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Pucciarelli G, Occhino G, Locatelli G, Baricchi M, Ausili D, Rebora P, Cammarano A, Alvaro R, Vellone E. The Effectiveness of a Motivational Interviewing Intervention on Mutuality Between Patients With Heart Failure and Their Caregivers: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF Randomized Controlled Trial. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2024; 39:107-117. [PMID: 37074953 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutuality, defined as "the positive quality of the relationship between a caregiver and a care receiver", was found to be associated with self-care and caregiver contribution to self-care in heart failure (HF). However, no studies were conducted to evaluate whether motivational interviewing (MI) can improve mutuality in patients with HF and caregivers. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MI on mutuality in HF patient-caregiver dyads. METHODS This is a secondary outcome analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF randomized controlled trial, the primary aim of which was to evaluate the effect of MI on improving self-care in patients with HF. Participants were randomized into 3 arms: (1) MI for patients only, (2) MI for both patients and caregivers, and (3) standard care. To assess the HF patients' and caregivers' mutuality, the Mutuality Scale was used in its patient and caregiver versions. RESULTS Patients with HF had a median age of 74 years, and there were more men (58%). Most patients were retired (76.2%). Caregivers had a median age of 55 years and were mostly women (75.5%). Most patients were in New York Heart Association class II (61.9%) and had an ischemic HF etiology (33.6%). The motivational interviews did not show any impact on changes in the patient and caregiver mutuality during the follow-up time (3, 6, 9, and 12 months from baseline). The condition of living together between the patient and the caregiver was significantly associated with better mutuality between the patient and the caregiver. CONCLUSIONS Motivational interviewing performed by nurses was not effective in improving mutuality in patients with HF and caregivers, but the target variable of the intervention was patient self-care. Stronger effects of MI on mutuality were observed in patients with HF and caregivers who live together. Future studies should target mutuality to see whether MI is really effective.
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Locatelli G, Rebora P, Occhino G, Ausili D, Riegel B, Cammarano A, Uchmanowicz I, Alvaro R, Vellone E, Zeffiro V. The Impact of an Intervention to Improve Caregiver Contribution to Heart Failure Self-care on Caregiver Anxiety, Depression, Quality of Life, and Sleep. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023:00005082-990000000-00090. [PMID: 37204336 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better caregiver contribution to self-care in heart failure is associated with better patient outcomes. However, caregiver contribution to self-care is also associated with high anxiety and depression, poor quality of life, and poor sleep in caregivers. It is still unclear whether interventions that encourage caregivers to contribute more to patient self-care might increase caregivers' anxiety and depression and decrease their quality of life and sleep. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a motivational interview intervention aimed at improving caregiver contribution to self-care in heart failure on caregivers' anxiety, depression, quality of life, and sleep. METHODS This is a secondary outcome analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF trial. Patients with heart failure and their caregivers were randomized into arm 1 (motivational interview to patients), arm 2 (motivational interview to patients and caregivers), and arm 3 (standard care). Data were collected between June 2014 and October 2018. The article has been prepared following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist. RESULTS A sample of 510 patient-caregiver dyads was enrolled. Over the year of the study, the levels of anxiety, depression, quality of life, and sleep in caregivers did not significantly change among the 3 arms. CONCLUSIONS Motivational interview aimed at improving caregiver contribution to self-care does not seem to increase caregiver anxiety and depression, nor decrease their quality of life and sleep. Thus, such an intervention might be safely delivered to caregivers of patients with heart failure, although further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Tavone AM, Ceccobelli G, Piizzi G, Vella R, Giuga G, Cammarano A, Petroni G, Marella GL. Profiling Players Involved in Overkill: An Analysis of 71 Cases in Central Italy. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1873. [PMID: 36292320 PMCID: PMC9601694 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
"Overkill" is characterized by the finding of excessive wounds on the victim's body. Despite the large use of this term, it does not have a definition in the literature yet. Our study aimed to analyze the information related to the dynamics of overkill cases, collecting objective variables, and producing a profile of the players involved in this type of homicides. Data on 71 overkill cases from reports of the autopsies performed in the Section of Legal Medicine of the University of Rome Tor Vergata from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2020 were collected. The victims and the perpetrators of overkill shared similar characteristics: they were usually male aged between 20 and 50 years, more likely in the 20-35 years range; victims however also showed another age peak in the range 50-55 years. The type of damage can be linked to the sole action of a cold weapon or the simultaneous use of multiple harmful tools with no significant differences. The most common motive proved to be a dispute for futile reasons; however, in the case of a single perpetrator of the crime, the economic and passionate motives are as frequent as the previous one. Implications of the findings and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mauro Tavone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ceccobelli
