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Loos D, Filho APDC, Dutilh BE, Barber AE, Panagiotou G. A global survey of host, aquatic, and soil microbiomes reveals shared abundance and genomic features between bacterial and fungal generalists. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114046. [PMID: 38581683 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental change, coupled with alteration in human lifestyles, is profoundly impacting the microbial communities critical to the health of the Earth and its inhabitants. To identify bacteria and fungi that are resistant and susceptible to habitat change, we analyze thousands of genera detected in 1,580 host, soil, and aquatic samples. This large-scale analysis identifies 48 bacterial and 4 fungal genera that are abundant across the three biomes, demonstrating fitness in diverse environmental conditions. Samples containing these generalists have significantly higher alpha diversity. These generalists play a significant role in shaping cross-kingdom community structure, boasting larger genomes with more secondary metabolism and antimicrobial resistance genes. Conversely, 30 bacterial and 19 fungal genera are only found in a single habitat, suggesting a limited ability to adapt to different and changing environments. These findings contribute to our understanding of microbial niche breadth and its consequences for global biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Loos
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ailton Pereira da Costa Filho
- Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amelia E Barber
- Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Barber AE. Breaking the mould: rethinking 'wild type' in fungal pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:189. [PMID: 38366152 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Barber
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Mirhakkak MH, Chen X, Ni Y, Heinekamp T, Sae-Ong T, Xu LL, Kurzai O, Barber AE, Brakhage AA, Boutin S, Schäuble S, Panagiotou G. Genome-scale metabolic modeling of Aspergillus fumigatus strains reveals growth dependencies on the lung microbiome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4369. [PMID: 37474497 PMCID: PMC10359302 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human pathogen, frequently infects the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis and is one of the most common causes of infectious-disease death in immunocompromised patients. Here, we construct 252 strain-specific, genome-scale metabolic models of this important fungal pathogen to study and better understand the metabolic component of its pathogenic versatility. The models show that 23.1% of A. fumigatus metabolic reactions are not conserved across strains and are mainly associated with amino acid, nucleotide, and nitrogen metabolism. Profiles of non-conserved reactions and growth-supporting reaction fluxes are sufficient to differentiate strains, for example by environmental or clinical origin. In addition, shotgun metagenomics analysis of sputum from 40 cystic fibrosis patients (15 females, 25 males) before and after diagnosis with an A. fumigatus colonization suggests that the fungus shapes the lung microbiome towards a more beneficial fungal growth environment associated with aromatic amino acid availability and the shikimate pathway. Our findings are starting points for the development of drugs or microbiome intervention strategies targeting fungal metabolic needs for survival and colonization in the non-native environment of the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Mirhakkak
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiuqiang Chen
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yueqiong Ni
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tongta Sae-Ong
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelia E Barber
- Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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Kelani AA, Bruch A, Rivieccio F, Visser C, Krüger T, Weaver D, Pan X, Schäuble S, Panagiotou G, Kniemeyer O, Bromley MJ, Bowyer P, Barber AE, Brakhage AA, Blango MG. Disruption of the Aspergillus fumigatus RNA interference machinery alters the conidial transcriptome. RNA 2023; 29:1033-1050. [PMID: 37019633 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079350.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway has evolved numerous functionalities in eukaryotes, with many on display in Kingdom Fungi. RNAi can regulate gene expression, facilitate drug resistance, or even be altogether lost to improve growth potential in some fungal pathogens. In the WHO fungal priority pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, the RNAi system is known to be intact and functional. To extend our limited understanding of A. fumigatus RNAi, we first investigated the genetic variation in RNAi-associated genes in a collection of 217 environmental and 83 clinical genomes, where we found that RNAi components are conserved even in clinical strains. Using endogenously expressed inverted-repeat transgenes complementary to a conditionally essential gene (pabA) or a nonessential gene (pksP), we determined that a subset of the RNAi componentry is active in inverted-repeat transgene silencing in conidia and mycelium. Analysis of mRNA-seq data from RNAi double-knockout strains linked the A. fumigatus dicer-like enzymes (DclA/B) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RrpA/B) to regulation of conidial ribosome biogenesis genes; however, surprisingly few endogenous small RNAs were identified in conidia that could explain this broad change. Although RNAi was not clearly linked to growth or stress response defects in the RNAi knockouts, serial passaging of RNAi knockout strains for six generations resulted in lineages with diminished spore production over time, indicating that loss of RNAi can exert a fitness cost on the fungus. Cumulatively, A. fumigatus RNAi appears to play an active role in defense against double-stranded RNA species alongside a previously unappreciated housekeeping function in regulation of conidial ribosomal biogenesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A Kelani
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Bruch
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Flora Rivieccio
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Corissa Visser
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danielle Weaver
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael J Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia E Barber
- Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthew G Blango
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
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Barber AE, Sae-Ong T, Kang K, Seelbinder B, Li J, Walther G, Panagiotou G, Kurzai O. Aspergillus fumigatus pan-genome analysis identifies genetic variants associated with human infection. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1526-1536. [PMID: 34819642 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00993-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental saprobe and opportunistic human fungal pathogen. Despite an estimated annual occurrence of more than 300,000 cases of invasive disease worldwide, a comprehensive survey of the genomic diversity present in A. fumigatus-including the relationship between clinical and environmental isolates and how this genetic diversity contributes to virulence and antifungal drug resistance-has been lacking. In this study we define the pan-genome of A. fumigatus using a collection of 300 globally sampled genomes (83 clinical and 217 environmental isolates). We found that 7,563 of the 10,907 unique orthogroups (69%) are core and present in all isolates and the remaining 3,344 show presence/absence of variation, representing 16-22% of the genome of each isolate. Using this large genomic dataset of environmental and clinical samples, we found an enrichment for clinical isolates in a genetic cluster whose genomes also contain more accessory genes, including genes coding for transmembrane transporters and proteins with iron-binding activity, and genes involved in both carbohydrate and amino-acid metabolism. Finally, we leverage the power of genome-wide association studies to identify genomic variation associated with clinical isolates and triazole resistance as well as characterize genetic variation in known virulence factors. This characterization of the genomic diversity of A. fumigatus allows us to move away from a single reference genome that does not necessarily represent the species as a whole and better understand its pathogenic versatility, ultimately leading to better management of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Barber
