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Williamson A, Norris DM, Yin X, Broadaway KA, Moxley AH, Vadlamudi S, Wilson EP, Jackson AU, Ahuja V, Andersen MK, Arzumanyan Z, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Bretschneider MP, Buchanan TA, Chang YC, Chuang LM, Chung RH, Clausen TD, Damm P, Delgado GE, de Mello VD, Dupuis J, Dwivedi OP, Erdos MR, Fernandes Silva L, Frayling TM, Gieger C, Goodarzi MO, Guo X, Gustafsson S, Hakaste L, Hammar U, Hatem G, Herrmann S, Højlund K, Horn K, Hsueh WA, Hung YJ, Hwu CM, Jonsson A, Kårhus LL, Kleber ME, Kovacs P, Lakka TA, Lauzon M, Lee IT, Lindgren CM, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Luan J, Aly DM, Mathiesen E, Moissl AP, Morris AP, Narisu N, Perakakis N, Peters A, Prasad RB, Rodionov RN, Roll K, Rundsten CF, Sarnowski C, Savonen K, Scholz M, Sharma S, Stinson SE, Suleman S, Tan J, Taylor KD, Uusitupa M, Vistisen D, Witte DR, Walther R, Wu P, Xiang AH, Zethelius B, Ahlqvist E, Bergman RN, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Fall T, Florez JC, Fritsche A, Grallert H, Groop L, Hansen T, Koistinen HA, Komulainen P, Laakso M, Lind L, Loeffler M, März W, Meigs JB, Raffel LJ, Rauramaa R, Rotter JI, Schwarz PEH, Stumvoll M, Sundström J, Tönjes A, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Wagner R, Barroso I, Walker M, Grarup N, Boehnke M, Wareham NJ, Mohlke KL, Wheeler E, O'Rahilly S, Fazakerley DJ, Langenberg C. Genome-wide association study and functional characterization identifies candidate genes for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Nat Genet 2023; 55:973-983. [PMID: 37291194 PMCID: PMC7614755 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Distinct tissue-specific mechanisms mediate insulin action in fasting and postprandial states. Previous genetic studies have largely focused on insulin resistance in the fasting state, where hepatic insulin action dominates. Here we studied genetic variants influencing insulin levels measured 2 h after a glucose challenge in >55,000 participants from three ancestry groups. We identified ten new loci (P < 5 × 10-8) not previously associated with postchallenge insulin resistance, eight of which were shown to share their genetic architecture with type 2 diabetes in colocalization analyses. We investigated candidate genes at a subset of associated loci in cultured cells and identified nine candidate genes newly implicated in the expression or trafficking of GLUT4, the key glucose transporter in postprandial glucose uptake in muscle and fat. By focusing on postprandial insulin resistance, we highlighted the mechanisms of action at type 2 diabetes loci that are not adequately captured by studies of fasting glycemic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Williamson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - K Alaine Broadaway
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne H Moxley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Emma P Wilson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vasudha Ahuja
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zorayr Arzumanyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maxi P Bretschneider
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Hua Chung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Toufen, Taiwan
| | - Tine D Clausen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vanessa D de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Om P Dwivedi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael R Erdos
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Gieger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf Hammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gad Hatem
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sandra Herrmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katrin Horn
- Medical Faculty Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Department of Medicine Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Anna Jonsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marie Lauzon
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - I-Te Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dina Mansour Aly
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Mathiesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela P Moissl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roman N Rodionov
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Center for Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kathryn Roll
- Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Carsten F Rundsten
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Savonen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus Scholz
- Medical Faculty Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, München, Germany
| | - Sara E Stinson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sufyan Suleman
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jingyi Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorte Vistisen
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Romy Walther
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peitao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Research and Evaluation, Division of Biostatistics, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Björn Zethelius
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Komulainen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Medical Faculty Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie J Raffel
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic and Genomic Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inês Barroso
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Broadaway KA, Yin X, Williamson A, Parsons VA, Wilson EP, Moxley AH, Vadlamudi S, Varshney A, Jackson AU, Ahuja V, Bornstein SR, Corbin LJ, Delgado GE, Dwivedi OP, Fernandes Silva L, Frayling TM, Grallert H, Gustafsson S, Hakaste L, Hammar U, Herder C, Herrmann S, Højlund K, Hughes DA, Kleber ME, Lindgren CM, Liu CT, Luan J, Malmberg A, Moissl AP, Morris AP, Perakakis N, Peters A, Petrie JR, