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Clarke H, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Zheng C, Masterjohn E, Patel F, Moffat M, Wei Q, Liu R, Emmins R, Fischer S, Rieder S, Kelly T. When will we have a clone? An industry perspective on the typical CLD timeline. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3449. [PMID: 38477447 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell line development (CLD) represents a complex but highly critical process during the development of a biological drug. To shed light on this crucial workflow, a team of BioPhorum members (authors) has developed and executed surveys focused on the activities and effort involved in a typical CLD campaign. An average of 27 members from different companies that participate in the BioPhorum CLD working group answered surveys covering three distinguishable stages of a standard CLD process: (1) Pre-transfection, including vector design and construction; (2) Transfection, spanning the initial introduction of vector into cells and subsequent selection and analysis of the pools; and (3) Single Cell Cloning and Lead Clone Selection, comprising methods of isolating single cells and confirming clonal origin, subsequent expansion and screening processes, and methods for identifying and banking lead clones. The surveys were very extensive, including a total of 341 questions split between antibody and complex molecule CLD processes. In this survey review, the authors interpret and highlight responses for antibody development and, where relevant, contrast complex molecule development challenges to provide a comprehensive industry perspective on the typical time and effort required to develop a CHO production cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Clarke
- Seagen Inc., Cell Line Development, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chenxing Zheng
- Incyte Corporation, Cell Line Development, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Falguni Patel
- AbbVie Inc., S&T Biologics Development & Launch, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Moffat
- Pfizer, Cell Line Development, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingxiang Wei
- Incyte Corporation, Cell Line Development, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Process Cell Sciences, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robyn Emmins
- GSK Medicines and Research Centre, Cell Line Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Simon Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cell Line Development, Biberach, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rieder
- AbbVie Inc., S&T Biologics Development & Launch, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Kelly
- Janssen R&D, Cell Engineering & Analytical Sciences, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gödecke N, Herrmann S, Hauser H, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Trautwein M, Wirth D. Rational Design of Single Copy Expression Cassettes in Defined Chromosomal Sites Overcomes Intraclonal Cell-to-Cell Expression Heterogeneity and Ensures Robust Antibody Production. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:145-157. [PMID: 33382574 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of endogenous genes as well as transgenes depends on regulatory elements within and surrounding genes as well as their epigenetic modifications. Members of a cloned cell population often show pronounced cell-to-cell heterogeneity with respect to the expression of a certain gene. To investigate the heterogeneity of recombinant protein expression we targeted cassettes into two preselected chromosomal hot-spots in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Depending on the gene of interest and the design of the expression cassette, we found strong expression variability that could be reduced by epigenetic modifiers, but not by site-specific recruitment of the modulator dCas9-VPR. In particular, the implementation of ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOEs) reduced cell-to-cell heterogeneity and concomitantly increased expression. The application of this method to recombinant antibody expression confirmed that rational design of cell lines for production of transgenes with predictable and high titers is a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Gödecke
- RG Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Sabrina Herrmann
- RG Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Hauser
- Staff Unit Scientific Strategy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | | | | | - Dagmar Wirth
- RG Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Medical University Hannover, Hannover 30625, Germany
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Zingaro K, Shaw D, Carson J, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Bender C, Alves C, Mcvey D, Qian NX, Wei Q, Laird MW, Zhu Y, Emmins R, Follit JA, Porter A, Racher AJ, Milne S, Carubelli I, Du Z, Khatri A, Failly M, Broly H, Lee F, Reeser M, Spidel J, Anderson K, Demaria C, Di-Carlo J, Gill J, Lundquist A, Kumar SR, Gill T. Implementation of Plate Imaging for Demonstration of Monoclonality in Biologics Manufacturing Development. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2018; 72:438-450. [PMID: 29669815 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2018.008789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonality of mammalian cell lines used for production of biologics is a regulatory expectation and one of the attributes assessed as part of a larger process to ensure consistent quality of the biologic. Historically, monoclonality has been demonstrated through statistics generated from limiting dilution cloning or through verified flow cytometry methods. A variety of new technologies are now on the market with the potential to offer more efficient and robust approaches to generating and documenting a clonal cell line.Here we present an industry perspective on approaches for the application of imaging and integration of that information into a regulatory submission to support a monoclonality claim. These approaches represent the views of a consortium of companies within the BioPhorum