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Lainé A, Labiad O, Hernandez-Vargas H, This S, Sanlaville A, Léon S, Dalle S, Sheppard D, Travis MA, Paidassi H, Marie JC. Regulatory T cells promote cancer immune-escape through integrin αvβ8-mediated TGF-β activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6228. [PMID: 34711823 PMCID: PMC8553942 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence of TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment is one of the most relevant cancer immune-escape mechanisms. TGFβ is secreted in an inactive form, and its activation within the tumor may depend on different cell types and mechanisms than its production. Here we show in mouse melanoma and breast cancer models that regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the β8 chain of αvβ8 integrin (Itgβ8) are the main cell type in the tumors that activates TGFβ, produced by the cancer cells and stored in the tumor micro-environment. Itgβ8 ablation in Treg cells impairs TGFβ signalling in intra-tumoral T lymphocytes but not in the tumor draining lymph nodes. Successively, the effector function of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes strengthens, leading to efficient control of tumor growth. In cancer patients, anti-Itgβ8 antibody treatment elicits similar improved cytotoxic T cell activation. Thus, this study reveals that Treg cells work in concert with cancer cells to produce bioactive-TGFβ and to create an immunosuppressive micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lainé
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard Université Lyon 1, 69373, Lyon, France
| | - Ossama Labiad
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard Université Lyon 1, 69373, Lyon, France
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard Université Lyon 1, 69373, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien This
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Amélien Sanlaville
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard Université Lyon 1, 69373, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Léon
- Plateforme Ex-Vivo, Département de Recherche Translationnelle et d'Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard Université Lyon 1, 69373, Lyon, France
- Department of Dermatology, Claude Bernard Université Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Dean Sheppard
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helena Paidassi
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Julien C Marie
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity department, Cancer Research Center of Lyon INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Claude Bernard Université Lyon 1, 69373, Lyon, France.
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Mattiuz R, Brousse C, Ambrosini M, Cancel J, Bessou G, Mussard J, Sanlaville A, Caux C, Bendriss‐Vermare N, Valladeau‐Guilemond J, Dalod M, Crozat K. Type 1 conventional dendritic cells and interferons are required for spontaneous CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell protective responses to breast cancer. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1305. [PMID: 34277006 PMCID: PMC8279130 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better understand how immune responses may be harnessed against breast cancer, we investigated which immune cell types and signalling pathways are required for spontaneous control of a mouse model of mammary adenocarcinoma. METHODS The NOP23 mammary adenocarcinoma cell line expressing epitopes derived from the ovalbumin model antigen is spontaneously controlled when orthotopically engrafted in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. We combined this breast cancer model with antibody-mediated depletion of lymphocytes and with mutant mice affected in interferon (IFN) or type 1 conventional dendritic cell (cDC1) responses. We monitored tumor growth and immune infiltration including the activation of cognate ovalbumin-specific T cells. RESULTS Breast cancer immunosurveillance required cDC1, NK/NK T cells, conventional CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). cDC1 were required constitutively, but especially during T-cell priming. In tumors, cDC1 were interacting simultaneously with CD4+ T cells and tumor-specific CTLs. cDC1 expression of the XCR1 chemokine receptor and of the T-cell-attracting or T-cell-activating cytokines CXCL9, IL-12 and IL-15 was dispensable for tumor rejection, whereas IFN responses were necessary, including cDC1-intrinsic signalling by STAT1 and IFN-γ but not type I IFN (IFN-I). cDC1 and IFNs promoted CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration, terminal differentiation and effector functions. In breast cancer patients, high intratumor expression of genes specific to cDC1, CTLs, CD4+ T cells or IFN responses is associated with a better prognosis. CONCLUSION Interferons and cDC1 are critical for breast cancer immunosurveillance. IFN-γ plays a prominent role over IFN-I in licensing cDC1 for efficient T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Mattiuz
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
- Present address:
The Precision Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Carine Brousse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Marc Ambrosini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Jean‐Charles Cancel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Gilles Bessou
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Julie Mussard
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Amélien Sanlaville
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Christophe Caux
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Nathalie Bendriss‐Vermare
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Jenny Valladeau‐Guilemond
- INSERM 1052CNRS 5286Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonUniv LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Marc Dalod
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
| | - Karine Crozat
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyTuring Center for Living SystemsCNRSINSERMAix Marseille UnivMarseilleFrance
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Viel S, Marçais A, Guimaraes FSF, Loftus R, Rabilloud J, Grau M, Degouve S, Djebali S, Sanlaville A, Charrier E, Bienvenu J, Marie JC, Caux C, Marvel J, Town L, Huntington ND, Bartholin L, Finlay D, Smyth MJ, Walzer T. TGF-β inhibits the activation and functions of NK cells by repressing the mTOR pathway. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra19. [PMID: 26884601 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a major immunosuppressive cytokine that maintains immune homeostasis and prevents autoimmunity through its antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties in various immune cell types. We provide genetic, pharmacologic, and biochemical evidence that a critical target of TGF-β signaling in mouse and human natural killer (NK) cells is the serine and threonine kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Treatment of mouse or human NK cells with TGF-β in vitro blocked interleukin-15 (IL-15)-induced activation of mTOR. TGF-β and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin both reduced the metabolic activity and proliferation of NK cells and reduced the abundances of various NK cell receptors and the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In vivo, constitutive TGF-β signaling or depletion of mTOR arrested NK cell development, whereas deletion of the TGF-β receptor subunit TGF-βRII enhanced mTOR activity and the cytotoxic activity of the NK cells in response to IL-15. Suppression of TGF-β signaling in NK cells did not affect either NK cell development or homeostasis; however, it enhanced the ability of NK cells to limit metastases in two different tumor models in mice. Together, these results suggest that the kinase mTOR is a crucial signaling integrator of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in NK cells. Moreover, we propose that boosting the metabolic activity of antitumor lymphocytes could be an effective strategy to promote immune-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Viel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Antoine Marçais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca Guimaraes
