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Taylor KM, Au AYM, Herath S, Succar L, Wong J, Erlich JH, Endre ZH. Kidney functional reserve and damage biomarkers in subclinical chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F888-F898. [PMID: 37733876 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00133.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant loss of kidney function is not easily identified by serum creatinine (sCr)-based measurements. In the presence of normal sCr, decreased kidney functional reserve (KFR) may identify a significant loss of function. We evaluated KFR in experimental subclinical chronic kidney disease (sCKD) before and after brief ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled sinistrin, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured transcutaneously before and after adenine-induced sCKD, and 1 and 2 wk after brief IRI, and compared with urinary kidney damage biomarkers. sCKD reduced stimulated and unstimulated GFR by ∼20% while reducing KFR by 50%. IRI reduced unstimulated GFR for 14 days, but KFR remained relatively unchanged in sCKD and transiently increased in control kidneys at 7 days. sCr increased and creatinine clearance (CrCl) decreased only immediately after IRI; sCr and CrCl correlated poorly with measured GFR except on day 1 after IRI. Heterogeneity in sCr and CrCl resulted from variation in tubular creatinine secretion. The increase in damage biomarker concentrations persisted for up to 14 days after IRI, allowing retrospective detection of sCKD before AKI by urine clusterin/urine kidney injury molecule-1 with an area under the curve of 1.0. sCr and CrCl are unreliable unless sCr is acutely elevated. Measurement of KFR and urine damage biomarker excretion detected sCKD despite normal sCr and CrCl. After IRI, the urine clusterin-to-urine kidney injury molecule-1 ratio may identify prior sCKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Early kidney function loss is poorly identified by serum creatinine (sCr)-based measurements. Direct kidney functional reserve (KFR) measurement before kidney injury and elevated urinary biomarkers clusterin and kidney injury molecule-1 detect subclinical chronic kidney disease (sCKD) after kidney injury despite normal range sCr and creatinine clearance. Reliance on sCr masks underlying sCKD. Acute kidney injury risk evaluation requires direct glomerular filtration rate measurement and KFR, whereas kidney damage biomarkers facilitate identification of prior subclinical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Y M Au
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjeeva Herath
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lena Succar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jasmine Wong
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Erlich
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoltán H Endre
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Au AYM, Mantik K, Bahadory F, Stathakis P, Guiney H, Erlich J, Walker R, Poulton R, Horvath AR, Endre ZH. Plasma arginine metabolites in health and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:2767-2775. [PMID: 37230955 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA) are risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease. Using plasma cystatin C (pCYSC)-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) trajectories, we identified a cohort at high risk of poor kidney-related health outcomes amongst members of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS). We therefore examined associations between methylarginine metabolites and kidney function in this cohort. METHODS ADMA, SDMA, L-arginine and L-citrulline were measured in plasma samples from 45-year-olds in the DMHDS cohort by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In a healthy DMHDS subset (n = 376), mean concentrations were: ADMA (0.40 ± 0.06 µmol/L), SDMA (0.42 ± 0.06 µmol/L), L-arginine (93.5 ± 23.1 µmol/L) and L-citrulline (24.0 ± 5.4 µmol/L). In the total cohort (n = 857), SDMA correlated positively with serum creatinine (Pearson's r = 0.55) and pCYSC (r = 0.55), and negatively with eGFR (r = 0.52). A separate cohort of 38 patients with stage 3-4 CKD (eGFR 15-60 mL/min/1.73 m2) confirmed significantly higher mean ADMA (0.61 ± 0.11 µmol/L), SDMA (0.65 ± 0.25 µmol/L) and L-citrulline (42.7 ± 11.8 µmol/L) concentrations. DMHDS members classified as high-risk of poor kidney health outcomes had significantly higher mean concentrations of all four metabolites compared with individuals not at risk. ADMA and SDMA individually predicted high-risk of poor kidney health outcomes with areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of 0.83 and 0.84, and together with an AUC of 0.90. CONCLUSIONS Plasma methylarginine concentrations facilitate stratification for risk of CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y M Au
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Mantik
- Department of Chemical Pathology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Forough Bahadory
- Department of Chemical Pathology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Stathakis
- Department of Chemical Pathology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayley Guiney
- Department of Psychology, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Erlich
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richie Poulton
