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Hu S, Huang Y, Deshpande M, Luo G, Bruce MA, Chen L, Mattson G, Iben LG, Zhang J, Russell JW, Clarke WJ, Hogan J, Ortiz A, Flint O, Henwood A, Gao Q, Antal-Zimanyi I, Poindexter GS. Discovery of a Novel Class of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpiperazines as Noncompetitive Neuropeptide Y Y1 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:222-6. [PMID: 24900458 PMCID: PMC4025839 DOI: 10.1021/ml200265m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpiperazine neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 antagonists has been designed and synthesized. Scatchard binding analysis showed these compounds to be noncompetitive with [(125)I]PYY binding to the Y1 receptor. The most potent member, 1-((1α,3α,5α,6β)-6-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-3-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-yl)-4-phenylpiperazine (2) had an IC50 = 62 nM and displayed excellent oral bioavailability in rat (% F po = 80), as well as good brain penetration (B/P ratio = 0.61). In a spontaneous nocturnal feeding study with male Sprague-Dawley rats, 2 significantly reduced food intake during a 12 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghua Hu
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yazhong Huang
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Milind Deshpande
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Guanglin Luo
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Marc A. Bruce
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Gail Mattson
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lawrence G. Iben
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John W. Russell
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Wendy J. Clarke
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John
B. Hogan
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Astrid Ortiz
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Oliver Flint
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Andrew Henwood
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ildiko Antal-Zimanyi
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Graham S. Poindexter
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Dertinger SD, Phonethepswath S, Weller P, Nicolette J, Murray J, Sonders P, Vohr HW, Shi J, Krsmanovic L, Gleason C, Custer L, Henwood A, Sweder K, Stankowski LF, Roberts DJ, Giddings A, Kenny J, Lynch AM, Defrain C, Nesslany F, van der Leede BJM, Van Doninck T, Schuermans A, Tanaka K, Hiwata Y, Tajima O, Wilde E, Elhajouji A, Gunther WC, Thiffeault CJ, Shutsky TJ, Fiedler RD, Kimoto T, Bhalli JA, Heflich RH, MacGregor JT. International Pig-a gene mutation assay trial: evaluation of transferability across 14 laboratories. Environ Mol Mutagen 2011; 52:690-698. [PMID: 21910140 DOI: 10.1002/em.20672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative international trial was conducted to evaluate the reproducibility and transferability of an in vivo mutation assay based on the enumeration of CD59-negative rat erythrocytes, a phenotype that is indicative of Pig-a gene mutation. Fourteen laboratories participated in this study, where anti-CD59-PE, SYTO 13 dye, and flow cytometry were used to determine the frequency of CD59-negative erythrocytes (RBC(CD59-)) and CD59-negative reticulocytes (RET(CD59-)). To provide samples with a range of mutant phenotype cell frequencies, male rats were exposed to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) via oral gavage for three consecutive days (Days 1-3). Each laboratory studied 0, 20, and 40 mg ENU/kg/day (n = 5 per group). Three sites also evaluated 4 mg/kg/day. At a minimum, blood samples were collected three times: predosing and on Days 15 and 30. Blood samples were processed according to a standardized sample processing and data acquisition protocol, and three endpoints were measured: %reticulocytes, frequency of RET(CD59-) , and frequency of RBC(CD59-) . The methodology was found to be reproducible, as the analysis of technical replicates resulted in experimental coefficients of variation that approached theoretical values. Good transferability was evident from the similar kinetics and magnitude of the dose-related responses that were observed among different laboratories. Concordance correlation coefficients showed a high level of agreement between the reference site and the test sites (range: 0.87-0.99). Collectively, these data demonstrate that with adequate training of personnel, flow cytometric analysis is capable of reliably enumerating mutant phenotype erythrocytes, thereby providing a robust in vivo mutation assay that is readily transferable across laboratories.
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Lynch AM, Giddings A, Custer L, Gleason C, Henwood A, Aylott M, Kenny J. International Pig-a gene mutation assay trial (stage III): results with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Environ Mol Mutagen 2011; 52:699-710. [PMID: 22167885 DOI: 10.1002/em.20691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was evaluated in the in vivo Pig-a mutation assay as part of an International Collaborative Trial to investigate laboratory reproducibility, 28-day study integration, and comparative analysis with micronucleus (MN), comet, and clinical pathology endpoints. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated for 28 days with doses of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg MNU/kg/day in two independent laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). Additional studies investigated the low-dose region (<2.5 mg/kg/day). Reticulocytes were evaluated for Pig-a phenotypic mutation, CD59-negative reticulocytes/erythrocytes (RETs(CD592-)/ RBCs(CD592-)) on Days 1, 4, 15, 29, 43, and 57, and for micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RETs) on Days 4 and 29. Comet analysis was conducted for liver and whole blood, and hematology and clinical chemistry was investigated. Dose-dependent increases in the frequency of RETs(CD592-) and RBCs(CD592-) were observed by Day 15 or 29, respectively. Dose-dependent increases were observed in %MN-RET on Days 4 and 29, and in mean %tail intensity in liver and in blood. Hematology/clinical chemistry data demonstrated bone marrow toxicity. Data comparison between GSK and BMS indicated a high degree of concordance with the Pig-a mutation assay results, consistent with previous observations with MNU and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. These data confirm that complementary genotoxicity endpoints can be effectively incorporated into routine toxicology studies, a strategy that can provide information on gene mutation, chromosome damage, and DNA strand breaks in a single repeat dose rodent study. Collectively, this would reduce animal usage while providing valuable genetic toxicity information within the context of other toxicological endpoints.
