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Tsitsikov EN, Phan KP, Liu Y, Tsytsykova AV, Kinter M, Selland L, Garman L, Griffin C, Dunn IF. TRAF7 is an essential regulator of blood vessel integrity during mouse embryonic and neonatal development. iScience 2023; 26:107474. [PMID: 37583551 PMCID: PMC10424150 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted deletion of TRAF7 revealed that it is a crucial part of shear stress-responsive MEKK3-MEK5-ERK5 signaling pathway induced in endothelial cells by blood flow. Similar to Mekk3-, Mek5- or Erk5-deficient mice, Traf7-deficient embryos died in utero around midgestation due to impaired endothelium integrity. They displayed significantly lower expression of transcription factor Klf2, an essential regulator of vascular hemodynamic forces downstream of the MEKK3-MEK-ERK5 signaling pathway. In addition, deletion of Traf7 in endothelial cells of postnatal mice was associated with severe cerebral hemorrhage. Here, we show that besides MEKK3 and MEK5, TRAF7 associates with a planar cell polarity protein SCRIB. SCRIB binds with an N-terminal region of TRAF7, while MEKK3 associates with the C-terminal WD40 domain. Downregulation of TRAF7 as well as SCRIB inhibited fluid shear stress-induced phosphorylation of ERK5 in cultured endothelial cells. These findings suggest that TRAF7 and SCRIB may comprise an upstream part of the MEKK3-MEK5-ERK5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdyni N. Tsitsikov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Khanh P. Phan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Alla V. Tsytsykova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mike Kinter
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lauren Selland
- Histology, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy Core-COBRE Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lori Garman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney Griffin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Phan KP, Pelargos P, Tsytsykova AV, Tsitsikov EN, Wiley G, Li C, Bebak M, Dunn IF. COMMD10 Is Essential for Neural Plate Development during Embryogenesis. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11010013. [PMID: 36976102 PMCID: PMC10051640 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The COMMD (copper metabolism MURR1 domain containing) family includes ten structurally conserved proteins (COMMD1 to COMMD10) in eukaryotic multicellular organisms that are involved in a diverse array of cellular and physiological processes, including endosomal trafficking, copper homeostasis, and cholesterol metabolism, among others. To understand the role of COMMD10 in embryonic development, we used Commd10Tg(Vav1-icre)A2Kio/J mice, where the Vav1-cre transgene is integrated into an intron of the Commd10 gene, creating a functional knockout of Commd10 in homozygous mice. Breeding heterozygous mice produced no COMMD10-deficient (Commd10Null) offspring, suggesting that COMMD10 is required for embryogenesis. Analysis of Commd10Null embryos demonstrated that they displayed stalled development by embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5). Transcriptome analysis revealed that numerous neural crest-specific gene markers had lower expression in mutant versus wild-type (WT) embryos. Specifically, Commd10Null embryos displayed significantly lower expression levels of a number of transcription factors, including a major regulator of the neural crest, Sox10. Moreover, several cytokines/growth factors involved in early embryonic neurogenesis were also lower in mutant embryos. On the other hand, Commd10Null embryos demonstrated higher expression of genes involved in tissue remodeling and regression processes. Taken together, our findings show that Commd10Null embryos die by day E8.5 due to COMMD10-dependent neural crest failure, revealing a new and critical role for COMMD10 in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh P. Phan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.P.P.); (P.P.); (A.V.T.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Panayiotis Pelargos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.P.P.); (P.P.); (A.V.T.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Alla V. Tsytsykova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.P.P.); (P.P.); (A.V.T.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Erdyni N. Tsitsikov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.P.P.); (P.P.); (A.V.T.); (E.N.T.)