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Tongta Sae-Ong
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kang Kang
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bastian Seelbinder
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grit Walther
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany. .,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Barber AE, Scheufen S, Walther G, Kurzai O, Schmidt V. Low rate of azole resistance in cases of avian aspergillosis in Germany. Med Mycol 2021; 58:1187-1190. [PMID: 32497229 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is the most common fungal disease of the avian respiratory tract. Due to delayed diagnosis and treatment failure, the outcome of these infections is often poor. We investigate 159 cases of avian aspergillosis among captive birds in Germany to define clinical features as well as the frequency of in vitro triazole resistance. Adult birds were more likely to present with clinical signs compared to juvenile birds, and dyspnoea was the most common clinical sign, present in 53% of birds. Molecular species identification indicated that all infections were caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Only one of 159 independent isolates was azole resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Barber
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Scheufen
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Grit Walther
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Hamprecht A, Barber AE, Mellinghoff SC, Thelen P, Walther G, Yu Y, Neurgaonkar P, Dandekar T, Cornely OA, Martin R, Kurzai O. Candida auris in Germany and Previous Exposure to Foreign Healthcare. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1763-1765. [PMID: 31223105 PMCID: PMC6711216 DOI: 10.3201/eid2509.190262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging yeast Candida auris has disseminated worldwide. We report on 7 cases identified in Germany during 2015–2017. In 6 of these cases, C. auris was isolated from patients previously hospitalized abroad. Whole-genome sequencing and epidemiologic analyses revealed that all patients in Germany were infected with different strains.
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Kjelstrup CK, Barber AE, Norton JP, Mulvey MA, L'Abée-Lund TM. Escherichia coli O78 isolated from septicemic lambs shows high pathogenicity in a zebrafish model. Vet Res 2017; 48:3. [PMID: 28122589 PMCID: PMC5264452 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Escherichia coli O78 strain K46, originally isolated from an outbreak of septicemia in neonatal lambs, was investigated in zebrafish embryo and murine models of infection. Its biofilm potential, cellulose production, and the expression of type 1 pili and curli fimbriae were measured by in vitro assays. The strain was highly pathogenic in the zebrafish embryo model of infection, where it killed all embryos within 24 h post inoculation (hpi) at doses as low as 1000 colony forming units. Zebrafish embryos inoculated with similar doses of commensal E. coli strains showed no signs of disease, and cleared the bacteria within 24 h. E. coli K46 colonized the murine gut at the same level as the uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) reference strain CFT073 in CBA/J mice after oral inoculation, but infected the murine bladder significantly less than CFT073 after transurethral inoculation. Type 1 pili were clearly expressed by E. coli K46, while curli fimbriae and cellulose production were weakly expressed. The ability to produce biofilm varied in different growth media, but overall E. coli K46 was a poorer biofilm producer compared to the reference strain E. coli UTI89. In conclusion, the zebrafish lethality model provides further evidence that E. coli K46 is highly pathogenic and might be useful in future studies to identify bacterial virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie K Kjelstrup
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelia E Barber
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Paul Norton
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew A Mulvey
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Trine M L'Abée-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Barber
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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Abstract
Acute cystitis is one of the most commonly encountered bacterial infections and is responsible for substantial morbidity and high medical costs in the United States and across the globe. Though generally considered to be self-limiting and easily treated with antibiotics, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often incompletely resolved by antibiotic therapy and frequently recur. This is in part due to the ability of uropathogenic bacteria to invade, replicate, and persist within host epithelial cells. The biological complexity of these infections combined with a dramatic rise in antibiotic-resistant pathogens highlight the need for alternative therapies. In this review we examine current management strategies for UTIs, as well as emerging treatments, including novel compounds that block bacterial interactions with the urothelium and vaccines focused on preventing both acute and recurrent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Barber
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 N Medical Dr E, #2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Ebert AD, Barber AE, Heins BM, Svendsen CN. Ex vivo delivery of GDNF maintains motor function and prevents neuronal loss in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:155-62. [PMID: 20227407 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rathmacher JA, Nissen S, Panton L, Clark RH, Eubanks May P, Barber AE, D'Olimpio J, Abumrad NN. Supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine, and glutamine is safe and could improve hematological parameters. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2005; 28:65-75. [PMID: 15080599 DOI: 10.1177/014860710402800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining the amino acids arginine and glutamine with the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been shown to reverse lean tissue loss in cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Although each of these nutrients has been shown to be safe, the safety of this mixture has not been reported. Three double-blind studies examined the safety of the combination of HMB, arginine and glutamine on blood chemistries, hematology, emotional profile, and adverse events. METHODS Study 1 was conducted in healthy adult males (n = 34), study 2 was in HIV patients with AIDS-associated weight loss (n = 43), and study 3 was in cancer patients with wasting (n = 32). Volunteers were assigned to either a placebo or a mixture of 3 g HMB, 14 g arginine, and 14 g glutamine per day. RESULTS Across the 3 studies, HMB, arginine, and glutamine supplementation was not associated with any adverse indicators of health. The only significant changes noted were positive indicators of health status. HMB, arginine, and glutamine supplementation was associated with an improvement in emotional profile (p = .05), a decreased feeling of weakness (p = .03), and increased red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, and eosinophils (p < .05) when compared with placebo-supplemented subjects. Blood creatinine levels were not changed. However, blood urea nitrogen increased (p = .01) with HMB, arginine, and glutamine supplementation, which was possibly caused by the additional nitrogen consumed or to the fact that ureagenesis is influenced by arginine and glutamine supplementation. CONCLUSION These results show that HMB, arginine, and glutamine can be safely used to treat muscle wasting associated with AIDS and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rathmacher