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Piizzi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Raimondo Vella
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giuga
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Marella
- Forensic Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Mauriello S, Treglia M, Pallocci M, Bonfiglio R, Giacobbi E, Passalacqua P, Cammarano A, D’Ovidio C, Marsella LT, Scimeca M. Antigenicity Preservation Is Related to Tissue Characteristics and the Post-Mortem Interval: Immunohistochemical Study and Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081495. [PMID: 36011152 PMCID: PMC9408092 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the post-mortem proteolytic degradation process of selected tissue antigens and correlate it to the post-mortem interval. During the autopsy of 12 cadavers (time interval ranging 1 day–2 years after death) samples of skin, liver, kidney, and spleen were collected. All samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Four µm paraffin sections were used for hematoxylin–eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis (Ki67, Vimentin, Pan cytokeratin, and CD20). Data reported here show that immunohistochemical reactivity preservation was related to the characteristics of the tissues. In particular, the most resistant tissue was the skin, where the autolysis phenomena were not appreciable before 5 days. On the contrary, the liver and the spleen underwent early autolysis, while the kidney displayed an early autolysis of the tubules and a late one of the glomeruli. As concerns specific antigens, immunoreactivity was lost earliest for nuclear antigens as compared to cytoplasmic ones. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that immunohistochemical detection of specific antigens may be useful in estimating the post-mortem interval, especially when we need to know whether the post-mortem interval is a few days or more than 7–10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestro Mauriello
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Treglia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Pallocci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giacobbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Passalacqua
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian D’Ovidio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. D’Annunzio”, Section of Legal Medicine, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Tonino Marsella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Cammarano A, Marella GL, Tavone AM, Scipione C, Marsella LT, Potenza S, Alvaro R, Capanna A, Cecchetti L, Maurici M. Obesity as a social phenomenon: A narrative review. Epidemiol Prev 2022; 46:168-172. [PMID: 35775294 DOI: 10.19191/ep22.3.a378.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND obesity is one of the most prevalent diseases all over the world. Because of its high social impact, the broadest possible approach on several levels - and not limited only to clinical aspect - is needed to better understand and face the challenges obesity poses to public health. OBJECTIVES to analyse, through the main evidence, the social impact of weight excess in the general population and the actions aimed at mitigating its negative effects. DESIGN narrative review. SETTING data obtained from the sources included in the study were gathered and analyzed in five macroareas: Health Inequality, Society, Work, Impact on Social Medicine (focused on the Italian model), and Social Costs. RESULTS each category showed a bilateral relationship with obesity having a significant impact for the community. CONCLUSIONS for each field, various actions should be taken at institutional level. Many recommendations and actions have already been taken worldwide, but they alone seem to be not enough. This work points out that, in order to combat obesity and bring about a slowdown of this pandemic, the entire scientific community and institutions must work together to identify and design programmes that are truly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cammarano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
| | - Gian Luca Marella
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
| | | | - Claudia Scipione
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
| | - Luigi Tonino Marsella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
| | - Saverio Potenza
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
| | - Rosaria Alvaro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
| | - Alessandra Capanna
- Hygiene and Public Health Prevention Department, Local Health Unit Roma 2, Rome (Italy)
| | - Lorenzo Cecchetti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
| | - Massimo Maurici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome (Italy)
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Gulino M, Miele MT, Marcuccilli F, Cammarano A, Montanari Vergallo G. Late termination of pregnancy in case of congenital CMV infection: ethics, medicine and law. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:9786-9791. [PMID: 35337216 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2053104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a recent legal case which calls into discussion the women's safe access to voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) after the first 90 days. On 15 January 2021, the Italian Supreme Court sentenced a physician to damage compensation because he did not correctly inform the patient, in her 22nd week of pregnancy, about the risks to the fetus relating to an infection from cytomegalovirus (CMV). The option for VTP was not offered since, at the time of the woman's request, medical investigations did not show the evidence of fetal malformations, neither there were concrete risks for the life of the mother, as Italian law requires. The baby was born with severe brain injuries. The case is noteworthy because it offers a new precedent to extend legal requirements for late VTP. The impact of this decision must be tested in the clinical practice. Further studies are necessary to evaluate possible law amendments extending access conditions for this practice and new policies promoting the strengthening of informative and assistance procedures, including psychological help, to the pregnant woman are needed, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gulino
