1
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Kroll JB, Cha A, Oyler-Yaniv A, Lambert T, Swinburne IA, Murphy A, Megason SG. Tetrahedral serial multiview microscopy and image fusion for improved resolution and extent in stained zebrafish embryos. Dev Dyn 2023. [PMID: 38131490 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial mapping on the single-cell level over the whole organism can uncover roles of molecular players involved in vertebrate development. Custom microscopes have been developed that use multiple objectives to view a sample from multiple views at the same time. Such multiview imaging approaches can improve resolution and uniformity of image quality as well as allow whole embryos to be imaged (Swoger et al., Opt Express, 2007;15(13):8029). However, multiview imaging is highly restricted to specialized equipment requiring multiple objectives or sample rotation with automated hardware. RESULTS Our approach uses a standard single-objective confocal microscope to perform serial multiview imaging. Multiple views are imaged sequentially by mounting the fixed sample in an agarose tetrahedron that is manually rotated in between imaging each face. Computational image fusion allows for a joint 3D image to be created from multiple tiled Z-stacks acquired from different angles. The resulting fused image has improved resolution and imaging extent. CONCLUSION With this technique, multiview imaging can be performed on a variety of common single-objective microscopes to allow for whole-embryo, high-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Kroll
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Anna Cha
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Talley Lambert
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ian A Swinburne
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andrew Murphy
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Centofanti E, Wang C, Iyer S, Krichevsky O, Oyler-Yaniv A, Oyler-Yaniv J. The spread of interferon-γ in melanomas is highly spatially confined, driving nongenetic variability in tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304190120. [PMID: 37603742 PMCID: PMC10468618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304190120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a critical antitumor cytokine that has varied effects on different cell types. The global effect of IFNγ in the tumor depends on which cells it acts upon and the spatial extent of its spread. Reported measurements of IFNγ spread vary dramatically in different contexts, ranging from nearest-neighbor signaling to perfusion throughout the entire tumor. Here, we apply theoretical considerations to experiments both in vitro and in vivo to study the spread of IFNγ in melanomas. We observe spatially confined niches of IFNγ signaling in 3-D mouse melanoma cultures and human tumors that generate cellular heterogeneity in gene expression and alter the susceptibility of affected cells to T cell killing. Widespread IFNγ signaling only occurs when niches overlap due to high local densities of IFNγ-producing T cells. We measured length scales of ~30 to 40 μm for IFNγ spread in B16 mouse melanoma cultures and human primary cutaneous melanoma. Our results are consistent with IFNγ spread being governed by a simple diffusion-consumption model and offer insight into how the spatial organization of T cells contributes to intratumor heterogeneity in inflammatory signaling, gene expression, and immune-mediated clearance. Solid tumors are often viewed as collections of diverse cellular "neighborhoods": Our work provides a general explanation for such nongenetic cellular variability due to confinement in the spread of immune mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Centofanti
- The Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Chad Wang
- The Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology Graduate Program at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Sandhya Iyer
- The Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Oleg Krichevsky
- The Department of Physics at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva8410501, Israel
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- The Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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3
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Oyler-Yaniv J, Oyler-Yaniv A, Maltz E, Wollman R. TNF controls a speed-accuracy tradeoff in the cell death decision to restrict viral spread. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2992. [PMID: 34016976 PMCID: PMC8137918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid death of infected cells is an important antiviral strategy. However, fast decisions that are based on limited evidence can be erroneous and cause unnecessary cell death and subsequent tissue damage. How cells optimize their death decision making strategy to maximize both speed and accuracy is unclear. Here, we show that exposure to TNF, which is secreted by macrophages during viral infection, causes cells to change their decision strategy from "slow and accurate" to "fast and error-prone". Mathematical modeling combined with experiments in cell culture and whole organ culture show that the regulation of the cell death decision strategy is critical to prevent HSV-1 spread. These findings demonstrate that immune regulation of cellular cognitive processes dynamically changes a tissues' tolerance for self-damage, which is required to protect against viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Oyler-Yaniv
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evan Maltz
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roy Wollman