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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Santibanez-Gallerani AS, Barber AE, Williams SJ, ZhaoB S Y, Shires GT. Improved survival with early fluid resuscitation following hemorrhagic shock. World J Surg 2001; 25:592-7. [PMID: 11369985 DOI: 10.1007/s002680020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have questioned the benefits of early fluid resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the effects of early fluid resuscitation (HSE) (15 minutes), delayed fluid resuscitation (HSD) (60 minutes), and no fluid resuscitation (HSU) on cytokine levels, hepatic resting membrane potential (Em), renal function, and mortality. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-450 g) were hemorrhaged 35% of their total blood volume and then received 40, 80, or 100 ml of crystalloid per kilogram as intravenous fluids (IVFs). The implementation of HSE resulted in stabilization of the Em (-29 mV), which was significantly different from that seen with HSD or HSU (-24 and -29 mV, respectively). The timing of resuscitation did not affect the elevation of tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) levels. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels for the HSE group were 81, 101, and 274 pg/ml for 40, 80, and 100 ml/kg, respectively. In contrast, HSD group IL-6 levels were 440, 566, and 632 pg/ml for 40, 80, and 100 ml/kg (p < 0.0001). IL-6 levels for the HSU group was 427 pg/ml, which was significantly different from that of the HSE group (p < 0.05). Urine output was present in 58% of the HSE rats but only 24% in the HSD rats and 0% of the HSU rats. Mortality was 11% for HSE, 58% for HSD, and 50% for HSU rats. Despite the recent studies questioning the benefits of early fluid resuscitation, these data show marked improvement in hepatic stability, the presence of urine output, decreased IL-6 levels, and significantly lower mortality when IVFs were given early after hemorrhagic shock. Furthermore, excessive fluid resuscitation (100 ml/kg) resulted in an increased inflammatory cytokine level and mortality and may account for the controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Santibanez-Gallerani
- Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 2040 W. Charleston Boulevard, Suite 501, Las Vegas, Nevada 89102, USA
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Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock increases cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and compromises hepatic function and integrity. The production of TNF-alpha involves a cascade reaction regulated by the enzyme TNF-alpha convertase. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) (British Biotech 1101) in vivo on hepatic integrity in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 26) were divided as follows: hemorrhagic shock (group 1) and hemorrhagic shock plus MMPI (group 2). TNF-alpha, IL-6, and hepatic membrane potentials (Em) were obtained. The administration of MMPI significantly decreased TNF-alpha levels (P <0.001) and stabilized the membrane potential at -30 mV as compared to the depolarized membrane potential at -20 mV for hemorrhagic shock without MMPI. IL-6 levels were not affected by the MMPI. This study demonstrates that MMPI decreases TNF-alpha levels and protects hepatic integrity in hemorrhagic shock, as evidenced by the stabilization of the membrane potential, independent of the mean arterial pressure. The hepatic protection is closely related to the decrease in TNF-alpha levels seen in the portal circulation.
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15
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Santibanez-Gallerani AS, Barber AE, Williams SJ, Zhao Y, Shires GT. Hepatic integrity dependent on matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, not tumor necrosis factor alpha or different bleeding rates. J Surg Res 2000; 90:156-60. [PMID: 10792957 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discrepancies in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) following hemorrhagic shock (HS) may be due to the inconsistent rates of bleeding. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid versus slow bleeding rates on TNF-alpha levels and if inhibition of TNF-alpha convertase by a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) affects hepatic integrity in animals exposed to 35% HS. Sprague-Dawley male rats (n = 24, 300-350 g) were divided into four groups: HS 15 (produced over 15 min), HS 30 (produced over 30 min), and HS with MMPI (2.5 mg/kg British Biotech 1101: HS15 + MMPI, HS30 + MMPI). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), serum TNF-alpha,levels, and hepatic resting membrane potentials (E(m)) were obtained. A Student t test was performed. TNF-alpha levels for HS 15, HS15 + MMPI, HS 30, and HS 30 + MMPI were 474, 40, 32, and 50 pg/ml, respectively. The hepatic resting membrane potentials for HS 15, HS15 + MMPI, HS 30, and HS 30 + MMPI were -26, -30, -23, and -31 mV, respectively. In conclusion, circulating TNF-alpha levels are affected by the rate of bleeding in hemorrhagic shock. However, despite the differences in the magnitude of TNF-alpha in untreated animals, hepatic integrity was compromised. Interestingly, MMPI, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha convertase, stabilizes the membrane potential in both types of hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Santibanez-Gallerani
- Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 2040 West Charleston Boulevard, Suite 501, Las Vegas, Nevada 89102, USA
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16
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Abstract
Surgical therapy to help the severely overweight has been performed for the past 40 years. As with every therapeutic modality, there have been changes, refinements and improvement as this therapy has evolved. Although the basic concept of gastric bypass remains intact, numerous variations are being performed at this time. Recent data compiled by the International Bariatric Surgery Registry have demonstrated that surgeons are moving from simple gastroplasty procedures, favouring the more complex gastric bypass procedures as the surgical treatment of choice for the morbidly obese patient. This review will discuss the evolution of the gastric bypass procedures, and the reasons for and results of the changes. Gastric bypass may represent the best surgical approach for the treatment of morbid obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Fisher
- Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas 89102-2214, USA.
