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Tödter L, Worsaae K, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Comparative molecular and morphological species delineation of Halammohydra Remane, 1927 (Hydrozoa)—with the description of four new species. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-023-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Whereas most cnidarians are macrofaunal, a few microscopic lineages have evolved, and some of them inhabit marine sediments. The meiofaunal genus with the most species is Halammohydra, comprising nine nominal species. Species are described with high intraspecific variability in, e.g., the number of tentacles and statocysts and the shape and length of tentacles and body, complicating morphological identification to species level. Additionally, there is not much molecular data available. This study aims to revise already described species with morphological and molecular methods, as well as, to delineate potential new species answering questions about their geographical distribution. For this, specimens were sampled at 16 locations in the Northwest Atlantic and two localities in the East Atlantic, documented with light microscopy, and fixed individually for sequencing (16S, 18S, and CO1). Herewith, morphological characters were linked to a specific sequence, enabling the testing of character variation within one molecular phylogenetic group. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted (Bayesian Interference and Maximum Likelihood) in combination with species delimitation tests (ABGD, GMYC, and bPTP). Four already described species were identified in the data sets, and all of these were found at multiple localities. Four new species are described. Overall, the combined molecular and morphological data acquisition revealed multiple new species and a high degree of sympatry in Halammohydra. This, together with the confirmed excessive intraspecific variation in morphological traits, underlines the necessity of molecular sequencing for the taxonomy and species identification of Halammohydra.
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Kolbasova G, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Syomin V, Bredikhin D, Morozov T, Neretina T. Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816. ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Expósito López De Felipe JE, Martínez J. Primera cita de Gordius albopunctatus Müller, 1927 en la Península Ibérica (Nematomorpha: Gordioida Rauther, 1930). Graellsia 2021. [DOI: 10.3989/graellsia.2021.v77.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Se hace referencia a la primera cita de Gordius albopunctatus Müller, 1927 (Gordioida) de la península ibérica, a partir de un ejemplar macho y otro hembra capturados en la Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid). Esta cita es la más meridional de su distribución de modo que se amplía notablemente su distribución biogeográfica.
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Swanteson-Franz RJ, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Bolek MG, Hanelt B. A New Species of Gordionus (Nematomorpha: Gordiida) from the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico. J Parasitol 2021; 106:471-477. [PMID: 32673386 DOI: 10.1645/18-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The 19 genera within the phylum Nematomorpha contain approximately 350 species. The cosmopolitan genus Gordionus Müller, 1926 contains about 58 species, 6 of which occur in the contiguous United States of America. Recently, 2 new Gordionus species were described from high-altitude streams within the southern Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fe, New Mexico. Here we describe another new Gordionus species, from a high-altitude stream in the southern Rocky Mountains, from near Taos, New Mexico. The sites consisted of temporary puddles and a small human-made stream at 3,175-3,250-m altitude in aspen/pine woodland. Gordionus lokeri n. sp. has 1 areole type, which varies in shape and size between and within body regions. Midbody areoles are elongated, polygonal, or triangular, shingled, with the raised side of the areole serrated. The interareolar space is narrow, containing few bristles. The male cloacal opening is surrounded inside and outside by narrow branching bristles that bifurcate or trifurcate deeply; the furcae then subdivide several times terminally. Adhesive warts are lacking. Genetic data, consisting of partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences, clearly separated G. lokeri n. sp. from other Nearctic species. This is the third Gordionus species described from high-elevation streams in the Rocky Mountains. It appears that this high-altitude habitat represents the preferential niche for numerous species of this genus, and thus future work should focus on describing gordiid diversity in other parts of the Rocky Mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Swanteson-Franz
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, 163 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum and Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, 163 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Oldenburg V. Morphology of Soboliphyme baturini (Dioctophymatida, Nematoda) by SEM and histological sectioning. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Reinhard Rieger Award. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Vieler V. Validation of Spadella kappae Schmidt-Rhaesa amp; Vieler, a small benthic chaetognath from Roscoff, France (Chaetognatha). Zootaxa 2020; 4759:zootaxa.4759.2.12. [PMID: 33056928 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Schmidt-Rhaesa Vieler (2018) described a new species of benthic chaetognath, Spadella kappae, collected by meiofaunal sampling near Roscoff, France. Although the description and figures presented by Schmidt-Rhaesa Vieler (2018) fully characterize the new species, the journal issue in which the description appeared was published online-only, with no print version, and the article in which the new name appeared did not include a ZooBank registration number for the article (LSID), required for validation of new species names in electronic-only publications (ICZN 2012). As a result, the name Spadella kappae Schmidt-Rhaesa Vieler, 2018, as published in Cahiers de Biologie Marine 59: 257-265, is not available according the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereafter, the Code (ICZN 1999, 2012). Therefore, the present note serves to validate the name Spadella kappae by fulfilling Code conditions for nomenclatural availability. The date and authorship of the specific name, accordingly, are those of this note, not Schmidt-Rhaesa Vieler (2018).