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Behnia K, Cornelius G, Wang J, Shipkova P, Johnghar S, Washburn W, Brigance R, Stetsko P, Henwood A, Wojciechowski JP, Marathe P, Rodrigues AD, Humphreys WG. Estimation of the Extent ofin VivoFormation of a Mutagenic Aromatic Amine from a Potent Thyromimetic Compound: Correlation ofin Vitroandin VivoFindings. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:905-12. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200087q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Catchpoole D, Mackie N, McIver S, Chetcuti A, Henwood A, Graf N, Arbuckle S. Tape transfer sectioning of tissue microarrays introduces nonspecific immunohistochemical staining artifacts. Biotech Histochem 2010; 86:421-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2010.527859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Catchpoole
- Biospecimens Research Group, and Tumour Bank The Children's Cancer Research Unit
| | - N Mackie
- Biospecimens Research Group, and Tumour Bank The Children's Cancer Research Unit
| | - S McIver
- Biospecimens Research Group, and Tumour Bank The Children's Cancer Research Unit
| | - A Chetcuti
- Biospecimens Research Group, and Tumour Bank The Children's Cancer Research Unit
| | - A Henwood
- Histopathology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead,
Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - N Graf
- Histopathology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead,
Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - S Arbuckle
- Histopathology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead,
Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Henwood A. Current applications of orcein in histochemistry. A brief review with some new observations concerning influence of dye batch variation and aging of dye solutions on staining. Biotech Histochem 2005; 78:303-8. [PMID: 15473577 DOI: 10.1080/10520290410001671335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Current uses of orcein to demonstrate elastic fibers and, following permanganate oxidation (Shikata's modification), hepatitis B surface antigen, copper associated protein, and sulfated mucins, are reviewed. Variations in staining performance with batch of dye and age of dye solution is also discussed. Additional experimental findings support the view that the orcein stain for elastic tissue and Shikata's modification produces consistent, high quality results as long as appropriate controls and suitable dye batches, e.g., Biological Stain Commission certified dyes, are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Henwood
- Histopathology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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Hays GC, Ashworth JS, Barnsley MJ, Broderick AC, Emery DR, Godley BJ, Henwood A, Jones EL. The importance of sand albedo for the thermal conditions on sea turtle nesting beaches. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yu G, Mason H, Wu X, Wang J, Chong S, Beyer B, Henwood A, Pongrac R, Seliger L, He B, Normandin D, Ferrer P, Zhang R, Adam L, Humphrey WG, Krupinski J, Macor JE. Substituted pyrazolopyridopyridazines as orally bioavailable potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors: potential agents for treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Med Chem 2003; 46:457-60. [PMID: 12570368 DOI: 10.1021/jm0256068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel pyrazolopyridopyridazine derivatives have been prepared as potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors. Compound 6 has been identified as a more potent and selective PDE5 inhibitor than sildenafil (1). It is as efficacious as sildenafil in in vitro and in vivo PDE5 inhibition models, and it is orally bioavailable in rats and dogs. The superior isozyme selectivity of 6 is expected to exert less adverse effects in humans when used for erectile dysfunction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixue Yu
- Discovery Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety, and Metabolic and Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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Henwood A. Improved demonstration of mast cells using alcian blue tetrakis (methylpyridium) chloride. Biotech Histochem 2002; 77:93-4. [PMID: 12083390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many batches of alcian blue dye are incompletely soluble at the low pH used for demonstrating mast cells. An improved technique using alcian blue tetrakis (methylpyridium) chloride (alcian blue pyridine variant) is described here. It produces stronger mast cell staining than other alcian blue stains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Henwood
- Histopathology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia.