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Martino Tony Miele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Fabbio Marcuccilli
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Montanari Vergallo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico-Legal and Orthopaedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Vella R, Giuga G, Piizzi G, Alunni Fegatelli D, Petroni G, Tavone AM, Potenza S, Cammarano A, Mandarelli G, Marella GL. Health Management in Italian Prisons during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Focus on the Second and Third Wave. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020282. [PMID: 35206896 PMCID: PMC8872369 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spread is a threatening and challenging issue for correctional systems worldwide because of many factors, particularly overcrowding and of the intrinsic characteristics of the population. The prevention measures adopted by the Italian Government were aimed to protect and preserve both inmates’ and prison workers’ health. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the adopted strategies. Methods: Data regarding Italian prisons’ occupation and prisoners’ population from January 2019 to June 2021, as well as the cumulative weekly increase of confirmed cases and the number of doses of vaccine administered among the population of inmates, the prison workers, and Italian population from November 2020 to the end of June 2021, were collected. Results: Prisons’ occupation dropped from 120% to 106% after the beginning of the pandemics. The confirmed cases between inmates were consistently lower than among the Italian population and prison workers. A time-series chart showed a time lag of one week between the peaks of the different population. Conclusions: The containing strategies adopted by the Italian correctional system have proved their effectiveness in terms of the prevention and protection of both inmate and staff health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimondo Vella
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.T.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriele Giuga
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.T.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Giorgia Piizzi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.T.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Danilo Alunni Fegatelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.T.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Mauro Tavone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.T.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Saverio Potenza
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.T.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (G.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.T.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Gabriele Mandarelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 7024 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gian Luca Marella
- Forensic Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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Giammatteo J, Treglia M, Pallocci M, Petroni G, Cammarano A, Quintavalle G, Marsella LT, Potenza S. LAW n.219/17: Reflecting on shared care plan. Clin Ter 2020; 171:e401-e406. [PMID: 32901782 DOI: 10.7417/ct.2020.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study in question starts from a general analysis of Law n. 219/2017 and then to deepen the patient's right to self-determination, which is exercised through the expression of an informed consent to medical therapy. The analysis refers in particular to the patient's decision-making autonomy, the professional autonomy of the doctor and his consequent responsibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study examines the art. 5 of the Law n. 219/2017, where the Legislator has defined the theme of shared planning of care. The authors compare the Advance Treatment Provisions (Article 4 - Law No. 219/2017) and the Shared Care Planning, to then examine the emerging relationship of care between doctor and patient. RESULT The relationship of care must be related to the patient's willingness to decide on his future and to the technical and scientific information that the doctor is required to give. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Authors highlight the innovative content of the shared care plan, emphasizing the importance for a patient suffering from a chronic and progressive disease to be actively involved in formulating their own therapeutic plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giammatteo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome
| | - M Treglia
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome
| | - M Pallocci
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome
| | - G Petroni
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome
| | - A Cammarano
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome
| | | | - L T Marsella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome
| | - S Potenza
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome
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Scerbo F, Rocco G, Stievano A, Vellone E, Maurici M, Cammarano A, Pulimeno A, Alvaro R. Socio-demographic analysis of free-lance nurses in a non-institutional employment regimen. Ann Ig 2020; 32:599-607. [PMID: 33175071 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2020.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The free-lance nurse, not bound to rigid organizational systems, can offer personalized assistance always respecting the rights of the person and of the profession. More recent graduates have decided to undertake the nursing profession by moving towards the free-lance nursing, considering it both as a career opening and as a professional opportunity, although this option never got much attention from the researchers in the Italian nursing scene. Free-lance nursing is now considered a valuable opportunity to develop a nursing career. This market is destined to grow for different reasons, such as an increasing chronicity of health conditions of more and more ageing population and the deficits of the National Health Service (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale - SSN) in community and home care. AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between the development of the free-lance nursing and the Italian socio-economic context. METHODS The design of the study was descriptive - observational. Data collection and observation was carried out from January 2018 until April 2108. For the analysis a linear regression model was adopted to quantify a cause-effect relationship between one or more independent variables and the dependent variable which interprets the phenomenon investigated. The regression carried out was descriptive to analytically express the observed reality and represent it in a plausible way. The specification model was represented as: Free-lance nurses per capita = per capita income + Out of Pocket expense per capita + waiting lists in days + number of beds per inhabitants + NHS nurses per inhabitants. RESULTS The estimate carried out had an R of 0.813, R-square equal to 0.6612, adjusted R-square 0.540 and standard error of the estimate 1.277, highlighting a correlation between the variables adopted in the model and a p = 0.005. From the analysis of the variables used, the average per capita income (p = 0.045) and the nurses working in the National Health Service /1,000 beds (p = 0.017) were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS It can be stated that the free-lance nursing profession is costly for patients and therefore develops more revenue where the average per capita income grows, but the research also seems to show that, where the National Health Service has too few nurses, the private demand increases in order to satisfy healthcare needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scerbo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata of Rome, Italy
| | - G Rocco
- Center of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, National College of Nurses Rome, Italy
| | - A Stievano
- Center of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, National College of Nurses Rome, Italy
| | - E Vellone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata of Rome, Italy
| | - M Maurici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata of Rome, Italy
| | - A Cammarano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata of Rome, Italy
| | - A Pulimeno
- Center of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, National College of Nurses Rome, Italy
| | - R Alvaro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata of Rome, Italy
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Zhdanov O, Blatt MR, Cammarano A, Zare-Behtash H, Busse A. A new perspective on mechanical characterisation of Arabidopsis stems through vibration tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104041. [PMID: 32891976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of plants are important for understanding plant biomechanics and for breeding new plants that can survive in challenging environments. Thus, accurate and reliable methods are required for the determination of mechanical properties such as stiffness and Young's modulus of elasticity. Much attention has been paid to the application of static methods to plants, while dynamic methods have received considerably less attention. In the present study, a dynamic forced vibration method for mechanical characterisation of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems was developed and validated against the conventional three-point bending test. Compared to dynamic tests based on free vibration, the current method allows to determine simultaneously more than one natural frequency, thus increasing the overall accuracy of the results. In addition, this method can be applied to the top parts of the stems that are more flexible, and where application of the three-point bending test is often limited. To demonstrate one of the potential applications of this method, it was applied to evaluate the influence of turgor pressure on the mechanical properties of Arabidopsis stems. Overall, the new dynamic testing approach has been shown to provide reliable data for the local mechanical properties along the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zhdanov
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK; Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Angela Busse