- Department of Psychology, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Rita Horvath
- Department of Chemical Pathology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zoltan H Endre
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Shah JS, Milevskiy MJG, Petrova V, Au AYM, Wong JJL, Visvader JE, Schmitz U, Rasko JEJ. Towards resolution of the intron retention paradox in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:100. [PMID: 36581993 PMCID: PMC9798573 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After many years of neglect in the field of alternative splicing, the importance of intron retention (IR) in cancer has come into focus following landmark discoveries of aberrant IR patterns in cancer. Many solid and liquid tumours are associated with drastic increases in IR, and such patterns have been pursued as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Paradoxically, breast cancer (BrCa) is the only tumour type in which IR is reduced compared to adjacent normal breast tissue. METHODS In this study, we have conducted a pan-cancer analysis of IR with emphasis on BrCa and its subtypes. We explored mechanisms that could cause aberrant and pathological IR and clarified why normal breast tissue has unusually high IR. RESULTS Strikingly, we found that aberrantly decreasing IR in BrCa can be largely attributed to normal breast tissue having the highest occurrence of IR events compared to other healthy tissues. Our analyses suggest that low numbers of IR events in breast tumours are associated with poor prognosis, particularly in the luminal B subtype. Interestingly, we found that IR frequencies negatively correlate with cell proliferation in BrCa cells, i.e. rapidly dividing tumour cells have the lowest number of IR events. Aberrant RNA-binding protein expression and changes in tissue composition are among the causes of aberrantly decreasing IR in BrCa. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that IR should be considered for therapeutic manipulation in BrCa patients with aberrantly low IR levels and that further work is needed to understand the cause and impact of high IR in other tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaynish S. Shah
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XComputational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XGene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Michael J. G. Milevskiy
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Veronika Petrova
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XComputational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XGene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042 Australia
| | - Amy Y. M. Au
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XGene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042 Australia
| | - Justin J. L. Wong
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XEpigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XComputational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878 Australia
| | - John E. J. Rasko
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XGene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042 Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia ,grid.413249.90000 0004 0385 0051Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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Wong JJL, Au AYM, Gao D, Pinello N, Kwok CT, Thoeng A, Lau KA, Gordon JEA, Schmitz U, Feng Y, Nguyen TV, Middleton R, Bailey CG, Holst J, Rasko JEJ, Ritchie W. RBM3 regulates temperature sensitive miR-142-5p and miR-143 (thermomiRs), which target immune genes and control fever. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2888-97. [PMID: 26825461 PMCID: PMC4824108 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is commonly used to diagnose disease and is consistently associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. However, the molecular controls of elevated body temperature are poorly understood. We discovered that the expression of RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3), known to respond to cold stress and to modulate microRNA (miRNA) expression, was reduced in 30 patients with fever, and in THP-1-derived macrophages maintained at a fever-like temperature (40°C). Notably, RBM3 expression is reduced during fever whether or not infection is demonstrable. Reduced RBM3 expression resulted in increased expression of RBM3-targeted temperature-sensitive miRNAs, we termed thermomiRs. ThermomiRs such as miR-142–5p and miR-143 in turn target endogenous pyrogens including IL-6, IL6ST, TLR2, PGE2 and TNF to complete a negative feedback mechanism, which may be crucial to prevent pathological hyperthermia. Using normal PBMCs that were exogenously exposed to fever-like temperature (40°C), we further demonstrate the trend by which decreased levels of RBM3 were associated with increased levels of miR-142–5p and miR-143 and vice versa over a 24 h time course. Collectively, our results indicate the existence of a negative feedback loop that regulates fever via reduced RBM3 levels and increased expression of miR-142–5p and miR-143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J-L Wong
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amy Y M Au
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dadi Gao
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chau-To Kwok