| | - Graham Wiley
- Clinical Genomics Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Chuang Li
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (C.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Melissa Bebak
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (C.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.P.P.); (P.P.); (A.V.T.); (E.N.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Tsitsikov EN, Hameed S, Tavakol SA, Stephens TM, Tsytsykova AV, Garman L, Bi WL, Dunn IF. Specific gene expression signatures of low grade meningiomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1126550. [PMID: 36937440 PMCID: PMC10016690 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1126550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors in adults, representing approximately one-third of all primary adult CNS tumors. Although several recent publications have proposed alternative grading systems of meningiomas that incorporate genomic and/or epigenomic data to better predict meningioma recurrence and progression-free survival, our understanding of driving forces of meningioma development is still limited. Objective To define gene expression signatures of the most common subtypes of meningiomas to better understand cellular processes and signaling pathways specific for each tumor genotype. Methods We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to determine whole transcriptome profiles of twenty meningiomas with genomic alterations including NF2 inactivation, loss of chr1p, and missense mutations in TRAF7, AKT1 and KLF4. Results The analysis revealed that meningiomas with NF2 gene inactivation expressed higher levels of BCL2 and GLI1 compared with tumors harboring TRAF7 missense mutations. Moreover, NF2 meningiomas were subdivided into two distinct groups based on additional loss of chr1p. NF2 tumors with intact chr1p were characterized by the high expression of tumor suppressor PTCH2 compared to NF2 tumors with chr1p loss. Taken together with the high expression of BCL2 and GLI1, these results suggest that activation of Sonic Hedgehog pathway may contribute to NF2 meningioma development. In contrast, NF2 tumors with chr1p loss expressed high levels of transcription factor FOXD3 and its antisense RNA FOXD3-AS1. Examination of TRAF7 tumors demonstrated that TRAF7 regulates a number of biomechanically responsive genes (KRT6a, KRT16, IL1RL1, and AQP3 among others). Interestingly, AKT1 and KLF4 meningiomas expressed genes specific for PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, suggesting overlapping gene signatures between the two subtypes. In addition, KLF4 meningiomas had high expression of carcinoembryonic antigen family members CEACAM6 and CEACAM5. Conclusions Each group of meningiomas displayed a unique gene expression signature suggesting signaling pathways potentially implicated in tumorigenesis. These findings will improve our understanding of meningioma tumorigenesis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdyni N. Tsitsikov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sanaa Hameed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sherwin A. Tavakol
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Tressie M. Stephens
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Alla V. Tsytsykova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Lori Garman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Ian F. Dunn,
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Tsytsykova AV, Wiley G, Li C, Pelikan RC, Garman L, Acquah FA, Mooers BH, Tsitsikov EN, Dunn IF. Mutated KLF4(K409Q) in meningioma binds STRs and activates FGF3 gene expression. iScience 2022; 25:104839. [PMID: 35996584 PMCID: PMC9391581 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor that has been proven necessary for both induction and maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal. Whole-genome sequencing defined a unique mutation in KLF4 (KLF4K409Q) in human meningiomas. However, the molecular mechanism of this tumor-specific KLF4 mutation is unknown. Using genome-wide high-throughput and focused quantitative transcriptional approaches in human cell lines, primary meningeal cells, and meningioma tumor tissue, we found that a change in the evolutionarily conserved DNA-binding domain of KLF4 alters its DNA recognition preference, resulting in a shift in downstream transcriptional activity. In the KLF4K409Q-specific targets, the normally silent fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGF3) is activated. We demonstrated a neomorphic function of KLF4K409Q in stimulating FGF3 transcription through binding to its promoter and in using short tandem repeats (STRs) located within the locus as enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V. Tsytsykova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Graham Wiley
- Clinical Genomics Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chuang Li
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Richard C. Pelikan
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lori Garman
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Francis A. Acquah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Blaine H.M. Mooers