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Anaya C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG. A new species of Gordius (Phylum Nematomorpha) from terrestrial habitats in North America. Zookeys 2019; 892:59-75. [PMID: 31824203 PMCID: PMC6892959 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.892.38868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater hairworms (class Gordiida) are members of the phylum Nematomorpha that use terrestrial arthropods as definitive hosts but reside as free-living adult worms in rivers, lakes, or streams. The genus Gordius consists of 90 described species, of which three species were described from freshwater habitats in North America. In this paper we describe a new species of Gordius from terrestrial habitats in Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana, United States. Oddly, each year hundreds of adult free-living worms appear after bouts of heavy rain on streets, sidewalks, and lawns during the winter season, when terrestrial arthropod hosts are not active. The new species is described based on morphological characters of adults and non-adult stages including the egg strings, eggs, larvae, and cysts. Adult males have a unique row of bristles on the ventral inner side of each tail lobe and a circular pattern of bristles on the terminal end of each lobe, which distinguishes them from all other described North American species of Gordius. The egg string, larval, and cyst morphology of this new species conform to previous descriptions of non-adult hairworm stages for the genus Gordius. However, the eggs of this new species of hairworm are unique, as they contain an outer shell separated by distinct space from a thick inner membrane. The consistent occurrence of this gordiid in terrestrial habitats, along with its distinct egg morphology, suggests that this new species of hairworm has a terrestrial life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Anaya
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA Oklahoma State University Stillwater United States of America
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum and Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, 163 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque United States of America
| | - Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA Oklahoma State University Stillwater United States of America
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Glaubrecht M, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Husemann M. Evolving toward Evolutionary Systematics. EvolSyst 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.1.21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kintsurashvili N, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Chordodes colchis (Nematomorpha, Gordiida), a new species from Georgia. ZOOSYST EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.93.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Yadav AK, Tobias ZJC, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Gordionus maori (Nematomorpha: Gordiida), a new species of horsehair worm from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2017.1329155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
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Yadav AK, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Laha R, Sen A. On the recovery of horsehair worms, Gordius sp. (Nematomorpha: Gordiida) from pork in Shillong, India. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:302-304. [PMID: 28316431 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the phylum Nematomorpha, called as horsehair or gordian worms, are the parasites of arthropods and emerge from their host for reproduction and early development in water. There are about 360 species of nematomorphs described till date. Although, horsehair worms are parasites of arthropod species, sporadic cases of their occurrence have also been reported from several other hosts, including man. This paper describes a case history of the occurrence of two nematomorph worms in the meat of a pig in Shillong, India. The worms were reported to have emerged in live condition from pork bought by a consumer from local market in Shillong. One of the recovered specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy for species determination and identified as Gordius sp., mainly on the basis of flat polygonal areoles and fine bristles on the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Laha
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya 793103 India
| | - A Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya 793103 India
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Karraker NE. Nematomorpha from Hong Kong and description of a new species from Malaysia. Zootaxa 2017; 4238:395-405. [PMID: 28603263 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We report here for the first time horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from Hong Kong (China). Most specimens belong to the genus Chordodes, and can be assigned to C. bipilus, C. caledoniensis and to C. cf. moutoni. Two specimens have a cuticular pattern resembling the South American species C. peraccae or C. bouvieri, but for Southeast Asia this pattern is new. These two specimens are reported here as Chordodes sp. Additionally, Gordionus chinensis was found. One new species, Acutogordius koljai, is described from Malaysia. It has a characteristically-structured region posterior to the postcloacal crescent which sets it apart from previously described species in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Centrum für Naturkunde, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany..
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Henne S, Sombke A, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Immunohistochemical analysis of the anterior nervous system of the free-living nematode Plectus spp. (Nematoda, Plectidae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yadav AK, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Limatemjen. First report of the Gondwana genus Beatogordius from India, with further records of two Chordodes species (Gordiida, Nematomorpha). Zookeys 2017:53-61. [PMID: 28144175 PMCID: PMC5242266 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.643.10506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) are recorded from Nagaland, India. The first species is Chordodescombiareolatus, which was recently described from Nagaland. The second is Chordodescf.furnessi, earlier reported from Meghalaya, and some new observations are added. The third is a new species, described as Beatogordiusnagalandissp. n. This is the first report of the genus Beatogordius in India and this observation fits well into the Gondwana distribution of the genus. The species is quite similar to Beatogordiuschinensis, reported from South China.
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A. The collection of Nematomorpha in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, including description of a new species, Chordodes jelkae sp. n. ZOOSYST EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.92.10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Henne S, Friedrich F, Hammel JU, Sombke A, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Reconstructing the anterior part of the nervous system ofGordius aquaticus(Nematomorpha, cycloneuralia) by a multimethodological approach. J Morphol 2016; 278:106-118. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Henne
- Invertebrates I; University of Hamburg, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Electron Microscopy; University of Hamburg, Biocenter Grindel; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Jörg U. Hammel
- X-ray Imaging with Synchrotron Radiation, Helmholz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Institute of Materials Research; Max-Planck-Straße 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Andy Sombke
- Cytology and Evolutionary Biology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum; Soldmannstrasse 23 Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Invertebrates I; University of Hamburg, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Lalramliana L. New records of Indian Nematomorpha, with the description of a new species from the genus Chordodes. Zootaxa 2016; 4158:272-80. [PMID: 27615885 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chordodes tjorvenae, a new species of horsehair worms is described from Mizoram, Northeast India. The species is distinct from all other known species by a unique combination of cuticular charatcers. In addition, the occurrence of the genus Acutogordius, particularly A. finni, is reported for the first time from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Centrum für Naturkunde, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.;
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Abstract
With the exception of one species, no horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) were known to date from the Philippines. We report here several records, almost all from Panay Island. Two species, Gordius jorriti and Acutogordius finni, are described as new species. Two species of Chordodes, C. caledoniensis and C. cf. moutoni, were found. In addition, further specimens from the genera Gordius, Acutogordius and Chordodes could not be determined to species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Centrum für Naturkunde, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.;
| | - Christian J Schwarz
- Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, ND 1, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.;
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Abstract
A new species, Gordius gonzalezi, is described from the Iberian Peninsula, from the Sierra de los Tormantos in Central Spain. Characteristic for the species is the presence of multiple short spines on the cuticle, not present in this form in any other Gordius species. Additionally, two further specimens are reported, which could not be determined to species level. One male of the genus Gordius is close to G. aquaticus and one female with regular areoles could belong either to the genus Gordius or to Gordionus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Centrum für Naturkunde, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.;
| | - Jesús Martínez
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n., Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; unknown
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Perissinotto R. Chordodes ferox, a new record of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from South Africa. Zookeys 2016:1-11. [PMID: 27047243 PMCID: PMC4797202 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.566.6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three females and one male specimen of a previously unconfirmed species of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from South Africa are described using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The females correspond to the description of Chordodesferox Camerano, 1897, a species previously described from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and an adjacent, not further specified region of the Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville). Characteristic is the presence of enlarged and elevated simple areoles around the base of a thorn areole, in combination with further cuticular characters. This is the latest of a total of six species of horsehair worms reported from South Africa so far. Two species of praying mantids, Polyspilotaaeruginosa (Goeze, 1778) and Sphodromantisgastrica Stål, 1858, have been identified as hosts of Chordodesferox, while its distribution range in the region and the period of adult emergence from the host remain largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum, Centrum für Naturkunde, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renzo Perissinotto
