AP, Thibodeau JT, Mishkin JD, Mammen PPA, Markham DW, Stastny P, Ring WS, de Lemos JA, Drazner MH. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay to screen for acute rejection in patients with heart transplant. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:463-9. [PMID: 24733367 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.113.000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A noninvasive biomarker that could accurately diagnose acute rejection (AR) in heart transplant recipients could obviate the need for surveillance endomyocardial biopsies. We assessed the performance metrics of a novel high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay for this purpose. METHODS AND RESULTS Stored serum samples were retrospectively matched to endomyocardial biopsies in 98 cardiac transplant recipients, who survived ≥3 months after transplant. AR was defined as International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 2R or higher cellular rejection, acellular rejection, or allograft dysfunction of uncertain pathogenesis, leading to treatment for presumed rejection. cTnI was measured with a high-sensitivity assay (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL). Cross-sectional analyses determined the association of cTnI concentrations with rejection and International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade and the performance metrics of cTnI for the detection of AR. Among 98 subjects, 37% had ≥1 rejection episode. cTnI was measured in 418 serum samples, including 35 paired to a rejection episode. cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in rejection versus nonrejection samples (median, 57.1 versus 10.2 ng/L; P<0.0001) and increased in a graded manner with higher biopsy scores (P(trend)<0.0001). The c-statistic to discriminate AR was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-0.88). Using a cut point of 15 ng/L, sensitivity was 94%, specificity 60%, positive predictive value 18%, and negative predictive value 99%. CONCLUSIONS A high-sensitivity cTnI assay seems useful to rule out AR in cardiac transplant recipients. If validated in prospective studies, a strategy of serial monitoring with a high-sensitivity cTnI assay may offer a low-cost noninvasive strategy for rejection surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag C Patel
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Douglas A Hill
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Colby R Ayers
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Bhavna Lavingia
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Patricia Kaiser
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Adrian K Dyer
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Aliessa P Barnes
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Jennifer T Thibodeau
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Joseph D Mishkin
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Pradeep P A Mammen
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - David W Markham
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Peter Stastny
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - W Steves Ring
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - James A de Lemos
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
| | - Mark H Drazner
- From the Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville (P.C.P.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology (D.A.H., C.R.A., P.K., J.T.T., J.D.M., P.P.A.M., D.W.M., J.A.d.L., M.H.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology (B.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (A.K.D., A.P.B.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (W.S.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
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