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Erdyni N. Tsitsikov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Corresponding author
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Jasenosky LD, Nambu A, Tsytsykova AV, Ranjbar S, Haridas V, Kruidenier L, Tough DF, Goldfeld AE. Identification of a Distal Locus Enhancer Element That Controls Cell Type-Specific TNF and LTA Gene Expression in Human T Cells. J Immunol 2020; 205:2479-2488. [PMID: 32978279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human TNF/LT locus genes TNF, LTA, and LTB are expressed in a cell type-specific manner. In this study, we show that a highly conserved NFAT binding site within the distal noncoding element hHS-8 coordinately controls TNF and LTA gene expression in human T cells. Upon activation of primary human CD4+ T cells, hHS-8 and the TNF and LTA promoters display increased H3K27 acetylation and nuclease sensitivity and coordinate induction of TNF, LTA, and hHS-8 enhancer RNA transcription occurs. Functional analyses using CRISPR/dead(d)Cas9 targeting of the hHS-8-NFAT site in the human T cell line CEM demonstrate significant reduction of TNF and LTA mRNA synthesis and of RNA polymerase II recruitment to their promoters. These studies elucidate how a distal element regulates the inducible cell type-specific gene expression program of the human TNF/LT locus and provide an approach for modulation of TNF and LTA transcription in human disease using CRISPR/dCas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Jasenosky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aya Nambu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alla V Tsytsykova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Program in Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shahin Ranjbar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Viraga Haridas
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - David F Tough
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
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Via LE, Tsytsykova AV, Rajsbaum R, Falvo JV, Goldfeld AE. The transcription factor NFATp plays a key role in susceptibility to TB in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41427. [PMID: 22844476 PMCID: PMC3402414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In T cells, the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells p (NFATp) is a key regulator of the cytokine genes tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Here, we show that NFATp-deficient (NFATp(-/-)) mice have a dramatic and highly significant increase in mortality after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) infection as compared to mortality of control animals after MTb infection. Animals deficient in NFATp have significantly impaired levels of TNF and IFN-γ transcription and protein expression in naïve or total CD4(+) T cells, but display wild-type levels of TNF mRNA or protein from MTb-stimulated dendritic cells (DC). The rapid mortality and disease severity observed in MTb-infected NFATp(-/-) mice is associated with dysregulated production of TNF and IFN-γ in the lungs, as well as with increased levels of TNF, in their serum. Furthermore, global blocking of TNF production by injection of a TNF neutralizaing agent at 6 weeks, but not 12 weeks, post-MTb-infection further decreased the survival rate of both wild-type and NFATp(-/-) mice, indicating an early role for TNF derived from cells from the monocyte lineage in containment of infection. These results thus demonstrate that NFATp plays a critical role in immune containment of TB disease in vivo, through the NFATp-dependent expression of TNF and IFN-γ in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alla V. Tsytsykova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James V. Falvo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Regulation of TNF gene expression is cell type- and stimulus-specific. We have previously identified highly conserved noncoding regulatory elements within DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HSS) located 9 kb upstream (HSS-9) and 3 kb downstream (HSS+3) of the TNF gene, which play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of TNF in T cells. They act as enhancers and interact with the TNF promoter and with each other, generating a higher order chromatin structure. Here, we report a novel monocyte-specific AT-rich DNase I-hypersensitive element located 7 kb upstream of the TNF gene (HSS-7), which serves as a matrix attachment region in monocytes. We show that HSS-7 associates with topoisomerase IIα (Top2) in vivo and that induction of endogenous TNF mRNA expression is suppressed by etoposide, a Top2 inhibitor. Moreover, Top2 binds to and cleaves HSS-7 in in vitro analysis. Thus, HSS-7, which is selectively accessible in monocytes, can tether the TNF locus to the nuclear matrix via matrix attachment region formation, potentially promoting TNF gene expression by acting as a Top2 substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Biglione
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Alla V Tsytsykova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anne E Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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Abstract