- SARChI Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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Harkins C, Shannon R, Papeş M, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG. Using Gordiid cysts to discover the hidden diversity, potential distribution, <br />and new species of Gordiids (Phylum Nematomorpha). Zootaxa 2016; 4088:515-30. [PMID: 27394355 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4088.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sampled aquatic snails for the presence of hairworm cysts from 46 streams in Payne County, Oklahoma. Gordiid cysts were found at 70 % (32/46) of sites examined. Based on cyst morphology, we were able to identify three morphological types of gordiid cysts, including Paragordius, Gordius, and Chordodes/Neochordodes. Using our gordiid cyst presence data in conjunction with environmental variables, we developed an ecological niche model using Maxent to identify areas suitable for snail infections with gordiids. The model successfully predicted all presence localities of gordiid cysts in snails over a geographic area of 1,810 km<sup>2</sup>. We used this information, along with arthropod host infections and crowdsourcing, citizen scientists sampling for adult free-living worms during peak emergent times in areas predicted suitable by the model, to document Paragordius varius, Chordodes morgani, and a new species of gordiid (Gordius n. sp.). To our knowledge, this is the first ecological niche model attempted on such a narrow geographic scale (county level) that recovered known locations successfully. We provide new scanning electron micrographs and molecular data for these species. Our field data and ecological niche model clearly indicate that gordiid cysts are easy to detect in the environment and together these sampling techniques can be useful in discovering new species of gordiids, even in relatively well sampled areas for these cryptic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Harkins
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S.A. Curent address: Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc.75 Sidney St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 U.S.A.;
| | - Ryan Shannon
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S.A.;
| | - Monica Papeş
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S.A.;
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum and Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.;
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, 163 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, U.S.A.;
| | - Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S.A.;
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Bolek MG, Szmygiel C, Kubat A, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B. Novel techniques for biodiversity studies of gordiids and description of a new species of Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Kenya, Africa. Zootaxa 2015; 3717:23-38. [PMID: 26176092 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in the use of non-adult gordiid cyst stages to locate gordiids over large geographical regions and new culturing techniques which can help overcome current difficulties in nematomorph biodiversity studies. Using these techniques, we collected a new species of gordiid as cysts in aquatic snails (Biomphalaria pfeifferi) from the Lake Victoria Basin, western Kenya, Africa and cultured them in the laboratory. We describe the adult free-living male and female worms using morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular data as well as the life cycle, mating and oviposition behavior, egg strings, eggs, larvae, and cysts of this new species. Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. belongs to a large group of African Chordodes in which simple areoles are smooth or superficially structured less so than "blackberry" areoles but contain filamentous projections. Present among the simple areoles are clusters of bulging areoles, crowned and circurmcluster areoles along with thorn and tubercle areoles. In the laboratory, worms developed and emerged within 53-78 days from three, species of laboratory-reared crickets exposed to cysts of this species. Adult male and female C. kenyaensis n. sp. initiated typical Gordian knots within hours to days of being placed together and males deposited masses of sperm on the cloacal region of females. Females began oviposition within a week of copulating and attached egg strings in a continuous zigzag pattern on small branches or air-hoses but never free in the water column. Larvae hatched within two to three weeks, and cysts developed in laboratory-reared and exposed snails within 14-24 days. Morphological characteristics of egg strings, eggs, larvae and cysts of C. kenyaensis were most similar to other gordiids in the genus Chordodes but differed morphologically from other gordiid genera for which similar information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; Oklahoma 74078, U.S.A.