Development Group and include case studies utilising imaging technology that apply scientifically sound approaches and efforts in demonstrating monoclonality. By highlighting both the utility of these alternative approaches and the advantages they bring over the traditional methods, as well as their adoption by industry leaders, we hope to encourage acceptance of their use within the biologics cell line development space and provide guidance for regulatory submission using these alternative approaches.LAY ABSTRACT: In the manufacture of biologics produced in mammalian cells, one recommendation by regulatory agencies to help ensure product consistency, safety, and efficacy is to produce the material from a monoclonal cell line derived from a single, progenitor cell. The process by which monoclonality is assured can be supplemented with single-well plate images of the progenitor cell. Here we highlight the utility of that imaging technology, describe approaches to verify the validity of those images, and discuss how to analyze that information to support a biologic filing application. This approach serves as an industry perspective to increased regulatory interest within the scope of monoclonality for mammalian cell culture-derived biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Zingaro
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT, USA;
| | - David Shaw
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA;
| | | | - Anke Mayer-Bartschmid
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Cell and Protein Sciences, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christian Bender
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Cell and Protein Sciences, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhimei Du
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono S.A., Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Karin Anderson
- Pfizer BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sampath R Kumar
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA, USA; and
| | - Tony Gill
- BioPhorum Development Group, Sheffield, UK
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Golfier S, Kopitz C, Kahnert A, Heisler I, Schatz CA, Stelte-Ludwig B, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Unterschemmann K, Bruder S, Linden L, Harrenga A, Hauff P, Scholle FD, Müller-Tiemann B, Kreft B, Ziegelbauer K. Anetumab ravtansine: a novel mesothelin-targeting antibody-drug conjugate cures tumors with heterogeneous target expression favored by bystander effect. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1537-48. [PMID: 24714131 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelin is a tumor differentiation antigen frequently overexpressed in tumors such as mesothelioma, ovarian, pancreatic, and lung adenocarcinomas while showing limited expression in nonmalignant tissues. Mesothelin is therefore an attractive target for cancer therapy using antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). This study describes the detailed characterization of anetumab ravtansine, here referred to as BAY 94-9343, a novel ADC consisting of a human anti-mesothelin antibody conjugated to the maytansinoid tubulin inhibitor DM4 via a disulfide-containing linker. Binding properties of the anti-mesothelin antibody were analyzed using surface plasmon resonance, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Effects of BAY 94-9343 on cell proliferation were first studied in vitro and subsequently in vivo using subcutaneous, orthotopic, and patient-derived xenograft tumor models. The antibody binds to human mesothelin with high affinity and selectivity, thereby inducing efficient antigen internalization. In vitro, BAY 94-9343 demonstrated potent and selective cytotoxicity of mesothelin-expressing cells with an IC(50) of 0.72 nmol/L, without affecting mesothelin-negative or nonproliferating cells. In vivo, BAY 94-9343 localized specifically to mesothelin-positive tumors and inhibited tumor growth in both subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models. In addition, BAY 94-9343 was able to induce a bystander effect on neighboring mesothelin-negative tumor cells. Antitumor efficacy of BAY 94-9343 correlated with the amount of mesothelin expressed and was generally superior to that of standard-of-care regimen resulting in complete tumor eradication in most of the models. BAY 94-9343 is a selective and highly potent ADC, and our data support its development for the treatment of patients with mesothelin-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Golfier
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kopitz
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Antje Kahnert
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Iring Heisler
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schatz
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Bruder
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lars Linden
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Axel Harrenga
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Peter Hauff
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Frank-Detlef Scholle
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Beate Müller-Tiemann
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bertolt Kreft
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl Ziegelbauer
- Authors' Affiliation: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berlin/Wuppertal, Germany
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Golfier S, Kahnert A, Heisler I, Kopitz C, Berhörster K, Stelte-Ludwig B, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Bruder S, Linden L, Harrenga A, Schatz C, Kreft B, Müller-Tiemann B, Ziegelbauer K. Abstract 1754: Identification of BAY 94-9343, a mesothelin antibody-drug conjugate (ADC): Characterization and anti-tumor activity in mesothelin-positive preclinical tumor models. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have proven to be very effective in the treatment of various cancers, including solid tumors. For example, HERCEPTIN® and Erbitux® are successfully used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer and EGFR-positive colorectal cancer, respectively.