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Roisin Loftus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica Rabilloud
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Morgan Grau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Degouve
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélien Sanlaville
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emily Charrier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Jacques Bienvenu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Julien C Marie
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France. TGF-beta and immunoregulation group, DKFZ, Heidelberg 69121, Germany
| | - Christophe Caux
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Liam Town
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - David Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
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4
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Le Mercier I, Poujol D, Sanlaville A, Sisirak V, Gobert M, Durand I, Dubois B, Treilleux I, Marvel J, Vlach J, Blay JY, Bendriss-Vermare N, Caux C, Puisieux I, Goutagny N. Tumor promotion by intratumoral plasmacytoid dendritic cells is reversed by TLR7 ligand treatment. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4629-40. [PMID: 23722543 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are key regulators of antiviral immunity. In previous studies, we reported that pDC-infiltrating human primary breast tumors represent an independent prognostic factor associated with poor outcome. To understand this negative impact of tumor-associated pDC (TApDC), we developed an orthotopic murine mammary tumor model that closely mimics the human pathology, including pDC and regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration. We showed that TApDC are mostly immature and maintain their ability to internalize antigens in vivo and to activate CD4(+) T cells. Most importantly, TApDC were specifically altered for cytokine production in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 ligands in vitro while preserving unaltered response to TLR7 ligands (TLR7L). In vivo pDC depletion delayed tumor growth, showing that TApDC provide an immune-subversive environment, most likely through Treg activation, thus favoring tumor progression. However, in vivo intratumoral administration of TLR7L led to TApDC activation and displayed a potent curative effect. Depletion of pDC and type I IFN neutralization prevented TLR7L antitumoral effect. Our results establish a direct contribution of TApDC to primary breast tumor progression and rationalize the application of TLR7 ligands to restore TApDC activation in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 73(15); 4629-40. ©2013 AACR.
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5
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Assil S, Bolze PA, Boukhali M, Cariou C, Chauveau L, Chuvin N, Dhondt K, Ducuing A, Dupont JB, Grandin C, Jarre G, Le Douce J, Lebrun D, Lechenet FOX, Luther N, Milivojevic M, Pérès É, Plantamura É, Sanlaville A, Schwob A, Seggio M, Serre JE, Thiébaut PA, Tirmarche S, Tshilenge KT, Vandamme C, Verlhac P, Vinera J, Mahieux R, Journo C. [Human retrovirus XMRV: The end of an exciting story?]. Virologie (Montrouge) 2011; 15:222-234. [PMID: 36151672 DOI: 10.1684/15-4.2011.17299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses represent an important cause of cancer in humans: infections are estimated to account for close to one cancer case out of five.With the ongoing discovery of new infectious agents, this number should be raising in the near future. In 2006, the discovery of a new _-retrovirus in prostate cancer biopsies launched an intense research activity: could this new xenotropic MLV-related virus (XMRV) be the cause of prostate cancer? Five years later, the initial enthusiasm of retrovirologists has dramatically diminished. One by one, arguments favouring the hypothesis of human infection with XMRV are being refuted. The aim of this review article is to present the discovery of XMRV and to analyze recent data arguing against its existence in humans. A synthetic interpretation of XMRV literature will then be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Assil
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Adrien Bolze
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Carine Cariou
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lise Chauveau
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chuvin
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kévin Dhondt
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Ducuing
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Dupont
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Clément Grandin
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Jarre
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Juliette Le Douce
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Diane Lebrun
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Franc Ois-Xavier Lechenet
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Natascha Luther
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Milica Milivojevic
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Éléonore Pérès
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Émilie Plantamura
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélien Sanlaville
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélien Schwob
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Seggio
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Serre
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Alain Thiébaut
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Samantha Tirmarche
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kizito-Tshitoko Tshilenge
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Céline Vandamme
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer Vinera
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France, Oncogenèse rétrovirale, Inserm U758, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France, École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France, IFR 128 biosciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, département de biologie, master biosciences, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France, Oncogenèse rétrovirale, Inserm U758, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France, École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France, IFR 128 biosciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
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