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Kieneke ALEXANDER, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hochberg R. A new species of Cephalodasys (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from the Caribbean Sea with a determination key to species of the genus. Zootaxa 2015; 3947:367-85. [PMID: 25947742 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Limatemjen, Yadav AK. Chordodes combiareolatus, a new species of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from Nagaland, India, with further comments on Chordodes moutoni. Zootaxa 2015; 3925:202-10. [PMID: 25781739 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The currently known diversity of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from India is only 17 species. We report here two female specimens found on two occasions on a terrace paddy field in Tsupo, Viswema, Kohima, Nagaland, India. Although found at the same location, both species differ in their cuticular structures. One is determined as Chordodes moutoni, a species known from China, Malaysia and India. The other specimen shows a new type of cuticular structure, the areoles, which combines characters of both simple areoles and tubercle areoles. This specimen is described as a new species, C. combiareolatus. Both specimens show arrangements on the cuticle, in which a circle of areoles surrounds a region of "naked" cuticle. We interpret these regions as artifacts caused by the breaking off of the central crowned areoles, leaving only the circumcluster areoles behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum and Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Matrin-Luther-King-Platz 3, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.;
| | - Limatemjen
- Department of Zoology, Kohima Science College (Autonomous), Jotsoma, Nagaland, 797002, India.;
| | - Arun K Yadav
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.;
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Peter Ax (29.03.1927–02.05.2013). ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Szmygiel C, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B, Bolek MG. Comparative descriptions of non-adult stages of four genera of Gordiids (Phylum: Nematomorpha). Zootaxa 2014; 3768:101-18. [PMID: 24871170 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater hairworms infect terrestrial arthropods as larvae but are free-living in aquatic habitats as adults. Estimates suggest that only 18% of hairworm species have been described globally and biodiversity studies on this group have been hindered by unreliable ways of collecting adult free living worms over large geographical areas. However, recent work indicates that non-adult cyst stages of hairworms may be the most commonly encountered stages of gordiids in the environment, and can be used for discovering the hidden diversity of this group. Unfortunately, little information is available on the morphological characteristics of non-adult stages of hairworms. To address this problem, we describe and compare morphological characteristics of non-adult stages for nine species of African and North American gordiids from four genera (Chordodes, Gordius, Paragordius, and Neochordodes). Observations were made on the oviposition behavior of adult worms and morphological characteristics were recorded for egg strings, larvae and cysts using light and differential interference contrast microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy. Our study indicates that three distinct types of oviposition behaviors and three distinct morphological types of egg string, larva, and cysts were present among the four genera of gordiids. Although species identification based on cyst characteristics was not always possible among different species of gordiids, cyst morphology was conserved among some genera and all clades of gordiids. More importantly, our work indicates that gordiid larval morphology can be used for predicting cyst morphology among other gordiid genera. The capability to identify and predict gordiid genera and/or clades based on cyst morphology will be useful for culturing gordiids in the laboratory from field collected cysts and these new techniques will undoubtedly allow others to discover new species of gordiids from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Szmygiel
- Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S.A.;
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum and Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.;
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, 163 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, U.S.A.;
| | - Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S.A.;
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Celebrating 90 years of Zoomorphology. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-014-0220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schulze C, Neves RC, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Comparative immunohistochemical investigation on the nervous system of two species of Arthrotardigrada (Heterotardigrada, Tardigrada). ZOOL ANZ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Fifteen species of freshwater Nematomorpha have been described from India, five of which belong to the genus Chordodes. This paper describes one new species of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha): Chordodes lasuboni and a new record, C. moutoni from North-East India, which raises the total number of described species from India to 17. Chordodes lasuboni is characterized by a novel cuticular pattern in the head region and by the presence of slender, hooked thorn areoles on the body cuticle. Compared to the large size and ecological diversity of India, the nematomorph fauna is regarded as under-sampled and several new species are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Bolek MG, Rogers E, Szmygiel C, Shannon RP, Doerfert-Schrader WE, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Hanelt B. Survival of larval and cyst stages of gordiids (Nematomorpha) after exposure to freezing. J Parasitol 2012; 99:397-402. [PMID: 23252693 DOI: 10.1645/12-62.