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Perrone MA, Gualtieri P, Gratteri S, Ali W, Sergi D, Muscoli S, Cammarano A, Bernardini S, Di Renzo L, Romeo F. Effects of postprandial hydroxytyrosol and derivates on oxidation of LDL, cardiometabolic state and gene expression: a nutrigenomic approach for cardiovascular prevention. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2019; 20:419-426. [PMID: 31593559 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most frequent causes of death in the world. Inflammation and oxidative damage contribute significantly to the development of atherosclerosis and CVDs. European Food Safety Authority scientific opinion has acknowledged that hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol) and derivatives, contained in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), typically used in Mediterranean diet may play a crucial role in the reduction of the inflammatory pathway and in the prevention of CVDs. The aim of the study was to determine the effect in healthy volunteers of 25 g of phenols-rich EVOO (p-EVOO). METHODS The clinical study was a randomized, controlled trial to determine the acute effect in the postprandial time of 25 g of p-EVOO. We evaluated nutritional status using anthropometric parameters, body composition, serum metabolites, oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of eight genes related to oxidative stress and human inflammasome pathways, lasting 2 h after p-EVOO administration. Twenty-two participants resulted as eligible for the study. RESULTS A significant reduction of oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde, triglycerides and visceral adiposity index was highlighted (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of catalase, superoxide dismutase 1 and upstream transcription factor 1 were observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The current study shows that intake of 25 g of p-EVOO has been able to be modulated, in the postprandial time, the antioxidant profile and the expression of inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes, as superoxide dismutase 1, upstream transcription factor 1 and catalase. We also observed a significant reduction of oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde, triglycerides and visceral adiposity index. We have demonstrated that a daily intake of phenols and antioxidants can reduce the inflammatory pathway and oxidative stress and therefore the risk of atherosclerosis and CVDs. More studies on a larger population are necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01890070.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Perrone
- Division of Cardiology.,Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology.,University Sports Centre
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome
| | - Santo Gratteri
- Department of Surgery and Medical Science, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Germaneto, Italy
| | - Wahid Ali
- Department of Pathology, King George S. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Andrea Cammarano
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology.,University Sports Centre
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome
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Cammarano A, Maurici M, Giammatteo J, Cherra FP, Capanna A, Giannini S, Scerbo F, Docimo R. The civil liability of paediatric dentists in Italy. Trains of thought on novelties introduced by law n. 24/2017 ("Gelli-bianco" law). Eur J Paediatr Dent 2019; 20:147-150. [PMID: 31246093 DOI: 10.23804/ejpd.2019.20.02.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study offers an overview regarding news and main themes which have been introduced by Law n. 24/2017 (the so called "Gelli-Bianco" law) in Italy. The normative content deals with the features of civil liability for healthcare professionals. More specifically, this article is referred to the contractual and extra-contractual liability of paediatric dentists. Dentists often provide services combining healthcare and dental procedures as well as aesthetic activities. Thanks to the case law and doctrine tradition, the distinction between contracts of employment and contracts of work is clearly stated. This examination is focused on highlighting methods employed by paediatric dentists to prevent possible actions of suing for compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cammarano
- Biomedicine and Prevention Department, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome Italy
| | - M Maurici
- Biomedicine and Prevention Department, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome Italy
| | - J Giammatteo
- Biomedicine and Prevention Department, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome Italy
| | - F P Cherra
- Damages Evaluation Committee "Tor Vergata General Hospital", Rome, Italy
| | - A Capanna
- School of Specialisation in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine
| | - S Giannini
- Doctor in Dentistry and Dental Prosthesis, Rome General Medical Council
| | - F Scerbo
- Ph.D candidate in Public Health and Nursing, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention
| | - R Docimo
- Surgical Sciences Department, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome Italy
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Abstract
Obesity must be considered a real pathology. In the world wide, obesity represent one of the major public health issue associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Overweight or obesity, in fact, significantly increases the risk of contracting diseases, such as: arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, cerebral vasculopathy, gallbladder lithiasis, arthropathy, ovarian polycytosis, sleep apnea syndrome, and some neoplasms. Despite numerous informative campaigns, unfortunately, the fight against obesity does not seem to work: in the last years, the prevalence continued to increase. The progressive and rapid increase in the incidence of obesity, which has characterized most of the economically advanced countries in the last decade, has been the main stimulus for the research of the mechanisms underlying this pathology and the related disorders. The aims of this review is to provide a revision of the literature in order to define obesity as diseases, secondly to highlight the limits and the inaccuracy of common tools used for the diagnosis of obesity, and as a third thing to strengthen the concept of the complexity of obesity as a disease among political health care providers. Obesity