The cytokine TNF is a critical mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. The TNF gene is an immediate early gene, rapidly transcribed in a variety of cell types following exposure to a broad range of pathogens and signals of inflammation and stress. Regulation of TNF gene expression at the transcriptional level is cell type- and stimulus-specific, involving the recruitment of distinct sets of transcription factors to a compact and modular promoter region. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms through which TNF transcription is specifically activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli in multiple cell types, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts. We discuss the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells and other transcription factors and coactivators in enhanceosome formation, as well as the contradictory evidence for a role for nuclear factor kappaB as a classical activator of the TNF gene. We describe the impact of evolutionarily conserved cis-regulatory DNA motifs in the TNF locus upon TNF gene transcription, in contrast to the neutral effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms. We also assess the regulatory role of chromatin organization, epigenetic modifications, and long-range chromosomal interactions at the TNF locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Falvo
- Immune Disease Institute and Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Baena A, Mootnick AR, Falvo JV, Tsytsykova AV, Ligeiro F, Diop OM, Brieva C, Gagneux P, O'Brien SJ, Ryder OA, Goldfeld AE. Primate TNF promoters reveal markers of phylogeny and evolution of innate immunity. PLoS One 2007; 2:e621. [PMID: 17637837 PMCID: PMC1905939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a critical cytokine in the immune response whose transcriptional activation is controlled by a proximal promoter region that is highly conserved in mammals and, in particular, primates. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) upstream of the proximal human TNF promoter have been identified, which are markers of human ancestry. Methodology/Principal findings Using a comparative genomics approach we show that certain fixed genetic differences in the TNF promoter serve as markers of primate speciation. We also demonstrate that distinct alleles of most human TNF promoter SNPs are identical to fixed nucleotides in primate TNF promoters. Furthermore, we identify fixed genetic differences within the proximal TNF promoters of Asian apes that do not occur in African ape or human TNF promoters. Strikingly, protein-DNA binding assays and gene reporter assays comparing these Asian ape TNF promoters to African ape and human TNF promoters demonstrate that, unlike the fixed differences that we define that are associated with primate phylogeny, these Asian ape-specific fixed differences impair transcription factor binding at an Sp1 site and decrease TNF transcription induced by bacterial stimulation of macrophages. Conclusions/significance Here, we have presented the broadest interspecies comparison of a regulatory region of an innate immune response gene to date. We have characterized nucleotide positions in Asian ape TNF promoters that underlie functional changes in cell type- and stimulus-specific activation of the TNF gene. We have also identified ancestral TNF promoter nucleotide states in the primate lineage that correspond to human SNP alleles. These findings may reflect evolution of Asian and African apes under a distinct set of infectious disease pressures involving the innate immune response and TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Baena
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Mootnick
- Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, California, United States of America
| | - James V. Falvo
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alla V. Tsytsykova
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Filipa Ligeiro
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ousmane M. Diop
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Claudia Brieva
- Unidad de Rescate y Rehabilitación de Animales Silvestres, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Project for Explaining the Origin of Humans, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oliver A. Ryder
- Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Ranjbar S, Tsytsykova AV, Lee SK, Rajsbaum R, Falvo JV, Lieberman J, Shankar P, Goldfeld AE. NFAT5 regulates HIV-1 in primary monocytes via a highly conserved long terminal repeat site. PLoS Pathog 2007; 2:e130. [PMID: 17173480 PMCID: PMC1698943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To replicate, HIV-1 capitalizes on endogenous cellular activation pathways resulting in recruitment of key host transcription factors to its viral enhancer. RNA interference has been a powerful tool for blocking key checkpoints in HIV-1 entry into cells. Here we apply RNA interference to HIV-1 transcription in primary macrophages, a major reservoir of the virus, and specifically target the transcription factor NFAT5 (nuclear factor of activated T cells 5), which is the most evolutionarily divergent NFAT protein. By molecularly cloning and sequencing isolates