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Greene SP, Soucy DM, Song WC, Barber AE, Hagedorn FN, Illner HP, Shires GT. Early isotonic saline resuscitation from uncontrolled hemorrhage in rats. Surgery 1998; 124:568-74. [PMID: 9736911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attempts to modify traditional fluid resuscitation have been based on animal models that evaluate several variables including anesthesia. This study presents the effects of early saline resuscitation from severe uncontrolled hemorrhage unanesthetized rats. METHODS Sixty-three female Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into three groups: group A, nonresuscitated; and groups B and C, resuscitated ;with isotonic saline (40 and 80 mL/kg, respectively). Hemodynamics, blood loss, survival time, and mortality were recorded for 360 minutes after the hemorrhage, which was initiated by 75% resection of the tail. RESULTS In group C, 80 mL/kg of saline significantly lowered mortality (24% vs 76% and 71% for groups A and B, respectively) with concomitant increases in mean survival time (241 +/- 103 min vs 146 +/- 108 and 175 +/- 92 min for groups A and B, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in blood loss, hematocrit, or hemodynamic parameters among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Early and adequate isotonic saline resuscitation of unanesthetized rats improved outcome despite continuing hemorrhage. The significantly lower mortality rate and increased survival time were not a result of transiently improved arterial pressure and did not correlate with blood loss. No significant bleeding increases were noted in the resuscitated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Greene
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, USA
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18
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van der Poll T, Barber AE, Coyle SM, Lowry SF. Hypercortisolemia increases plasma interleukin-10 concentrations during human endotoxemia--a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:3604-6. [PMID: 8855809 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypercortisolemia directly before the administration of endotoxin (LPS) to normal humans completely prevents the release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor, whereas hypercortisolemia 12 h to 7 days before the injection of LPS is associated with enhanced tumor necrosis factor release. To determine the effect of elevated cortisol levels on the secretion of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), 23 healthy men were given iv LPS (lot EC-5; 2 ng/kg) alone or in combination with a continuous iv infusion of hydrocortisone (3 micrograms/kg.min) for 6 h immediately before or 6, 12, or 144 h before LPS injection. LPS induced a monophasic increase in plasma IL-10 concentrations that peaked after 2 h (162 +/- 27 pg/mL; P < 0.0001). In subjects who were infused with hydrocortisone directly before LPS administration, IL-10 concentrations were much higher (1784 +/- 331 pg/mL; P < 0.0001 vs. LPS only), whereas hypercortisolemia 6, 12, or 144 h before LPS injection did not influence LPS-induced IL-10 levels. In human whole blood in vitro, hydrocortisone caused a dose-dependent reduction of LPS-induced IL-10 levels. Further, hydrocortisone reversed the increase in IL-10 concentrations by epinephrine in LPS-stimulated whole blood. Stimulation of IL-10 release may contribute to the antiinflammatory properties of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T van der Poll
- Cornell University Medical College, Department of Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA
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19
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Barber AE, Shires GT. Cell damage after shock. New Horiz 1996; 4:161-7. [PMID: 8774792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoperfusion of tissue results in cell membrane dysfunction. Normally, the cell membrane serves to preserve the milieu interior through the maintenance of a negative charge or membrane potential. Maintenance of a negative membrane potential across the cell membrane serves as a semipermeable barrier, preserving the balance of intra- and extracellular electrolytes and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barber
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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20
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Barber AE, Coyle SM, Fischer E, Smith C, van der Poll T, Shires GT, Lowry SF. Influence of hypercortisolemia on soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist responses to endotoxin in human beings. Surgery 1995; 118:406-10; discussion 410-1. [PMID: 7638758 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(05)80352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that the antecedent administration of glucocorticoids altered both the hormonal and proinflammatory cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when administered to human volunteers. In that study, subjects with vastly exaggerated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 12 and 144 hours after cortisol infusion exhibited hemodynamic and hormonal responses no different from those of untreated subjects after endotoxin. The current study examined levels of the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and soluble receptors to tumor necrosis factor (sTNF-R) in the same setting of the previous report. METHODS Hydrocortisone succinate was infused into healthy volunteers. LPS was then injected immediately or was delayed by 6, 12, or 144 hours (C, C-6, C-12, and C-144, respectively). Subjects receiving LPS alone served as controls. Plasma was analyzed to determine levels of TNF, sTNF-R and IL-1ra by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before administration of LPS and at 30-minute intervals after administration of LPS for 6 hours. RESULTS Levels of sTNF-R increased after LPS administration in all groups (p < 0.05 versus baseline) with a significantly higher level recorded in the subjects having received hydrocortisone 144 hours before (C-144, p < 0.05 versus all other groups). TNF levels remained undetectable in association with immediate infusion of LPS (C) and the relatively short delay group (C6). This cytokine peaked 90 minutes after LPS in all other groups, with a significantly higher peak in the C-144 subjects when compared with controls. IL-1ra levels rose in all groups but to a lesser extent in the C group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data confirm that glucocorticoids influence the production of both sTNF-R and IL-1ra. The potential for an exaggerated response of sTNF-R exists for an extended period of time after exposure to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barber
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA
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21