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairworms infect terrestrial arthropods and are 1 of the most understudied groups of parasites. Recently, life cycles of 2 gordiids (Paragordius varius and Paragordius obamai) have been domesticated in the laboratory. We tested the viability of laboratory reared and post-frozen larval and cyst stages of the North American gordiid, P. varius , frozen at -80 C for 7 mo, and the viability of field collected and post-frozen cysts of the African (P. obamai) and North American ( P. varius ) gordiid frozen at -20 C for 2 mo. All snails exposed to post-frozen or control P. varius larvae became infected with cysts, and there was no significant difference in prevalence or mean intensity of cysts among control or experimental snail groups. As with larvae, no significant differences were observed in prevalence or mean intensity of emerging worms from crickets infected with post-frozen or control P. obamai or P. varius cysts. All female P. obamai and P. varius worms from control and post-frozen cyst infections laid eggs and larvae hatched from some of these eggs. Survival and cyst formation of P. varius larvae exposed to different combinations of drying and/or freezing temperatures indicated that gordiid larvae have the ability to survive drying and freezing, but survival significantly increases during freezing at lower temperatures. The major contribution of our study is the demonstration that gordiid larval and cyst stages can survive freezing temperatures to infect and develop in the next host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Bolek
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Sato T, Watanabe K, Tamotsu S, Ichikawa A, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Diversity of nematomorph and cohabiting nematode parasites in riparian ecosystems around the Kii Peninsula, Japan. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nematomorph parasites manipulate terrestrial invertebrate hosts to seek out and enter streams, thereby deriving substantial energy subsidies to stream salmonids. Despite this potential ecological role of nematomorphs, knowledge of their diversity remains unclear. Using molecular (i.e., 18S rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes) and morphological approaches, we explored the species diversity of suspected nematomorph specimens, as well as their terrestrial orthopteran hosts, in 10 stream and riparian ecosystems around the Kii Peninsula, central Honshu, Japan. We distinguished seven species of nematomorphs belonging to three genera based on molecular and morphological data. The identifications by the two approaches were consistent with each other at the genus level but partly not at the species level. Furthermore, among the suspected nematomorph specimens, eight nematode species belonging to the orders Mermithida and Trichocephalida were found from two sites. Several orthopterans, mainly camel crickets, were infected by nematomorphs and by a nematode without obvious species specificity. These results suggest that diverse parasites and their orthopteran hosts drive the parasite-mediated energy flow across the stream and riparian ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sato
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cyou, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Watanabe
- Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamotsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishi machi, Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Akihiko Ichikawa
- Orthopterological Society of Japan, 310 Kitadai Building, 17-13 Hirao-4 chome, Taisho-ku, Osaka 551-0012, Japan
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Despite the severe fitness costs associated with sexual reproduction, its persistence and pervasiveness among multicellular organisms testifies to its intrinsic, short-term advantages. However, the reproductive assurance hypothesis predicts selection favoring asexual reproduction in sparse populations and when mate finding is difficult. Difficulties in finding mates is especially common in parasites, whose life cycles involve multiple hosts, or being released from the host into the external environment where the parasite can find itself trapped without a sexual partner. To solve this problem and guarantee reproduction, parasites in numerous phyla have evolved reproductive strategies, as predicted by the reproductive assurance hypothesis, such as hermaphroditism or parthenogenesis. However, this type of strategy has not been reported from species in the phylum Nematomorpha, whose populations have often been described as sparse. A new Nematomorpha species, Paragordius obamai n. sp., was discovered from Kenya, Africa, and appears to have solved the problem of being trapped without a mate by eliminating the need for males. Paragordius obamai n. sp. represents the first and only known species within this phylum to reproduce asexually. To determine the mechanism of this mating strategy, we ruled out the involvement of reproduction manipulating endosymbionts by use of next generation sequencing data, thus suggesting that parthenogenesis is determined genetically and may have evolved as a means to assure reproduction. Since this new parthenogenetic species and a closely related gonochoristic North American congener, P. varius, are easy to propagate in the laboratory, these gordiids can be used as model systems to test hypotheses on the genetic advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction and the genetic determinants of reproductive strategies in parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hanelt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