from multiple viral subtypes, and performing DNase I footprinting, electrophoretic mobility shift, and promoter mutagenesis transfection assays, we demonstrate that NFAT5 functionally interacts with a specific enhancer binding site conserved in HIV-1, HIV-2, and multiple simian immunodeficiency viruses. Using small interfering RNA to ablate expression of endogenous NFAT5 protein, we show that the replication of three major HIV-1 viral subtypes (B, C, and E) is dependent upon NFAT5 in human primary differentiated macrophages. Our results define a novel host factor-viral enhancer interaction that reveals a new regulatory role for NFAT5 and defines a functional DNA motif conserved across HIV-1 subtypes and representative simian immunodeficiency viruses. Inhibition of the NFAT5-LTR interaction may thus present a novel therapeutic target to suppress HIV-1 replication and progression of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ranjbar
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alla V Tsytsykova
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James V Falvo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judy Lieberman
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Premlata Shankar
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne E Goldfeld
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Tsytsykova AV, Falvo JV, Schmidt-Supprian M, Courtois G, Thanos D, Goldfeld AE. Post-induction, Stimulus-specific Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor mRNA Expression. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11629-38. [PMID: 17303559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611418200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene is activated by multiple extracellular signals in a stimulus- and cell type-specific fashion. Based on the presence of kappaB-like DNA motifs in the region upstream of the TNF gene, some have proposed a direct role for NF-kappaB in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF gene transcription in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. However, we have previously demonstrated a general and critical role for a minimal TNF promoter region bearing only one of the kappaB-like motifs, kappa3, which is bound by nuclear factor of activated T cell proteins in lymphocytes and fibroblasts in response to multiple stimuli and Ets proteins in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Here, in an effort to resolve these contrasting findings, we used a combination of site-directed mutagenesis of the TNF promoter, quantitative DNase I footprinting, and analysis of endogenous TNF mRNA production in response to multiple stimuli under conditions that inhibit NF-kappaB activation (using the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin and using cells lacking either functional NF-kappaB essential modulator, which is the IkappaB kinase regulatory subunit, or the Nemo gene itself). We find that TNF mRNA production in response to ionophore is NF-kappaB-independent, but inhibition of NF-kappaB activation attenuates virus- and LPS-induced TNF mRNA levels after initial induction. We conclude that induction of TNF gene transcription by virus or LPS does not depend upon NF-kappaB binding to the proximal promoter; rather, a stimulus-specific post-induction mechanism involving NF-kappaB, yet to be characterized, is involved in the maintenance of maximal TNF mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V Tsytsykova
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Esensten JH, Tsytsykova AV, Lopez-Rodriguez C, Ligeiro FA, Rao A, Goldfeld AE. NFAT5 binds to the TNF promoter distinctly from NFATp, c, 3 and 4, and activates TNF transcription during hypertonic stress alone. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:3845-54. [PMID: 16027109 PMCID: PMC1175021 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in a variety of infectious and autoimmune disorders. Its transcription is regulated in a stimulus- and cell-type-specific manner via the recruitment of distinct DNA/activator complexes forming secondary structures or enhanceosomes. NFATp, a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors, plays a critical role in TNF gene regulation under a variety of conditions. In this study, we show that NFAT5, the most recently described NFAT family member, binds to the TNF promoter in a manner distinct from other NFAT proteins and is a key mediator in the activation of TNF gene transcription during hypertonic stress alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 617 278 3351; Fax: +1 617 278 3454;
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13