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Soucy DM, Sindlinger JF, Greene SP, Barber AE, Illner HP, Shires GT. Isotonic saline resuscitation in uncontrolled hemorrhage under various anesthetic conditions. Ann Surg 1995; 222:87-93. [PMID: 7618974 PMCID: PMC1234760 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199507000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated the effect of early fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline (NaCl, 0.9%) on uncontrolled hemorrhage in rats under different anesthetic conditions. SUMMARY/BACKGROUND DATA: Recently, it has been suggested that administration of fluids to patients during uncontrolled hemorrhage may produce adverse effects, and a postponement of resuscitation until surgical control of bleeding was recommended. Past clinical trials were inconclusive, and the results of recent experimental studies were affected by use of vasoactive anesthetics. METHODS One hundred thirty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: group 1--unanesthetized; group 2--anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital; and group 3--anesthetized with a mixture of droperidol and ketamine. Uncontrolled hemorrhage was initiated with a 75% tail resection, and each group was further subdivided into three subgroups for the following treatment: (A) no resuscitation; (B) 40 mL/kg of isotonic saline; or (C) 80 mL/kg of isotonic saline, administered 15 minutes after the initiation of hemorrhage. Blood loss volume and survival time were recorded, and animals were observed up to 360 minutes. RESULTS At 6 hours, nonresuscitated animals of all groups exhibited the highest mortality rates (93%, 73%, 100% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Resuscitation significantly improved the survival; lowest mortality rates were observed after resuscitation with 80 mL/kg in groups 1 and 3 (33%) and 40 mL/kg in group 2 (40%). Fluid infusion increased hemorrhage rates in all anesthetized rats. No such increases in bleeding were observed in group 1. CONCLUSIONS Resuscitation with isotonic saline improved mortality in uncontrolled hemorrhage, even with concomitant increases in hemorrhage rates, under all three anesthetic conditions tested. Unanesthetized rats bled less than the animals under anesthesia and did not exhibit an increased blood loss in response to fluid infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Soucy
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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22
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Sindlinger JF, Soucy DM, Greene SP, Barber AE, Illner H, Shires GT. The effects of isotonic saline volume resuscitation in uncontrolled hemorrhage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 177:545-550. [PMID: 8266264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of early isotonic fluid resuscitation on uncontrolled hemorrhage in rats under pentobarbital anesthesia were assessed. Forty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing between 230 and 295 grams, were anesthetized and cannulated. Uncontrolled hemorrhage was initiated by a 75 percent tail resection, and the rats were randomly divided into three groups: group 1, no resuscitation; groups 2 and 3, saline solution administration over a four minute interval (40 and 80 milliliters per kilogram, respectively), 15 minutes after the initial hemorrhage. Changes in blood pressure, blood loss and mortality rates were recorded and the rats were observed for up to 360 minutes. The mortality rates were 73, 40 and 53 percent for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding average survival times for these groups were 135, 195 and 178 minutes. The difference between groups 1 and 2 were above the 95 percent confidence level using the chi-square test (mortality) and the Student's t test. The average total blood loss in groups 2 and 3 was 31.7 and 41.4 milliliters per kilogram of body weight; when compared with group 1 (24.6 milliliters per kilogram), the difference between the two latter groups (1 and 3) was statistically significant with a p < 0.001. These results suggest that early infusion of isotonic fluid improves survival time and reduces short term mortality in uncontrolled hemorrhage regardless of the associated increases in blood loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Sindlinger
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430
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23
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Barber AE, Coyle SM, Marano MA, Fischer E, Calvano SE, Fong Y, Moldawer LL, Lowry SF. Glucocorticoid therapy alters hormonal and cytokine responses to endotoxin in man. J Immunol 1993; 150:1999-2006. [PMID: 8436830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous experimental data have demonstrated that steroid pretreatment regulates endotoxin-elicited cytokine production. The timing of such hypercortisolemia also appears to be a major determinant of both the systemic and the cytokine response to infectious stimuli. Our study was undertaken to further study the in vivo influence of glucocorticoid infusion concurrent with and before endotoxin exposure in man. A total of 23 normal human subjects were given endotoxin (LPS) alone or pretreated with hydrocortisone infusion for 6 h immediately before and concomitant to LPS administration; or rendered hypercortisolemic for a 6-h period waiting 6, 12, or 144 h before LPS administration. LPS administration was followed by significant elevations in temperature (1.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C), pulse (29 +/- 6 bpm), and resting energy expenditure (26.2 +/- 0.4 kcal/kg/day) as well as epinephrine (236 +/- 59 pg/ml), cortisol (296 +/- 29), and C-reactive protein (4.2 +/- .03 mg/dl) as compared with base-line values. Levels of TNF and IL-6 that were not detectable before LPS administration, peaked, respectively, at 90 and 120 min after LPS (155 +/- 4 pg/ml, 12 +/- 1 U/ml). Glucocorticoids when given immediately before and concomitant with LPS significantly attenuated the temperature (0.8 +/- 0.01 degrees C) and pulse rate response (10 +/- 3 bpm) seen after LPS alone as well as suppressing peak levels of epinephrine (78 +/- 14 pg/ml) and C-reactive protein (undetected). TNF remained undetectable in this group although the IL-6 response (14 +/- 1 U/ml) was unchanged. With a 6-h interval between hydrocortisone infusion and LPS challenge, changes in temperature, pulse, resting energy expenditure, and hormone levels were similar to those seen after LPS alone whereas TNF remained undetectable and IL-6 levels were similar to subjects receiving LPS alone. Subjects receiving LPS after 12 or 144 h after hydrocortisone infusion displayed hemodynamic and hormonal responses similar to the LPS alone group, yet mounted significantly greater circulating levels of both IL-6 (117 +/- 14 U/ml, 160 +/- 51 U/ml at 12 and 144 h) and TNF (609 +/- 173, 671 +/- 132 pg/ml at 12 and 144 h) to those observed after LPS alone. We conclude that antecedent periods of hypercortisolemia participate in regulation of the hemodynamic, hormonal, and cytokine responses to endotoxin and that a complex temporal relationship between hypercortisolemia and LPS induced cytokine and systemic responses exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barber
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
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24
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Barber AE, Coyle SM, Marano MA, Fischer E, Calvano SE, Fong Y, Moldawer LL, Lowry SF. Glucocorticoid therapy alters hormonal and cytokine responses to endotoxin in man. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.150.5.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous experimental data have demonstrated that steroid pretreatment regulates endotoxin-elicited cytokine production. The timing of such hypercortisolemia also appears to be a major determinant of both the systemic and the cytokine response to infectious stimuli. Our study was undertaken to further study the in vivo influence of glucocorticoid infusion concurrent with and before endotoxin exposure in man. A total of 23 normal human subjects were given endotoxin (LPS) alone or pretreated with hydrocortisone infusion for 6 h immediately before and concomitant to LPS administration; or rendered hypercortisolemic for a 6-h period waiting 6, 12, or 144 h before LPS administration. LPS administration was followed by significant elevations in temperature (1.