may be viewed as a multifactorial pathology and chronic low-grade inflammatory disease. In fact, people affected by obesity have greater risk of developing comorbility and morbility, respect to healthy. Hence, the absolute therapeutic benefit is directly proportional to the basic risk. So, internationally interest on early diagnosis of obesity is growing to avoid under- and overdiagnosis consequences. Therefore, the consequences are an aggravation of the disease and an increase in obesity related pathology like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The most widely used parameter for diagnosis, body mass index (BMI) is not suitable for assessing the body fat. In fact, several studies demonstrate that BMI alone cannot define obesity, which consists not so much in weight gain as in excess fat mass. The use of suitable tools for the assessment of fat mass percentage combined with clinical and genetic analysis allowed to identify different phenotypes of obesity, which explain the various paradoxes of obesity. It is essential to adopt all possible strategies to be able to combat obesity, ameliorate the suffering of patients, and reduce the social and treatment costs of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Santo Gratteri
- Department of Surgery and Medical Science, Magna Græcia University, Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Bertucci
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Elliott AJ, Cammarano A, Neild SA, Hill TL, Wagg DJ. Comparing the direct normal form and multiple scales methods through frequency detuning. Nonlinear Dyn 2018; 94:2919-2935. [PMID: 30930539 PMCID: PMC6404644 DOI: 10.1007/s11071-018-4534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Approximate analytical methods, such as the multiple scales (MS) and direct normal form (DNF) techniques, have been used extensively for investigating nonlinear mechanical structures, due to their ability to offer insight into the system dynamics. A comparison of their accuracy has not previously been undertaken, so is addressed in this paper. This is achieved by computing the backbone curves of two systems: the single-degree-of-freedom Duffing oscillator and a non-symmetric, two-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The DNF method includes an inherent detuning, which can be physically interpreted as a series expansion about the natural frequencies of the underlying linear system and has previously been shown to increase its accuracy. In contrast, there is no such inbuilt detuning for MS, although one may be, and usually is, included. This paper investigates the use of the DNF detuning as the chosen detuning in the MS method as a way of equating the two techniques, demonstrating that the two can be made to give identical results up to ε 2 order. For the examples considered here, the resulting predictions are more accurate than those provided by the standard MS technique. Wolfram Mathematica scripts implementing these methods have been provided to be used in conjunction with this paper to illustrate their practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Elliott
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - A. Cammarano
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - S. A. Neild
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR UK
| | - T. L. Hill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR UK
| | - D. J. Wagg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
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Di Renzo L, Cammarano A, De Lorenzo A. The missclassification of obesity affects the course of migraine. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:63. [PMID: 30076482 PMCID: PMC6081871 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) are widely used as a tool for understanding the forced responses of nonlinear systems. However, the contemporary definition of an NNM also encompasses a large number of dynamic behaviours which are not observed when a system is forced and damped. As such, only a few NNMs are required to understand the forced dynamics. This paper firstly demonstrates the complexity that may arise from the NNMs of a simple nonlinear system—highlighting the need for a method for identifying the significance of NNMs. An analytical investigation is used, alongside energy arguments, to develop an understanding of the mechanisms that relate the NNMs to the forced responses. This provides insight into which NNMs are pertinent to understanding the forced dynamics, and which may be disregarded. The NNMs are compared with simulated forced responses to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Hill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - A Cammarano
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - S A Neild
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - D A W Barton
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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17
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Longobardi V, Zullo G, Salzano A, De Canditiis C, Cammarano A, De Luise L, Puzio MV, Neglia G, Gasparrini B. Resveratrol prevents capacitation-like changes and improves in vitro fertilizing capability of buffalo frozen-thawed sperm. Theriogenology 2017; 88:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vecchio D, Di Palo R, Zicarelli L, Grassi C, Cammarano A, D‘Occhio M, Campanile G. Embryonic mortality in buffalo naturally mated. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cammarano A, De Dominicis E, Marella GL, Maurici M, Arcudi G. [Regulatory aspects and medicolegal considerations regarding clinical drug trials]. Ig Sanita Pubbl 2016; 72:145-156. [PMID: 27336959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to explore the regulatory and medicolegal aspects of experimental drug trials. Firstly, the authors provide definitions of drug according to WHO, the European Community and our official Pharmacopoeia, and that of experimental studies. They then explain the distinction between pure or basic research and drug trials and explain the various phases of the latter. Besides providing definitions, and exploring doctrinal, theoretical but also practical aspects of drug trials, the authors also discuss and analyze legislative aspects, with particular reference to the Italian legislative framework, and medicolegal issues, including informed consent, effects on humans, and professional responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cammarano