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Annora Thoeng
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katherine A Lau
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jane E A Gordon
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yue Feng
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Trung V Nguyen
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Middleton
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Bioinformatics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown 2050, Australia CNRS, UMR 5203, Montpellier 34094, France
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J.-L. Wong
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
| | - Amy Y. M. Au
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
| | - William Ritchie
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
| | - John E. J. Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown Australia
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6
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Morran DC, Wu J, Jamieson NB, Mrowinska A, Kalna G, Karim SA, Au AYM, Scarlett CJ, Chang DK, Pajak MZ, Oien KA, McKay CJ, Carter CR, Gillen G, Champion S, Pimlott SL, Anderson KI, Evans TRJ, Grimmond SM, Biankin AV, Sansom OJ, Morton JP. Targeting mTOR dependency in pancreatic cancer. Gut 2014; 63:1481-9. [PMID: 24717934 PMCID: PMC4145424 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world. Current chemotherapy regimens have modest survival benefit. Thus, novel, effective therapies are required for treatment of this disease. DESIGN Activating KRAS mutation almost always drives pancreatic tumour initiation, however, deregulation of other potentially druggable pathways promotes tumour progression. PTEN loss leads to acceleration of Kras(G12D)-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in mice and these tumours have high levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. To test whether these KRAS PTEN pancreatic tumours show mTOR dependence, we compared response to mTOR inhibition in this model, to the response in another established model of pancreatic cancer, KRAS P53. We also assessed whether there was a subset of pancreatic cancer patients who may respond to mTOR inhibition. RESULTS We found that tumours in KRAS PTEN mice exhibit a remarkable dependence on mTOR signalling. In these tumours, mTOR inhibition leads to proliferative arrest and even tumour regression. Further, we could measure response using clinically applicable positron emission tomography imaging. Importantly, pancreatic tumours driven by activated KRAS and mutant p53 did not respond to treatment. In human tumours, approximately 20% of cases demonstrated low PTEN expression and a gene expression signature that overlaps with murine KRAS PTEN tumours. CONCLUSIONS KRAS PTEN tumours are uniquely responsive to mTOR inhibition. Targeted anti-mTOR therapies may offer clinical benefit in subsets of human PDAC selected based on genotype, that are dependent on mTOR signalling. Thus, the genetic signatures of human tumours could be used to direct pancreatic cancer treatment in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Sirolimus/therapeutic use
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianmin Wu
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and the Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel B Jamieson
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J Scarlett
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David K Chang
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and the Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- The Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Karin A Oien
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin J McKay
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Ross Carter
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerry Gillen
- West of Scotland PET Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sue Champion
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sally L Pimlott
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - T R Jeffry Evans
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- The Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and the Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- The Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is one of the two known telomere length maintenance mechanisms that are essential for the unlimited proliferation potential of cancer cells. Existing methods for detecting ALT in tumors require substantial amounts of tumor material and are labor intensive, making it difficult to study prevalence and prognostic significance of ALT in large tumor cohorts. Here, we present a novel strategy utilizing telomere quantitative PCR to diagnose ALT. The protocol is more rapid than conventional methods and scrutinizes two distinct characteristics of ALT cells concurrently: long telomeres and the presence of C-circles (partially double-stranded circles of telomeric C-strand DNA). Requiring only 30 ng of genomic DNA, this protocol will facilitate large-scale studies of ALT in tumors and can be readily adopted by clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta M S Lau
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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8