Conjugation of cytotoxic drugs to antibodies represents a promising approach to improve cancer therapy. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are able to deliver highly potent toxophores to tumors while at the same time reducing systemic toxicity. Promising efficacy and tolerability profiles of ADCs have been observed in clinical trials including Hodgkin lymphoma (brentuximab vedotin) and breast cancer (trastuzumab-DM1), thus, development of new ADCs targeting tumor- associated antigens has potential to identifiy novel cancer therapeutics.
Mesothelin, a glycoprotein expressed in mesothelial cells found in the membrane lining of the peritoneal and pleural cavities, is overexpressed in all mesotheliomas as well as many ovarian and pancreatic cancers. Due to its limited expression on normal tissues and higher expression in a number of tumor types, mesothelin represents an attractive ADC target.
BAY 94-9343 consists of a fully human anti-mesothelin IgG1 antibody conjugated to the potent tubulin-binding drug DM4 with an average of 3.2 drug molecules per antibody. The resulting ADC bound to human recombinant mesothelin with high affinity (Kd = 15nM) leading to antigen-dependent internalization and potent cytotoxicity (nanomolar range in vitro IC50) in tumor cells that express mesothelin either endogenously or exogenously, but not in mesothelin-negative cells. In vivo, BAY 94-9343 demonstrated dose-dependent, mesothelin-specific anti-tumor efficacy in subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models at doses between 2.5 and 10 mg/kg using a Q3Dx3 schedule. Endogenously expressing mesothelin tumor models included sc and orthotopic OVCAR3 (ovarian), sc BxPC-3 (pancreatic) and sc NCI-H226 (mesothelioma). Furthermore, in mesothelin-positive patient-derived preclinical tumor models of both platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer, BAY 94-9343 exhibited high anti-tumor efficacy leading to partial and complete tumor regressions with a 10mg/kg Q3Dx3 dosing schedule. This ADC was well tolerated in mice at 10mg/kg (Q3Dx3) without any evidence of body weight loss, compared to either cisplatin or gemcitabine treatments. In summary, BAY 94-9343 is a mesothelin-targeted ADC with promising preclinical anti-tumor activity for mesothelin-positive tumors.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1754. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1754
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Stadler M, Bitzer J, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Müller H, Benet-Buchholz J, Gantner F, Tichy HV, Reinemer P, Bacon KB. Cinnabaramides A-G: analogues of lactacystin and salinosporamide from a terrestrial streptomycete. J Nat Prod 2007; 70:246-52. [PMID: 17249727 DOI: 10.1021/np060162u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cinnabaramides A-G (1-7) were isolated from a terrestrial strain of Streptomyces as potent and selective inhibitors of the human 20S proteasome. Their chemical and biological properties resemble those of salinosporamide A, a recently identified lead compound from an obligate marine actinomycete, which is currently under development as an anticancer agent. Cinnabaramides F and G (6, 7) combine essential structural features of salinosporamide A and lactacystin and show about equal potency in vitro, with IC50 values in the 1 nM range. The properties and phylogenetic position of the producer organism, the production and isolation of compounds 1-7, their structure elucidation by MS and NMR, and their biological activities are reported. Additionally, an X-ray crystal structure was obtained from cinnabaramide A (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Stadler
- InterMed Discovery GmbH (IMD), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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7