- Professore Aggregato presso la Cattedra di Medicina Legale, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia
| | - Enrico De Dominicis
- Medico Chirurgo in Formazione Specialistica presso la Cattedra di Medicina Legale, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia
| | - Gian Luca Marella
- Dottore di Ricerca in Criminalistica presso la Cattedra di Medicina Legale, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia
| | - Massimo Maurici
- Professore Aggregato presso il Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia
| | - Giovanni Arcudi
- Direttore della Cattedra di Medicina Legale, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia
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Neild SA, Champneys AR, Wagg DJ, Hill TL, Cammarano A. The use of normal forms for analysing nonlinear mechanical vibrations. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0404. [PMID: 26303917 PMCID: PMC4549939 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A historical introduction is given of the theory of normal forms for simplifying nonlinear dynamical systems close to resonances or bifurcation points. The specific focus is on mechanical vibration problems, described by finite degree-of-freedom second-order-in-time differential equations. A recent variant of the normal form method, that respects the specific structure of such models, is recalled. It is shown how this method can be placed within the context of the general theory of normal forms provided the damping and forcing terms are treated as unfolding parameters. The approach is contrasted to the alternative theory of nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) which is argued to be problematic in the presence of damping. The efficacy of the normal form method is illustrated on a model of the vibration of a taut cable, which is geometrically nonlinear. It is shown how the method is able to accurately predict NNM shapes and their bifurcations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Neild
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Alan R Champneys
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - David J Wagg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Thomas L Hill
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
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Hill TL, Cammarano A, Neild SA, Wagg DJ. Out-of-unison resonance in weakly nonlinear coupled oscillators. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 471:20140659. [PMID: 25568619 PMCID: PMC4277195 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance is an important phenomenon in vibrating systems and, in systems of nonlinear coupled oscillators, resonant interactions can occur between constituent parts of the system. In this paper, out-of-unison resonance is defined as a solution in which components of the response are 90° out-of-phase, in contrast to the in-unison responses that are normally considered. A well-known physical example of this is whirling, which can occur in a taut cable. Here, we use a normal form technique to obtain time-independent functions known as backbone curves. Considering a model of a cable, this approach is used to identify out-of-unison resonance and it is demonstrated that this corresponds to whirling. We then show how out-of-unison resonance can occur in other two degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillators. Specifically, an in-line oscillator consisting of two masses connected by nonlinear springs—a type of system where out-of-unison resonance has not previously been identified—is shown to have specific parameter regions where out-of-unison resonance can occur. Finally, we demonstrate how the backbone curve analysis can be used to predict the responses of forced systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Hill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - A Cammarano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - S A Neild
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - D J Wagg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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Cammarano A, Gonzalez-Buelga A, Neild SA, Burrow SG, Inman DJ. Bandwidth of a Nonlinear Harvester with Optimized Electrical Load. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/476/1/012071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Alvaro R, Brancato T, Dessy E, Cammarano A. [Health care quality as perceived by the users of an emergency unit in Rome]. Ig Sanita Pubbl 2003; 59:145-55. [PMID: 14576861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at assessing health care quality within the St. Eugenio Emergency Unit in Rome. The survey covers the months of March, June and November 2000. Patients were given about 9 thousand forms to fill before and after their access. Only 4% of them got to the hospital by ambulance and as many as 85% were immediately discharged after the exam. Their expectations were centred primarily on the health staff's professional skills, whereas their retroactive judgment focused on the poor quality of support services (parking lots, directional signs, waiting time), thus neglecting the very professional skills they previously considered as a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Alvaro
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Infermieristica, Università di Tor Vergata, Rome.
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