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Yu G, Mason HJ, Wu X, Wang J, Chong S, Dorough G, Henwood A, Pongrac R, Seliger L, He B, Normandin D, Adam L, Krupinski J, Macor JE. Substituted pyrazolopyridines as potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors: potential agents for treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1025-7. [PMID: 11297448 DOI: 10.1021/jm0155042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Yu
- Discovery Chemistry, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety, and Metabolic & Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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LaLonde RT, Bu L, Henwood A, Fiumano J, Zhang L. Bromine-, chlorine-, and mixed halogen-substituted 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanones: synthesis and mutagenic effects of halogen and hydroxyl group replacements. Chem Res Toxicol 1997; 10:1427-36. [PMID: 9437535 DOI: 10.1021/tx9701283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The versatility of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2(5H)-furanone as a starting point for the synthesis of several bromine and mixed halogen analogues of the potent water mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) has been demonstrated. However, in some preparations the yields of desired products were lower for bromine- than chlorine-substituted counterparts. A total of 12 bromine-, chlorine-, and mixed halogen-substituted 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanones were tested repeatedly in 10 independent experiments for levels of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) mutagenicities. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the mutagenic response to changing halogen content, type, and position as well as to learn the measure of these responses in the presence and absence of the C-5 OH group. Mutagenicities reached levels of 10(3) and 10(2) rev/nmol for all trihalo- and dihalo-4-methyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones, respectively, notwithstanding substitutions by bromine or chlorine. Trihalides lacking the C-5 hydroxyl group possessed mutagenicities of the order of 10(2) rev/nmol, while hydroxyl group absence in the dihalides resulted in potency levels of slightly less than 10 rev/ nmol. Pairwise comparisons of compound mutagenicities showed that overall the C-5 H-by-OH replacement and, next in importance, increasing the number of C-6 halogens from one to two resulted in the greatest enhancements of mutagenicities. However, in comparing compound pairs within two different sets of four di- and trihalides, it was observed that replacement of a C-5 H by OH enhanced mutagenicity more for the dihalides than the trihalides indicating that increasing the C-6 halogen number simultaneously with replacing C-5 H by OH results in a nonlinear, additive enhancement. For fewer than half of the compound pairs compared, changing the C-6 halogen from chlorine to bromine resulted in small increases in mutagenicity, and for the remaining compound pairs, no increase could be discerned. This result points to the relative unimportance of only C-6 halogen type as a determinant of mutagenicity. Similarly, no impact on mutagenicity was observed for changing only the halogen type attached to C-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse 13210-2786, USA
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Edyvane KA, Trussell DC, Jonavicius J, Henwood A, Marshall VR. Presence and regional variation in peptide-containing nerves in the human ureter. J Auton Nerv Syst 1992; 39:127-37. [PMID: 1385511 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(92)90053-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence, distribution and regional variation of neurones immunoreactive for the neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), enkephalin (ENK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) were investigated in human ureters by indirect immunohistochemistry. In addition, immunoreactivities to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker of noradrenergic neurones and to protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a general marker of neurones, were also studied. Neurones displaying PGP-, NPY-, VIP- and TH-like immunoreactivity (-LIR) provided a rich innervation to the smooth muscle and blood vessels of the ureter, where they formed dense muscular and perivascular nerve plexuses. In contrast, there was only a moderate to sparse innervation by SP and CGRP-LIR neurones, most of which were distributed to blood vessels and to the sub mucosal layer, and only rarely to smooth muscle bundles. No ENK-LIR was detected in this study. Nerve fibre bundle densities were estimated for each of the localized neurochemicals according to a method described. NPY-LIR nerve fibre bundles were found to account for 80% of the total nerve fibre bundles (i.e. PGP-LIR) in the ureter. On the other hand, TH-LIR and VIP-LIR nerve fibre bundles each accounted for 50% of the total ureteral innervation, whereas SP- and CGRP-LIR nerve fibre bundles each comprised 20% of the total innervation. The abundance and pattern of tissues innervated by these immunoreactive neurones is consistent with the view that some of these neuropeptide substances co-exist with other peptide substances and/or with other known neurotransmitters, such as noradrenaline or acetylcholine. A gradient of innervation was found to exist for all the neurochemicals demonstrated in the ureter, whereby the lower ureter receives a greater density of innervation than the upper ureter. This finding suggests the human ureter is primarily innervated by fibres arising from or via the lower pelvis, i.e. the pelvic plexus. It also supports the view that the lower ureter may perform an important physiological role, such as coordinating the tone of this region during bladder filling and emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Edyvane
- Department of Surgical Services, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, Adelaide, Australia
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Tanenbaum SW, Fisher PJ, Henwood A, Novak J, Scott B, Nakas JP. Hemicellulose bioconversion to polyanionic heteropolysaccharides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992; 34-35:135-48. [PMID: 1622201 DOI: 10.1007/bf02920541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anionic polysaccharides, traditionally obtained from plant or algal sources, have a variety of commercial uses. Such gums from microorganisms have received increased recent interest. We have initiated a program to investigate the bioconversion of pentosans to rheologically useful anionic extracellular polysaccharides (AEPS). A number of earlier-described species, including Cryptococcus laurentii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Arthrobacter viscosus, and Pseudomonas ATCC 31260, appear to have potential in this regard. These organisms can individually convert either xylose, enzymatic oligomeric hemicellulose digests, dilute mineral acid hemicellulose ("TVA") hydrolysates, or a five-monosaccharide mixture simulating sulfite process liquors to AEPS. The formation parameters, compositions, mol-wt distributions, and the intrinsic viscosities of these purified AEPS are exemplified. Substitution of pentose as the major substrate for glucose can result in changes in mol-wt distribution or in the percentage of noncarbohydrate substituents in some AEPS. Pursuit of these observations may lead to interesting structure-property relationships and toward rheological applications for pentosan-derived AEPS.
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