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Stadler M, Hellwig V, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Denzer D, Wiese B, Burkhardt N. Novel Analgesic Triglycerides from Cultures of Agaricus macrosporus and Other Basidiomycetes as Selective Inhibitors of Neurolysin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2005; 58:775-86. [PMID: 16506695 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2005.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The agaricoglycerides are a new class of fungal secondary metabolites that constitute esters of chlorinated 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and glycerol. They are produced in cultures of the edible mushroom, Agaricus macrosporus, and several other basidiomycetes of the genera Agaricus, Hypholoma, Psathyrella and Stropharia. The main active principle, agaricoglyceride A, showed strong activities against neurolysin, a protease involved in the regulation of dynorphin and neurotensin metabolism (IC50 = 200 nM), and even exhibited moderate analgesic in vivo activities in an in vivo model. Agaricoglyceride monoacetates (IC50 = 50 nM) showed even stronger in vitro activities. Several further co-metabolites with weaker or lacking bioactivities were also obtained and characterized. Among those were further agaricoglyceride derivatives, as well as further chlorinated phenol derivatives such as the new compound, agaricic ester. The characteristics of the producer organisms, the isolation of bioactive metabolites from cultures of A. macrosporus, their biological activities, and preliminary results on their occurrence in basidiomycetes, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Stadler
- Bayer Health Care, Pharma Division, Research Center Wuppertal, Bldg. 0452, P.O.B. 10 17 09, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Hellwig V, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Müller H, Greif G, Kleymann G, Zitzmann W, Tichy HV, Stadler M. Pochonins A-F, new antiviral and antiparasitic resorcylic acid lactones from Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata. J Nat Prod 2003; 66:829-37. [PMID: 12828470 DOI: 10.1021/np020556v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monorden (1) and the novel resorcylic acid lactones pochonins A (2), B (4), C (6), D (7), and E (8) as well as tetrahydromonorden (5) and pseurotin A (22) were isolated from cultures of the clavicipitaceous hyphomycete Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata strain P 0297. Fermentation of P 0297 in bromide-containing culture media led to a shift in secondary metabolite production and yielded monocillins III (3) and II (9) as major metabolites besides monorden (1) as well as the novel compounds pochonin F (10) and a monocillin II glycoside (11) as minor metabolites. Most of these compounds showed moderate activities in a cellular replication assay against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV1) and against the parasitic protozoan Eimeria tenella. In contrast to the structurally related zearalenone derivatives none of the metabolites of strain P 0297 were found to be active in a fluorescence polarization assay for determination of modulatory activities on the human estrogenic receptor ERbeta. Beta-zearalenol (17), but not zearalenone (15) and alpha-zearalenol (16), showed antiherpetic effects. We report the production, isolation, and structure elucidation of compounds 1-11 and their biological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hellwig
- Bayer Health Care, Pharma Research, Life Science Center Natural Products, P.O. Box 101709, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany. Veronika.Hellwig.VH@bayer-ag-de
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9
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Hellwig V, Grothe T, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Endermann R, Geschke FU, Henkel T, Stadler M. Altersetin, a new antibiotic from cultures of endophytic Alternaria spp. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure elucidation and biological activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2002; 55:881-92. [PMID: 12523821 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.55.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel antibacterial antibiotic, for which the name altersetin is proposed, was isolated from the culture broth of two endophytic Alternaria species. The relative and absolute configuration were assigned by NOESY or CD data, respectively. Altersetin is chemically related to equisetin and showed potent MIC against several pathogenic gram-positive bacteria, whereas gram-negative bacteria and pathogenic yeast were not or much less susceptible. Moderate in vivo efficiacy was observed for altersetin in a murine sepsis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hellwig
- Life Science Center Natural Products, Bayer AG, Pharma Research, Wuppertal, P.O.B. 10 17 09, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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