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Rothe BH, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Kieneke A. The nervous system of Neodasys chaetonotoideus (Gastrotricha: Neodasys) revealed by combining confocal laserscanning and transmission electron microscopy: evolutionary comparison of neuroanatomy within the Gastrotricha and basal Protostomia. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-011-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Lalramliana. Chordodes mizoramensis (Nematomorpha, Gordiida), a new species of horsehair worm from Mizoram, North-East India. Zookeys 2011:1-8. [PMID: 21594136 PMCID: PMC3088041 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.75.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordodes mizoramensis, a new species of freshwater gordiid horsehair worm, is described from Mizoram, NE India on the basis of scanning electron microscopic and morphometric studies. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners in that the apical filaments of the crowned areoles are branched several times, a pattern that has not been observed in other species. An additional distinguishing character is that it has more bulging areoles, which are distributed among simple areoles alone or in groups, do not form clear patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Zoological Museum, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Richter S, Loesel R, Purschke G, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Scholtz G, Stach T, Vogt L, Wanninger A, Brenneis G, Döring C, Faller S, Fritsch M, Grobe P, Heuer CM, Kaul S, Møller OS, Müller CHG, Rieger V, Rothe BH, Stegner MEJ, Harzsch S. Invertebrate neurophylogeny: suggested terms and definitions for a neuroanatomical glossary. Front Zool 2010; 7:29. [PMID: 21062451 PMCID: PMC2996375 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invertebrate nervous systems are highly disparate between different taxa. This is reflected in the terminology used to describe them, which is very rich and often confusing. Even very general terms such as 'brain', 'nerve', and 'eye' have been used in various ways in the different animal groups, but no consensus on the exact meaning exists. This impedes our understanding of the architecture of the invertebrate nervous system in general and of evolutionary transformations of nervous system characters between different taxa. RESULTS We provide a glossary of invertebrate neuroanatomical terms with a precise and consistent terminology, taxon-independent and free of homology assumptions. This terminology is intended to form a basis for new morphological descriptions. A total of 47 terms are defined. Each entry consists of a definition, discouraged terms, and a background/comment section. CONCLUSIONS The use of our revised neuroanatomical terminology in any new descriptions of the anatomy of invertebrate nervous systems will improve the comparability of this organ system and its substructures between the various taxa, and finally even lead to better and more robust homology hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rudi Loesel
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Günter Purschke
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Zoologie, Barbarastraße 11,, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Biozentrum Grindel/Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Stach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Zoologie - Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Vogt
- Universität Bonn, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, An der Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Research Group for Comparative Zoology, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georg Brenneis
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Döring
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Zoologie, Barbarastraße 11,, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Simone Faller
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Fritsch
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Grobe
- Universität Bonn, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, An der Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten M Heuer
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kaul
- Freie Universität Berlin, Zoologie - Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole S Møller
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carsten HG Müller
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Verena Rieger
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgen H Rothe
- Biozentrum Grindel/Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin EJ Stegner
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Prous M. Records of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) in Estonia, with description of three new species from the genusGordiusL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3176/eco.2010.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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De Villalobos C, Zanca F, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Revision of the genusChordodes(Gordiida: Nematomorpha) from Africa IV. Ultrastructural redescription ofChordodes congolensisSciacchitano, 1933,Chordodes feroxCamerano, 1897,Chordodes madagascariensis(Camerano, 1893),Chordodes mobensisSciacchitano, 1958 and reinterpretation ofChordodes maculatusSciacchitano, 1958 andChordodes kakandensisSciacchitano, 1958. J NAT HIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930903220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Compared with most animal phyla, the Nematomorpha, also known as hair worms, is a relatively understudied metazoan phylum. Although nematomorphs make up only 1 of 3 animal phyla specializing solely on a parasitic life style, little attention has been focused on this enigmatic group scientifically. The phylum contains two main groups. The nectonematids are parasites of marine invertebrates such as hermit crabs. The gordiids are parasites of terrestrial arthropods, such as mantids, beetles, and crickets. Members of both of these groups are free-living as adults in marine and freshwaters respectively. In recent years, large strides have been made to understand this group more fully. New information has come from collection efforts, new approaches in organismal biology, modern techniques in microscopy and molecular biology. This review will focus on the advances made in four main areas of research: (1) morphology, (2) taxonomy and systematics, (3) life cycle and ecology and (4) host behavioural alterations. Recent research focus on the structure of both nectonematids and gordiids has added new insights on the morphology of adult worms and juveniles. The nervous system of gordiids is now well described, including the documentation