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Pickett HA, Henson JD, Au AYM, Neumann AA, Reddel RR. Normal mammalian cells negatively regulate telomere length by telomere trimming. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4684-92. [PMID: 21903669 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cancer cells with telomeres that have been over-lengthened by exogenous telomerase activity, telomere shortening can occur by a process that generates circles of double-stranded telomeric DNA (t-circles). Here, we demonstrate that this telomeretrimming process occurs in cells of the male germline and in normal lymphocytes following mitogen-stimulated upregulation of telomerase activity. Mouse tissues also contain abundant t-circles, suggesting that telomere trimming also contributes to telomere length regulation in mice. In cancer cells and stimulated lymphocytes, the mechanism involves the XRCC3 homologous recombination (HR) protein and generates single-stranded C-rich telomeric DNA. This suggests that, in addition to the well-documented gradual telomere attrition that accompanies cellular replication, there is also a more rapid form of negative telomere length control in normal mammalian cells, which most likely involves HR-mediated removal of telomere loops in the form of t-circles. We therefore propose that this telomere trimming mechanism is an additional factor in the balance between telomere lengthening and telomere shortening in normal human germline and somatic cells that may prevent excessive lengthening by processes such as telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda A Pickett
- Children’s Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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9
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Au AYM, Hackl T, Yeager TR, Cohen SB, Pass HI, Harris CC, Reddel RR. Telomerase activity in pleural malignant mesotheliomas. Lung Cancer 2011; 73:283-8. [PMID: 21277646 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New treatments are needed for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), which currently has a poor prognosis. Cellular immortalisation, one of the hallmarks of cancer, depends on the activity of a telomere length maintenance mechanism (TMM) - either telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). The TMMs are widely regarded as potential targets for cancer therapies and telomerase inhibitors have entered clinical trials. The aim of this study was to determine what proportion of MPMs use ALT and/or telomerase. Forty-three MPMs from 42 patients were examined for telomerase and ALT activity. Telomerase activity was detected by immunoaffinity purification followed by the telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP), and ALT activity was determined by the C-circle assay and by assessing telomere lengths using terminal restriction fragment analyses. We found that 43 of 43 MPMs were telomerase-positive[+] and ALT-negative[-]. Therefore, to investigate whether pleural mesothelial cells are unusually susceptible to activation of telomerase, we examined activation of the TMMs in an in vitro model of cellular immortalisation, in which normal pleural mesothelial cells were transduced with simian virus 40 (SV40) oncogenes. We found that normal mesothelial cells were TMM-negative, and that expression of the SV40 oncogenes did not directly activate telomerase or ALT. Immortalisation, which in this experimental system results from additional genetic changes that have not yet been identified, was accompanied by activation of either TMM. Therefore, pleural mesothelial cells are capable of activating either TMM in vitro, and the observation that 100% of MPMs were telomerase[+] suggests that there are factors in vivo that select for telomerase activity during oncogenesis of this tumour type. We conclude that MPM is a tumour that could be considered for anti-telomerase therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y M Au
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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Henson JD, Cao Y, Huschtscha LI, Chang AC, Au AYM, Pickett HA, Reddel RR. DNA C-circles are specific and quantifiable markers of alternative-lengthening-of-telomeres activity. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 27:1181-5. [PMID: 19935656 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is likely to be an important target for anticancer treatment as approximately 10% of cancers depend on this telomere maintenance mechanism for continued growth, and inhibition of ALT can cause cellular senescence. However, no ALT inhibitors have been developed for therapeutic use because of the lack of a suitable ALT activity assay and of known ALT-specific target molecules. Here we show that partially single-stranded telomeric (CCCTAA)(n) DNA circles (C-circles) are ALT specific. We provide an assay that is rapidly and linearly responsive to ALT activity and that is suitable for screening for ALT inhibitors. We detect C-circles in blood from ALT(+) osteosarcoma patients, suggesting that the C-circle assay (CC assay) may have clinical utility for diagnosis and management of ALT(+) tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Henson