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Ziegler CGK, Kim J, Piersanti K, Oyler-Yaniv A, Argyropoulos KV, van den Brink MRM, Palomba ML, Altan-Bonnet N, Altan-Bonnet G. Constitutive Activation of the B Cell Receptor Underlies Dysfunctional Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cell Rep 2019; 28:923-937.e3. [PMID: 31340154 PMCID: PMC8018719 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer biology, the functional interpretation of genomic alterations is critical to achieve the promise of genomic profiling in the clinic. For chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a heterogeneous disease of B-lymphocytes maturing under constitutive B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation, the functional role of diverse clonal mutations remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that alterations in BCR signaling dynamics underlie the progression of B cells toward malignancy. We reveal emergent dynamic features—bimodality, hypersensitivity, and hysteresis—in the BCR signaling pathway of primary CLL B cells. These signaling abnormalities in CLL quantitatively derive from BCR clustering and constitutive signaling with positive feedback reinforcement, as demonstrated through single-cell analysis of phospho-responses, computational modeling, and super-resolution imaging. Such dysregulated signaling segregates CLL patients by disease severity and clinical presentation. These findings provide a quantitative framework and methodology to assess complex and heterogeneous leukemia pathology and to inform therapeutic strategies in parallel with genomic profiling. Using phospho-flow cytometry and computational modeling, Ziegler et al. find that B cell receptor clustering and positive feedback through SYK and LYN drive signaling hypersensitivity, bistability, and hysteresis in chronic lymphocytic leukemic B cells. Super-resolution microscopy confirms membrane auto-aggregation in leukemic B cells, and variability in signaling dysfunction predicts disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly G K Ziegler
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Joel Kim
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelly Piersanti
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Physics Department, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kimon V Argyropoulos
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Lia Palomba
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Oyler-Yaniv A, Krichevsky O. Imaging Cytokine Concentration Fields Using PlaneView Imaging Devices. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2788. [PMID: 34286011 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here a method to visualize concentration fields of cytokines around cytokine-secreting cells. The main challenge is that physiological cytokine concentrations can be very low, in the pico-molar range. Since it is currently impossible to measure such concentrations directly, we rely on cell's response to the cytokines-the phosphorylation of a transcription factor-that can be visualized through antibody staining. Our devices aim at mimicking conditions in dense tissues, such as lymph nodes. A small number of secreting cells is deposited on a polylysine-coated glass and covered by multiple layers of cytokine-consuming. The cells are left to communicate for 1 h, after which the top layers are removed and the bottom layer of cells is antibody labeled for the response to cytokines. Then a cross-section of cytokine fields can be visualized by standard fluorescence microscopy. This manuscript summarized our method to quantify the extent of cytokine-mediated cell-to-cell communications in dense collection of cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Oleg Krichevsky
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Ilse Kats Center for Nanoscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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6
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Oyler-Yaniv J, Oyler-Yaniv A, Shakiba M, Min NK, Chen YH, Cheng SY, Krichevsky O, Altan-Bonnet N, Altan-Bonnet G. Catch and Release of Cytokines Mediated by Tumor Phosphatidylserine Converts Transient Exposure into Long-Lived Inflammation. Mol Cell 2017; 66:635-647.e7. [PMID: 28575659 PMCID: PMC6611463 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells constantly survey the host for pathogens or tumors and secrete cytokines to alert surrounding cells of these threats. In vivo, activated immune cells secrete cytokines for several hours, yet an acute immune reaction occurs over days. Given these divergent timescales, we addressed how cytokine-responsive cells translate brief cytokine exposure into phenotypic changes that persist over long timescales. We studied melanoma cell responses to transient exposure to the cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ) by combining a systems-scale analysis of gene expression dynamics with computational modeling and experiments. We discovered that IFNγ is captured by phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of viable cells both in vitro and in vivo then slowly released to drive long-term transcription of cytokine-response genes. This mechanism introduces an additional function for PS in dynamically regulating inflammation across diverse cancer and primary cell types and has potential to usher in new immunotherapies targeting PS and inflammatory pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Computational Biology
- Computer Simulation
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Janus Kinases/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism
- Phosphatidylserines/immunology
- Phosphatidylserines/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Oyler-Yaniv
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Mojdeh Shakiba
- Program in Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nina K Min
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oleg Krichevsky