of sensory cells. In addition, the availability of material from the juvenile of several species of gordiids has made it possible to document the development of the parasitic stage. New collections and reinvestigations of museum specimens have allowed for a critical reevaluation of the validity of established genera and species. However, traditional taxonomic work on this group continues to be hampered by two impeding factors: first is the lack of species-specific characters; and second is the problem of intraspecific variation, which has likely led to the description of numerous synonyms. Modern molecular techniques have been used recently to support independently the broad relationships among gordiids. During the turn of the millennium, the study of the life cycle and general ecology of gordiids enjoyed a revival. The pivotal outcome of this research was the domestication of a common American gordiid species, Paragordius varius. This species was the first of this phylum to be laboratory-reared. Through this research, the life cycle of several distantly related gordiid species was investigated. Other work showed that gordiids persist in the environment in the cyst stage by moving through different hosts by paratenesis. These cysts have been shown to retain infectivity for up to a year. These factors have likely contributed to the finding that gordiid cysts are one of the most common metazoans in some aquatic environments. Finally, recent work has focused on elucidating the mechanism of how gordiids make the transition from terrestrially based definitive hosts to a free-living aquatic environment. It has been shown that hosts are manipulated by the parasites to enter water. Using this study system, and using histology and proteomic tools, the method of manipulation used by these parasites is being further investigated. This manipulation, and the reaction of the cricket to this manipulation, has been postulated to benefit both the parasite and the host. Although large strides have been made within the last 10 years in the understanding of nematomorphs, we make the case that a lot of basic information remains to be uncovered. Although seemingly a daunting task, the recent advances in information and techniques lay a solid foundation for the future study of this unique group of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hanelt
- Department of Biology, 167 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091, USA
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Farfan MA, Bernard EC. First Record of Millipeds as Hosts for Horsehair Worms (Nematomorpha) in North America. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2009. [DOI: 10.1656/045.016.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Reinvestigation and reinterpretation of Chordodiolus echinatus Linstow, 1901, a peculiar nematomorph species. ZOOSYST EVOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.20010770115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Brune S. Description of one known and three new Chordodes species (Nematomorpha) parasitizing praying mantids (Mantoptera) in Malaysia, with a discussion of sexual dimorphism in Chordodes. ZOOSYST EVOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/zoos.200700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ, Pang K, Browne WE, Smith SA, Seaver E, Rouse GW, Obst M, Edgecombe GD, Sørensen MV, Haddock SHD, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Okusu A, Kristensen RM, Wheeler WC, Martindale MQ, Giribet G. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 2008; 452:745-9. [PMID: 18322464 DOI: 10.1038/nature06614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1252] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-held ideas regarding the evolutionary relationships among animals have recently been upended by sometimes controversial hypotheses based largely on insights from molecular data. These new hypotheses include a clade of moulting animals (Ecdysozoa) and the close relationship of the lophophorates to molluscs and annelids (Lophotrochozoa). Many relationships remain disputed, including those that are required to polarize key features of character evolution, and support for deep nodes is often low. Phylogenomic approaches, which use data from many genes, have shown promise for resolving deep animal relationships, but are hindered by a lack of data from many important groups. Here we report a total of 39.9 Mb of expressed sequence tags from 29 animals belonging to 21 phyla, including 11 phyla previously lacking genomic or expressed-sequence-tag data. Analysed in combination with existing sequences, our data reinforce several previously identified clades that split deeply in the animal tree (including Protostomia, Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa), unambiguously resolve multiple long-standing issues for which there was strong conflicting support in earlier studies with less data (such as velvet worms rather than tardigrades as the sister group of arthropods), and provide molecular support for the monophyly of molluscs, a group long recognized by morphologists. In addition, we find strong support for several new hypotheses. These include a clade that unites annelids (including sipunculans and echiurans) with nemerteans, phoronids and brachiopods, molluscs as sister to that assemblage, and the placement of ctenophores as the earliest diverging extant multicellular animals. A single origin of spiral cleavage (with subsequent losses) is inferred from well-supported nodes. Many relationships between a stable subset of taxa find strong support, and a diminishing number of lineages remain recalcitrant to placement on the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W Dunn
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, PBRC, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA.
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Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Gerke S. Cuticular ultrastructure of Chordodes nobilii Camerano, 1901, with a comparison of cuticular ultrastructure in horsehair worms (Nematomorpha). ZOOL ANZ 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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