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Au AYM, McDonald K, Gill A, Sywak M, Diamond T, Conigrave AD, Clifton-Bligh RJ. PTH mutation with primary hyperparathyroidism and undetectable intact PTH. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1184-6. [PMID: 18784115 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc0802570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Lee JJ, Au AYM, Foukakis T, Barbaro M, Kiss N, Clifton-Bligh R, Staaf J, Borg A, Delbridge L, Robinson BG, Wallin G, Höög A, Larsson C. Array-CGH identifies cyclin D1 and UBCH10 amplicons in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15:801-15. [PMID: 18753363 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive disease with largely unexplained etiology and molecular pathogenesis. In this study, we analyzed genome-wide copy number changes, BRAF (V-raf sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) mutations, and p16 and cyclin D1 expressions in a panel of ATC primary tumors. Three ATCs harbored the common BRAF mutation V600E. Using array-comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH), several distinct recurrent copy number alterations were revealed including gains in 16p11.2, 20q11.2, and 20q13.12. Subsequent fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed recurrent locus gain of UBCH10 in 20q13.12 and Cyclin D1 (CCND1) in 11q13. The detection of a homozygous loss encompassing the CDKN2A locus in 9p21.3 motivated the examination of p16 protein expression, which was undetectable in 24/27 ATCs (89%). Based on the frequent gain in 11q13 (41%; n=11), the role of CCND1 was further investigated. Expression of cyclin D1 protein was observed at varying levels in 18/27 ATCs (67%). The effect of CCND1 on thyroid cell proliferation was assessed in vitro in ATC cells by means of siRNA and in thyroid cells after CCND1 transfection. In summary, the recurrent chromosomal copy number changes and molecular alterations identified in this study may provide an insight into the pathogenesis and development of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jing Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Foukakis T, Gusnanto A, Au AYM, Höög A, Lui WO, Larsson C, Wallin G, Zedenius J. A PCR-based expression signature of malignancy in follicular thyroid tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14:381-91. [PMID: 17639052 DOI: 10.1677/erc-06-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) in the absence of metastasis can only be established postoperatively. Moreover, high-risk FTCs are often not identifiable at the time of diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to identify transcriptional markers of malignancy and high-risk disease in follicular thyroid tumors. The expression levels of 26 potential markers of malignancy were determined in a panel of 75 follicular thyroid tumors by a TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR approach. Logistic regression analysis (LRA) was used for gene selection and generation of diagnostic and prognostic algorithms. An algorithm based on the expression levels of five genes (TERT, TFF3, PPARgamma, CITED1, and EGR2) could effectively predict high-risk disease with a specificity of 98.5%. The metastatic potential could be predicted in all four cases with apparently benign or minimally invasive (MI) disease at the time of diagnosis, but poor long-term outcome. In addition, a second model was produced by implementing two genes (TERT and TFF3), which was able to distinguish adenomas from de facto carcinomas. When this model was tested in an independent series of atypical adenomas (AFTA) and MI-FTCs, 16 out of 17 AFTAs were classified as 'benign', while MI-FTCs with vascular invasion (sometimes referred to as 'moderately invasive') and/or large tumor size tended to classify in the 'malignant' group. The reported models can be the foundation for the development of reliable preoperative diagnostic and prognostic tests that can guide the therapeutic approach of follicular thyroid neoplasms with indeterminate cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Giordano TJ, Au AYM, Kuick R, Thomas DG, Rhodes DR, Wilhelm KG, Vinco M, Misek DE, Sanders D, Zhu Z, Ciampi R, Hanash S, Chinnaiyan A, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Robinson BG, Nikiforov YE, Koenig RJ. Delineation, functional validation, and bioinformatic evaluation of gene expression in thyroid follicular carcinomas with the PAX8-PPARG translocation. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1983-93. [PMID: 16609007 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A subset of follicular thyroid carcinomas contains a balanced translocation, t(2;3)(q13;p25), that results in fusion of the paired box gene 8 (PAX8) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) genes with concomitant expression of a PAX8-PPARgamma fusion protein, PPFP. PPFP is thought to contribute to neoplasia through a mechanism in which it acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of wild-type PPARgamma. To better understand this type of follicular carcinoma, we generated global gene expression profiles using DNA microarrays of a cohort of follicular carcinomas along with other common thyroid tumors and used the data to derive a gene expression profile characteristic of PPFP-positive tumors. Transient transfection assays using promoters of four genes whose expression was highly associated with the translocation showed that each can be activated by PPFP. PPFP had unique transcriptional activities when compared with PAX8 or PPARgamma, although it had the potential to function in ways qualitatively similar to PAX8 or PPARgamma depending on the promoter and cellular environment. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that genes with increased expression in PPFP-positive follicular carcinomas include known PPAR target genes; genes involved in fatty acid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism; micro-RNA target genes; and genes on chromosome 3p. These results have implications for the neoplastic mechanism of these follicular carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Computational Biology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- PAX8 Transcription Factor