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Ilse Kats Center for Nanoscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Oyler-Yaniv A, Oyler-Yaniv J, Whitlock BM, Liu Z, Germain RN, Huse M, Altan-Bonnet G, Krichevsky O. A Tunable Diffusion-Consumption Mechanism of Cytokine Propagation Enables Plasticity in Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Immune System. Immunity 2017; 46:609-620. [PMID: 28389069 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells communicate by exchanging cytokines to achieve a context-appropriate response, but the distances over which such communication happens are not known. Here, we used theoretical considerations and experimental models of immune responses in vitro and in vivo to quantify the spatial extent of cytokine communications in dense tissues. We established that competition between cytokine diffusion and consumption generated spatial niches of high cytokine concentrations with sharp boundaries. The size of these self-assembled niches scaled with the density of cytokine-consuming cells, a parameter that gets tuned during immune responses. In vivo, we measured interactions on length scales of 80-120 μm, which resulted in a high degree of cell-to-cell variance in cytokine exposure. Such heterogeneous distributions of cytokines were a source of non-genetic cell-to-cell variability that is often overlooked in single-cell studies. Our findings thus provide a basis for understanding variability in the patterning of immune responses by diffusible factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 21701, USA; Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer Oyler-Yaniv
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 21701, USA; Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin M Whitlock
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, USA
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 21701, USA; Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Oleg Krichevsky
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ilse Kats Center for Nanoscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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8
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Basu R, Whitlock BM, Husson J, Le Floc'h A, Jin W, Oyler-Yaniv A, Dotiwala F, Giannone G, Hivroz C, Biais N, Lieberman J, Kam LC, Huse M. Cytotoxic T Cells Use Mechanical Force to Potentiate Target Cell Killing. Cell 2016; 165:100-110. [PMID: 26924577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse formed between a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and an infected or transformed target cell is a physically active structure capable of exerting mechanical force. Here, we investigated whether synaptic forces promote the destruction of target cells. CTLs kill by secreting toxic proteases and the pore forming protein perforin into the synapse. Biophysical experiments revealed a striking correlation between the magnitude of force exertion across the synapse and the speed of perforin pore formation on the target cell, implying that force potentiates cytotoxicity by enhancing perforin activity. Consistent with this interpretation, we found that increasing target cell tension augmented pore formation by perforin and killing by CTLs. Our data also indicate that CTLs coordinate perforin release and force exertion in space and time. These results reveal an unappreciated physical dimension to lymphocyte function and demonstrate that cells use mechanical forces to control the activity of outgoing chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Basu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin M Whitlock
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julien Husson
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Audrey Le Floc'h
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Weiyang Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Farokh Dotiwala
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory Giannone
- CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institute Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Biais
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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9
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Nepal M, Oyler-Yaniv A, Krichevsky O. Scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy as a versatile tool to measure static and dynamic properties of soft matter systems. Soft Matter 2015; 11:8939-8947. [PMID: 26406382 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the formalism and experimental implementation of scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (SFCS) for the measurements of soft matter system structure and dynamics. We relate the SFCS function Fourier transform to the system intermediate scattering function and demonstrate how SFCS can be combined with specific labelling to measure the desired statistical and kinetic features of the system. Using DNA as a model polymer, we demonstrate the application of SFCS to measure (1) the static structure factor of the system, (2) polymer end-to-end distance distribution, and (3) polymer segmental dynamics in dilute and in dense solutions. The measured DNA end-to-end distance distributions are close to Gaussian. Implementing SFCS we obtain reliable data on segmental mean-square displacement kinetics in dense solutions, where the static FCS approach fails because of dye photobleaching. For moderate concentrations in the semidilute regime (at ∼7 overlap concentrations) segmental dynamics exhibit only weak entanglements. Both of these experimental findings are consistent with theoretical predictions of the weakness of excluded interactions in semiflexible polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Nepal
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Oleg Krichevsky
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. and Ilse Kats Centre for Nanoscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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