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Saraiva M, Christensen JR, Tsytsykova AV, Goldfeld AE, Ley SC, Kioussis D, O'Garra A. Identification of a Macrophage-Specific Chromatin Signature in the IL-10 Locus. J Immunol 2005; 175:1041-6. [PMID: 16002704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 remain poorly understood. In this study, by measuring sensitivity to DNase I digestion, we show that production of IL-10 by primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated through pattern recognition receptors was associated with chromatin remodeling of the IL-10 locus. We also demonstrate that the IL-10 locus is remodeled in primary Th2 cells and IL-10-producing regulatory T cells that have been differentiated in vitro. Strikingly, a novel DNase I-hypersensitive site (HSS-4.5) was identified in stimulated macrophages, but not in T cells. We show that hyperacetylated histones were recruited to this site in stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, HSS-4.5 is highly conserved and contains a putative NF-kappaB binding site. In support of a function for this site, NF-kappaB p65/RelA was recruited to HSS-4.5 in vivo and its activation was required for optimal IL-10 gene expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Divisions of Immunoregulation, Immune Cell Biology and Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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14
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Barthel R, Tsytsykova AV, Barczak AK, Tsai EY, Dascher CC, Brenner MB, Goldfeld AE. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression by mycobacteria involves the assembly of a unique enhanceosome dependent on the coactivator proteins CBP/p300. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:526-33. [PMID: 12509451 PMCID: PMC151551 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.2.526-533.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays an important role in host containment of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of death by an infectious agent globally. Using the pathogenic M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv, we present evidence that upon stimulation of monocytic cells by M. tuberculosis a unique TNF-alpha enhanceosome is formed, and it is distinct from the TNF-alpha enhanceosome that forms in T cells stimulated by antigen engagement or virus infection. A distinct set of activators including ATF-2, c-jun, Ets, Sp1, Egr-1 and the coactivator proteins CBP/p300 are recruited to the TNF-alpha promoter after stimulation with M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, the formation of this enhanceosome is dependent on inducer-specific helical phasing relationships between transcription factor binding sites. We also show that the transcriptional activity of CBP/p300 is potentiated by mycobacterial stimulation of monocytes. The identification of TNF-alpha regulatory elements and coactivators involved in M. tuberculosis-stimulated gene expression thus provides potential selective molecular targets in the modulation of TNF-alpha gene expression in the setting of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Barthel
- The Center for Blood Research. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School. The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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15
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Abstract
We present evidence that the inducer-specific regulation of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene in T cells involves the assembly of distinct higher-order transcription enhancer complexes (enhanceosomes), which is dependent upon inducer-specific helical phasing relationships between transcription factor binding sites. While ATF-2, c-Jun, and the coactivator proteins CBP/p300 play a central role in TNF-alpha gene activation stimulated by virus infection or intracellular calcium flux, different sets of activators including NFATp, Sp1, and Ets/Elk are recruited to a shared set of transcription factor binding sites depending upon the particular stimulus. Thus, these studies demonstrate that the inducer-specific assembly of unique enhanceosomes is a general mechanism by which a single gene is controlled in response to different extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V Tsytsykova
- The Center for Blood Research and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Tsytsykova AV, Goldfeld AE. Nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factor NFATp controls superantigen-induced lethal shock. J Exp Med 2000; 192:581-6. [PMID: 10952728 PMCID: PMC2193238 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.4.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2000] [Accepted: 06/19/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is the key mediator of superantigen-induced T cell lethal shock. Here, we show that nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factor, NFATp, controls susceptibility to superantigen-induced lethal shock in mice through its activation of TNF-alpha gene transcription. In NFATp-deficient mice, T cell stimulation leads to delayed induction and attenuation of TNF-alpha mRNA levels, decreased TNF-alpha serum levels, and resistance to superantigen-induced lethal shock. By contrast, after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, serum levels of TNF-alpha and susceptibility to shock are unaffected. These results demonstrate that NFATp is an essential activator of immediate early TNF-alpha gene expression in T cells and they present in vivo evidence of the inducer- and cell type-specific regulation of TNF-alpha gene expression. Furthermore, they suggest NFATp as a potential selective target in the treatment of superantigen-induced lethal shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V. Tsytsykova