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C), pulse (29 +/- 6 bpm), and resting energy expenditure (26.2 +/- 0.4 kcal/kg/day) as well as epinephrine (236 +/- 59 pg/ml), cortisol (296 +/- 29), and C-reactive protein (4.2 +/- .03 mg/dl) as compared with base-line values. Levels of TNF and IL-6 that were not detectable before LPS administration, peaked, respectively, at 90 and 120 min after LPS (155 +/- 4 pg/ml, 12 +/- 1 U/ml). Glucocorticoids when given immediately before and concomitant with LPS significantly attenuated the temperature (0.8 +/- 0.01 degrees C) and pulse rate response (10 +/- 3 bpm) seen after LPS alone as well as suppressing peak levels of epinephrine (78 +/- 14 pg/ml) and C-reactive protein (undetected). TNF remained undetectable in this group although the IL-6 response (14 +/- 1 U/ml) was unchanged. With a 6-h interval between hydrocortisone infusion and LPS challenge, changes in temperature, pulse, resting energy expenditure, and hormone levels were similar to those seen after LPS alone whereas TNF remained undetectable and IL-6 levels were similar to subjects receiving LPS alone. Subjects receiving LPS after 12 or 144 h after hydrocortisone infusion displayed hemodynamic and hormonal responses similar to the LPS alone group, yet mounted significantly greater circulating levels of both IL-6 (117 +/- 14 U/ml, 160 +/- 51 U/ml at 12 and 144 h) and TNF (609 +/- 173, 671 +/- 132 pg/ml at 12 and 144 h) to those observed after LPS alone. We conclude that antecedent periods of hypercortisolemia participate in regulation of the hemodynamic, hormonal, and cytokine responses to endotoxin and that a complex temporal relationship between hypercortisolemia and LPS induced cytokine and systemic responses exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barber
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
| | - S M Coyle
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
| | - M A Marano
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
| | - E Fischer
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
| | - S E Calvano
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
| | - Y Fong
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
| | - L L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
| | - S F Lowry
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021
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25
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Abstract
The effects of cyclosporine administration on the adrenocortical response to the severe stress of burn wound sepsis were studied in Wistar rats. Animals were treated with cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day) or saline by gavage for 10 days, then subjected to 30% scald burns with wound inoculation with Pseudomonas. Animals were sacrificed on Postburn Days (PBDs) 1, 4, and 7 for determination of serum corticosterone and ACTH levels and adrenal weights and histology. Adrenal glands from animals sacrificed on PBD 7 were also analyzed for DNA, RNA, and protein content. Cyclosporine treatment without injury had no significant effect on body weight gain, adrenal mass, or baseline ACTH or corticosterone levels. During sepsis, cyclosporine-treated animals demonstrated a significantly diminished adrenocortical response compared to those given only saline. Serum corticosterone levels in the cyclosporine group were 45, 53, and 62% lower on PBDs 1, 4, and 7, respectively, than in saline-treated controls (P < 0.01 on each day). ACTH levels were 43 and 36% lower in cyclosporine-treated animals on PBDs 4 and 7, respectively, compared to the saline-treated group (P < 0.05 on each day). Adrenal hyperplasia occurred in both groups by PBD 7, but increases in adrenal mass and in histologic changes associated with hyperplasia (lipid depletion, vascular dilation) were less pronounced in cyclosporine-treated animals compared to those receiving saline, while adrenal composition remained similar between the two groups. Thus, cyclosporine administration is associated with an attenuated adrenocortical response to the stress of sepsis due to diminished circulating levels of ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kapur
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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26
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Chiao JJ, Jones WG, Shires GT, Barber AE, Shires GT. Effect of sepsis on intracellular sodium activity, sodium concentration, and water content in thermal injured rat. Circ Shock 1992; 38:42-9. [PMID: 1394863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sepsis on intracellular Na+ activity, Na+ concentration, and H2O partition in skeletal muscle were investigated in a burn rat model. Studies were performed on either postburn day 3 or day 7 during evolving burn wound sepsis. Data are compared among 3 groups of rats: burned and infected (BI), burned not infected (B), and sham burn (C). After 3 days postburn both Na+ activity and concentration decreased in the BI group as compared with B and C groups. By postburn day 7, the BI group developed septic shock and had increased intracellular Na+ activity and concentration. The resting membrane potentials of skeletal muscle cells depolarized. The finding of an increased cell membrane relative permeability of Na+ to K+ could account for the increase in Na+ influx into cells. In addition, intracellular and total muscle H2O contents decreased and extracellular H2O increased. Hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, and hyperosmolality were also observed in the BI group. However, the fact that there was no significant difference between B and C groups indicates that the late derangements were due to septic shock rather than simple burn injury. Thus, the deleterious effects of the evolving burn wound sepsis on Na+ homeostasis might be due to the detrimental effect of increased intracellular Na+ activity on mitochondrial respiratory control with subsequent impairment of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Chiao
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021
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27
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Calvano SE, Barber AE, Hawes AS, de Riesthal HF, Coyle SM, Lowry SF. Effect of combined cortisol-endotoxin administration on peripheral blood leukocyte counts and phenotype in normal humans. Arch Surg 1992; 127:181-6. [PMID: 1540096 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1992.01420020067010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of lipopolysaccharide and the associated hypercortisolemic response as mediators of leukocyte changes associated with endotoxemia. Normal human subjects were given continuous, 12-hour, intravenous infusions of cortisol. After 6 hours of cortisol infusion, lipopolysaccharide (20 U/kg) was administered in an intravenous bolus. Plasma cortisol and blood leukocyte counts and lymphocyte subset proportions were evaluated every hour throughout the 12-hour study period. After 6 hours of cortisol infusion, lymphocyte counts and proportions of CD4+ helper/inducer T cells had declined significantly. The fact that these cells did not decline further in response to lipopolysaccharide and continued cortisol infusion suggests that lipopolysaccharide-induced lymphocyte changes are cortisol dependent. In contrast, the granulocytosis normally observed after lipopolysaccharide administration was unaffected by cortisol infusion. Finally, the monocyte counts and proportions of B cells (HLA-DR+ or CD20+ cells) responded to cortisol infusion and LPS in a pattern distinct from that of lipopolysaccharide alone. These results indicate that lipopolysaccharide-induced hypercortisolemia plays a role in immune modulation during endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Calvano
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY
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28
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Abstract