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Principal Component Analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Foukakis T, Au AYM, Wallin G, Geli J, Forsberg L, Clifton-Bligh R, Robinson BG, Lui WO, Zedenius J, Larsson C. The Ras effector NORE1A is suppressed in follicular thyroid carcinomas with a PAX8-PPARgamma fusion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1143-9. [PMID: 16352687 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Ras effector NORE1A (RASSF5A) is a putative tumor suppressor and is inactivated in several human cancers. NORE1A has not been studied in thyroid cancer. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether NORE1A is involved in follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) development. DESIGN We analyzed NORE1A expression in 25 FTCs, eight follicular thyroid adenomas, and seven normal thyroid tissues by TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR. The results were evaluated in relation to RASSF1A expression, RAS mutations, and PAX8-PPARgamma fusions assessed in the same material. NORE1A promoter methylation was assessed by the combined bisulfite restriction endonuclease assay. RESULTS Although the NORE1A mRNA levels of the majority of the tumors were similar to those in the normal controls, the cases harboring a PAX8-PPARgamma translocation (n = 6) exhibited dramatically reduced NORE1A expression (P < 0.001). In contrast, RAS mutations (n = 5) and NORE1A down-regulation were mutually exclusive. A significant reduction in the expression of the NORE1A homolog and the bona fide tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A was observed, but with weak correlation to the respective NORE1A values. No NORE1A promoter methylation was detected in the 32 thyroid tumors analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments demonstrate the suppression of NORE1A, a known Ras effector, in PAX8-PPARgamma carrying FTCs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/surgery
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Breast Neoplasms
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- PAX8 Transcription Factor
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Restriction Mapping
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Suppression, Genetic/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery
- Thyroidectomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Foukakis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:01, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Au AYM, McBride C, Wilhelm KG, Koenig RJ, Speller B, Cheung L, Messina M, Wentworth J, Tasevski V, Learoyd D, Robinson BG, Clifton-Bligh RJ. PAX8-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) disrupts normal PAX8 or PPARgamma transcriptional function and stimulates follicular thyroid cell growth. Endocrinology 2006; 147:367-76. [PMID: 16179407 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follicular thyroid carcinomas are associated with a chromosomal translocation that fuses the thyroid-specific transcription factor paired box gene 8 (PAX8) with the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). This study investigated the transcriptional mechanisms by which PAX8-PPARgamma regulates follicular thyroid cells. In HeLa cells, rat follicular thyroid (FRTL-5) cells, or immortalized human thyroid cells, PAX8-PPARgamma stimulated transcription from PAX8-responsive thyroperoxidase and sodium-iodide symporter promoters in a manner at least comparable with wild-type PAX8. In contrast, PAX8-PPARgamma failed to stimulate transcription from the thyroglobulin promoter and blocked the synergistic stimulation of this promoter by wild-type PAX8 and thyroid transcription factor-1. Unexpectedly, PAX8-PPARgamma transcriptional function on a PPARgamma-responsive promoter was cell-type dependent; in HeLa cells, PAX8-PPARgamma dominantly inhibited expression of the PPARgamma-responsive promoter, whereas in FRTL-5 and immortalized human thyroid cells PAX8-PPARgamma stimulated this promoter. In gel shift analyses, PAX8-PPARgamma bound a PPARgamma-response element suggesting that its transcriptional function is mediated via direct DNA contact. A biological model of PAX8-PPARgamma function in follicular thyroid cells was generated via constitutive expression of the fusion protein in FRTL-5 cells. In this model, PAX8-PPARgamma expression was associated with enhanced growth as assessed by soft agar assays and thymidine uptake. Therefore, PAX8-PPARgamma disrupts normal transcriptional regulation by stimulating some genes and inhibiting others, the net effect of which may mediate follicular thyroid cell growth and loss of differentiation that ultimately leads to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y M Au
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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