- From The Center for Blood Research and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- From The Center for Blood Research and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Tsai EY, Falvo JV, Tsytsykova AV, Barczak AK, Reimold AM, Glimcher LH, Fenton MJ, Gordon DC, Dunn IF, Goldfeld AE. A lipopolysaccharide-specific enhancer complex involving Ets, Elk-1, Sp1, and CREB binding protein and p300 is recruited to the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6084-94. [PMID: 10913190 PMCID: PMC86084 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.16.6084-6094.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene is rapidly activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase activity but not calcineurin phosphatase activity is required for LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha gene expression. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, the ERK substrates Ets and Elk-1 bind to the TNF-alpha promoter in vivo. Strikingly, Ets and Elk-1 bind to two TNF-alpha nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-binding sites, which are required for calcineurin and NFAT-dependent TNF-alpha gene expression in lymphocytes. The transcription factors ATF-2, c-jun, Egr-1, and Sp1 are also inducibly recruited to the TNF-alpha promoter in vivo, and the binding sites for each of these activators are required for LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha gene expression. Furthermore, assembly of the LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha enhancer complex is dependent upon the coactivator proteins CREB binding protein and p300. The finding that a distinct set of transcription factors associates with a fixed set of binding sites on the TNF-alpha promoter in response to LPS stimulation lends new insights into the mechanisms by which complex patterns of gene regulation are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Tsai
- The Center for Blood Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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18
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Falvo JV, Brinkman BM, Tsytsykova AV, Tsai EY, Yao TP, Kung AL, Goldfeld AE. A stimulus-specific role for CREB-binding protein (CBP) in T cell receptor-activated tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3925-9. [PMID: 10760264 PMCID: PMC18118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.8.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)/p300 family of coactivator proteins regulates gene transcription through the integration of multiple signal transduction pathways. Here, we show that induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene expression in T cells stimulated by engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) or by virus infection requires CBP/p300. Strikingly, in mice lacking one copy of the CBP gene, TNF-alpha gene induction by TCR activation is inhibited, whereas virus induction of the TNF-alpha gene is not affected. Consistent with these findings, the transcriptional activity of CBP is strongly potentiated by TCR activation but not by virus infection of T cells. Thus, CBP gene dosage and transcriptional activity are critical in TCR-dependent TNF-alpha gene expression, demonstrating a stimulus-specific requirement for CBP in the regulation of a specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Falvo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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19
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Tsytsykova AV, Tsitsikov EN, Wright DA, Futcher B, Geha RS. The mouse genome contains two expressed intronless retroposed pseudogenes for the sentrin/sumo-1/PIC1 conjugating enzyme Ubc9. Mol Immunol 1998; 35:1057-67. [PMID: 10068040 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(98)00094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin conjugating (ubc) E2 enzyme ubc-9 conjugates the ubiquitin-like peptide sentrin/SUMO-1/PIC1 to target proteins which include the Fas antigen. We show that the mouse genome contains four copies of the ubc-9 gene. These include a structural ubc-9 gene consisting of seven exons which encode a protein identical to human ubc-9, and three intronless processed pseudogenes. The open reading frames (ORF) of two of the pseudogenes, ubc9-psi1 and ubc9-psi2, correspond to the cDNA of ubc-9 and encode for proteins which differ from ubc9 by three and one amino acid substitutions respectively. The third pseudogene, ubc9-psi3, contains many mutations and stop codons. ubc9-psi1 and ubc9-psi2 are flanked by 5'- and 3'-untranslated (UT) regions homologous to those of the structural ubc-9 gene. Both genes contain a polyA tail and direct repeats at both ends suggesting that they arose by mRNA retroposition. Both ubc9-psi1 and ubc9-psi2 are transcribed into mRNA in murine cells. In contrast to ubc9, the protein products of ubc9-psil and ubc9-psi2 fail to bind Fas and to complement an yeast conditional ubc9 mutant. These results suggest that ubc9-psi1 and ubc9-psi2 encode for proteins that may interact with targets that differ from those recognized by ubc-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Tsytsykova
- Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Tsytsykova AV, Tsitsikov EN, Geha RS. The CD40L promoter contains nuclear factor of activated T cells-binding motifs which require AP-1 binding for activation of transcription. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:3763-70. [PMID: 8631992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.7.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Four nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) binding motifs were found in the murine CD40 ligand promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using 18-base pair (bp) long oligonucleotides corresponding to the proximal site and nuclear extracts from activated T cells revealed two complexes which were inhibited by cyclosporin A and contained NF-ATc and NF-ATp. Neither complex contained AP-1 proteins. Multimers of the 18-bp oligonucleotides were not active in transient transfection assays using luciferase reporter gene constructs. In contrast, a 30-bp long oligonucleotide bound AP-1 proteins in addition to NF-AT proteins and its multimers strongly induced luciferase gene expression. These results suggested that NF-AT proteins play an important role in the expression of the CD40L gene and that their transcriptional activity requires AP-1 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Tsytsykova
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Trede NS, Tsytsykova AV, Chatila T, Goldfeld AE, Geha RS. Transcriptional activation of the human TNF-alpha promoter by superantigen in human monocytic cells: role of NF-kappa B. J Immunol 1995; 155:902-8. [PMID: 7608567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the transcriptional activation of the human TNF-alpha gene by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in the human premonocytic cell line THP-1. Nuclear proteins from SEA-stimulated THP-1 cells bound strongly to kappa 3, the most proximal of three putative NF-kappa B binding sites (kappa 1-kappa 3) found in the 5' regulatory region of the TNF-alpha gene, but only weakly to kappa 1, the most distal of the NF-kappa B binding sites, and showed no binding to kappa 2. The mobility of the kappa 3-nucleoprotein complex was identical to that of complexes formed between nuclear proteins and the consensus NF-kappa B seuqence. Moreover, both 5' and 3' mutants of kappa 3 were unable to displace kappa 3 binding, suggesting that the kappa 3 binding complex induced by SEA has the characteristics of NF-kappa B. Studies using Abs directed against the NF-kappa B subunits p50 and p65 suggested that both p50 and p65 bind to the kappa 3 sequence. Reporter gene assays showed that deletion of kappa 3 (-99 to -89 bp) and point mutation of the three 5' guanine bases in the kappa 3 sequence reduced the inducibility of the TNF-alpha promoter by SEA and LPS. These results indicate that superantigen induces NF-kappa B in human monocytic cells and suggest that binding of NF-kappa B to the kappa 3 site of the TNF-alpha promoter plays an important role in the transcriptional activation of the TNF-alpha gene by superantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Trede
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Trede NS, Tsytsykova AV, Chatila T, Goldfeld AE, Geha RS. Transcriptional activation of the human TNF-alpha promoter by superantigen in human monocytic cells: role of NF-kappa B. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.2.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have studied the transcriptional activation of the human TNF-alpha gene by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in the human premonocytic cell line THP-1. Nuclear proteins from SEA-stimulated THP-1 cells bound strongly to kappa 3, the most proximal of three putative NF-kappa B binding sites (kappa 1-kappa 3) found in the 5' regulatory region of the TNF-alpha gene, but only weakly to kappa 1, the most distal of the NF-kappa B binding sites, and showed no binding to kappa 2. The mobility of the kappa 3-nucleoprotein complex was identical to that of complexes formed between nuclear proteins and the consensus NF-kappa B seuqence. Moreover, both 5' and 3' mutants of kappa 3 were unable to displace kappa 3 binding, suggesting that the kappa 3 binding complex induced by SEA has the characteristics of NF-kappa B. Studies using Abs directed against the NF-kappa B subunits p50 and p65 suggested that both p50 and p65 bind to the kappa 3 sequence. Reporter gene assays showed that deletion of kappa 3 (-99 to -89 bp) and point mutation of the three 5' guanine bases in the kappa 3 sequence reduced the inducibility of the TNF-alpha promoter by SEA and LPS. These results indicate that superantigen induces NF-kappa B in human monocytic cells and suggest that binding of NF-kappa B to the kappa 3 site of the TNF-alpha promoter plays an important role in the transcriptional activation of the TNF-alpha gene by superantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Trede
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A V Tsytsykova
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - T Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A E Goldfeld
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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