Gut barrier failure and bacterial translocation (BT) after thermal injury may result from splanchnic vasoconstriction and intestinal ischemia. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in intestinal blood flow and BT after thermal injury was studied by pretreatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril in Wistar rats before sham or 30% scald burn. Adequacy of ACE inhibition was documented by the absence of a hypertensive response to angiotensin I, and intestinal blood flow was determined using 51Cr-labeled microspheres. Small bowel blood flow was decreased by 46% at 4-h postburn (P less than 0.05) in untreated burned animals despite maintenance of normal cardiac index but returned to baseline levels by 24 h after injury. Enalapril pretreatment resulted in maintenance of small bowel blood flow after thermal injury and was associated with a significantly reduced incidence of BT (20% vs. 75% in untreated burned animals, P less than 0.01). These findings further implicate intestinal ischemia in the etiology of gut barrier dysfunction after thermal injury, mediated in part by activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jones
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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29
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Fischer E, Marano MA, Barber AE, Hudson A, Lee K, Rock CS, Hawes AS, Thompson RC, Hayes TJ, Anderson TD. Comparison between effects of interleukin-1 alpha administration and sublethal endotoxemia in primates. Am J Physiol 1991; 261:R442-52. [PMID: 1831602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.2.r442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is an early mediator of host response to inflammation, although its contribution to individual components of the acute phase reaction is still unclear. To evaluate how the hemodynamic, metabolic, and hormonal responses to sublethal endotoxemia compare with IL-1 administration, baboons received intravenously either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 0.1, 10, or 100 micrograms/kg IL-1 alpha. LPS induced an early tachycardia and a fall in mean arterial pressure, as well as lacticacidemia and hypoaminoacidemia. Similar hemodynamic and metabolic changes were seen with 10 or 100 micrograms/kg of IL-1 alpha. An increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone and fall in serum iron were induced by IL-1 alpha but not by LPS. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was not measurable after IL-1 alpha administration, whereas LPS induced a monophasic TNF-alpha response. IL-6 levels were significantly greater after LPS than IL-1 alpha administration. Histopathological lesions, similar in LPS- and 100 micrograms/kg IL-1 alpha-treated groups, were present only in the adrenal cortex. We conclude that many, but not all, of the effects of sublethal endotoxemia can be replicated by IL-1 alpha administration, and these responses are dose dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fischer
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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30
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Abstract
Bacterial translocation (BT) occurs transiently after thermal injury and may result from an ischemic intestinal insult. To evaluate continued intestinal ischemia in the ongoing BT associated with sepsis after injury, rats were randomized to (1) 30% burn injury with Pseudomonas wound infection (BI), (2) BI + fluid resuscitation (BI + Fluid), (3) BI after allopurinol pretreatment to inhibit xanthine oxidase (BI + Allo), or (4) BI after azapropazone pretreatment to inhibit neutrophil degranulation (BI + Aza). On postburn days (PBD) 1, 4, and 7, animals were studied for evidence of BT and intestinal lipid peroxidation. BI + Fluid, BI + Allo, and BI + Aza significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced rates of BT and ileal lipid peroxidation acutely after thermal injury (PBD 1) compared to BI. All four groups had equally high rates of BT associated with the onset of sepsis (PBDs 4 and 7), without evidence of further intestinal lipid peroxidation. These data indicate that the chronic gut barrier failure associated with sepsis after injury occurs independently of continued intestinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jones
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
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Barber AE, Jones WG, Minei JP, Fahey TJ, Lowry SF, Shires GT. Bacterial overgrowth and intestinal atrophy in the etiology of gut barrier failure in the rat. Am J Surg 1991; 161:300-4. [PMID: 1990885 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(91)91148-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation occurs in animal models of shock, trauma, sepsis, and parenteral or elemental enteral alimentation. Bowel atrophy and cecal bacterial overgrowth have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of bacterial translocation in many of these models. To further define the etiology of bacterial translocation resulting from dietary manipulations, rats were fed a elemental/defined-formula diet (DFD) for 2 weeks ad libitum and then randomized to either intestinal decontamination with a nonabsorbable antibiotic (neomycin) or no antibiotic treatment. Neomycin treatment significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation after DFD, in association with a significant reduction in the number of cecal gram-negative bacteria. Neither loss of bowel mass after DFD nor bowel composition was affected by oral neomycin. Bacterial translocation after DFD would thus appear to be the result of cecal bacterial overgrowth rather than a loss of a physical intestinal barrier due to atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barber
- Laboratories of The Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
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Jones WG, Barber AE, Kapur S, Hawes AJ, Fahey TJ, Minei JP, Shires GT, Calvano SE, Shires GT. Pathophysiologic glucocorticoid levels and survival of translocating bacteria. Arch Surg 1991; 126:50-5. [PMID: 1898698 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1991.01410250056009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Burn wound sepsis in rats results in sustained corticosterone elevations and the prolonged presence of translocated bacteria in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). To determine if survival of bacteria in the MLNs may be influenced by pathophysiologic corticosterone levels, MLNs were quantitatively analyzed from rats randomized to the following groups: burn wound sepsis (BI); BI with adrenocortical response attenuated by cyclosporine (cyclosporine/BI); or cyclosporine/BI with corticosterone replacement (cyclosporine/BI + P). Although rates of bacterial translocation were similar, corticosterone levels were significantly different among the three groups and correlated with the number of lymphocytes and the number of enteric bacteria present per gram of MLN. Thus, pathophysiologic elevations of corticosterone levels during sepsis may exert an effect that allows survival of translocated bacteria in the MLNs of rats, perhaps due to glucocorticoid-associated alterations in regional immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jones
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY
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Abstract
We analyzed retrospectively 157 cases of metastatic neck squamous cell carcinoma from unknown primary sites, treated with surgery, radiotherapy, excisional biopsy, and combined modalities. Median follow-up was 74 months, and overall actuarial survival was 55% at 5 years. The surgery-treated group, despite a higher rate of manifesting primary tumors, had significantly better survival at 5 years compared with those receiving radiation therapy, of whom 23% had residual disease after treatment. Primary tumors were discovered during follow-up in 16% overall. Different treatments yielded comparable results in lower-staged neck disease (NX, N1, N2a), while surgery appeared more effective in controlling advanced disease (N2b, N3a). Factors that affected survival include neck stage, connective tissue invasion, and presence of recurrent or residual disease after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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Jones WG, Minei JP, Barber AE, Fahey TJ, Shires GT, Shires GT. Additive effects of thermal injury and infection on the small bowel. Surgery 1990; 108:63-70. [PMID: 2360191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thermal injury is associated with functional alterations of multiple organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract. To study the effects of ongoing infection after thermal injury on bowel mass, composition, and blood flow, male Wistar rats were randomized to receive either 30% scald burn, 30% scald burn with Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound inoculation, sham burn, or sham burn with pair feeding to burned and infected animals. On days 3 and 7 after injury, intestinal blood flow was measured with 51Cr-labeled microspheres, and intestinal mass and composition were analyzed. Burned and infected animals demonstrated a chronic loss of small bowel mass not seen in burned animals without infection by day 7 after injury. Compositional alterations of the small bowels of burned and infected animals included protein wasting similar to but occurring earlier than that seen with anorexia alone and significantly decreased deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid content, whereas tissue water content remained unchanged. These chronic intestinal alterations in the burned and infected group could not be explained by ongoing ischemia because intestinal blood flow in these animals was not significantly altered at either time point, implying mediation by other pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jones
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, N.Y. 10021
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Barber AE, Jones WG, Minei JP, Fahey TJ, Moldawer LL, Rayburn JL, Fischer E, Keogh CV, Shires GT, Lowry SF. Harry M. Vars award. Glutamine or fiber supplementation of a defined formula diet: impact on bacterial translocation, tissue composition, and response to endotoxin. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14:335-43. [PMID: 2169535 DOI: 10.1177/0148607190014004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite provision of adequate calories, defined formula diets in rats lead to bacterial translocation (BT), fatty infiltration of the liver, and an increased susceptibility to endotoxin. These deleterious effects may be due in part to a loss of intestinal barrier integrity resulting from bowel atrophy. Defined formula diets lack both glutamine and fiber, substances which may help maintain intestinal mass. To determine whether supplementation of defined formula diets with either glutamine or fiber might prevent bowel atrophy and, thus, BT, hepatic steatosis, and the altered response to endotoxin, Wistar rats were fed (1) defined formula diet ad libitum (DFD), (2) (DFD + 2% (w/v) glutamine, (GLUT), or (3) DFD + 2% (w/v) psyllium (FIBER). Rats given standard food isocalorically pair-fed to DFD were used as controls. Nutritional status was assessed by daily weight gain, as well as the ability to maintain serum albumin, hematocrit and white blood counts. After 2 weeks of these feeding regimens, animals were sacrificed, and organ weights and composition were determined, with rates of bacterial translocation determined by mesenteric lymph node, abdominal viscera, and cecal cultures. Additional animals receiving the same experimental diets were subsequently challenged with endotoxin and observed for mortality with rates of post-endotoxin BT and the responses of acute phase proteins and cytokines measured. All dietary regimens resulted in equivalent weight gain and other nutritional parameters. Both glutamine and fiber supplementation maintained small bowel mass, but only GLUT preserved normal jejunal mucosal architecture. Neither fiber nor glutamine supplementation prevented cecal bacterial overgrowth or BT, resulting from the DFD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barber
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
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Jones WG, Barber AE, Minei JP, Fahey TJ, Shires GT, Shires GT. Antibiotic prophylaxis diminishes bacterial translocation but not mortality in experimental burn wound sepsis. J Trauma 1990; 30:737-40. [PMID: 2191143 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199006000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas (PSA) burn wound sepsis results in prolonged bacterial translocation (BT) of enteric organisms such as E. coli to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and organs in rats. Intestinal decontamination with oral antibiotics may improve mortality after burn injury, perhaps due to decreased BT. To determine the effect of oral antibiotic prophylaxis effective against E. coli but not PSA on BT and subsequent mortality in a model of PSA burn wound sepsis, rats were given a 30% scald burn and wound inoculation with 10(8) PSA followed by randomization to either ampicillin (50 mg/kg/d) or saline gavage. Cultures of MLN, organs, blood, and cecal contents were obtained on days 1, 4, and 7 after injury, with additional animals observed for 14-day mortality. Although oral antibiotic prophylaxis resulted in increased cecal colony counts, the incidence of BT was unchanged. The number of organisms present in both the MLN and organs, however, was significantly reduced with prophylaxis, indicating cecal overgrowth by non-translocating bacteria. Reduction of the number of translocating organisms did not result in improved mean survival time after injury, suggesting that mortality from PSA burn wound sepsis occurs independently of bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jones
- Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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Jones WG, Minei JP, Barber AE, Rayburn JL, Fahey TJ, Shires GT, Shires GT. Bacterial translocation and intestinal atrophy after thermal injury and burn wound sepsis. Ann Surg 1990; 211:399-405. [PMID: 2108621 PMCID: PMC1358024 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199004000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation (BT) occurs after thermal injury in rodents in association with intestinal barrier loss. Infection complicating thermal injury may also affect the intestine producing bowel atrophy. To study these relationships, Wistar rats received either 30% scald followed by wound inoculation with Pseudomonas; 30% scald with pair feeding to infected animals; or sham injury as controls. On days 1, 4, and 7 after injury animals were killed with examination of the bowel and culture of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), livers, spleens, and blood. All burned animals demonstrated BT to the MLN on day 1 after injury, but only burn-infected animals had continued BT on days 4 and 7, with progression of BT to the abdominal organs and blood. Burn injury and infection also resulted in significant atrophy of small bowel mucosa temporally associated with continued BT. Thus injury complicated by infection results in prolonged and enhanced bacterial translocation, perhaps due to failure to maintain the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jones
- Department of Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, NY 10021
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Karani S, Kataria MS, Barber AE. A double-blind clinical trial with a digestive enzyme product. Br J Clin Pract 1971; 25:375-7. [PMID: 4935696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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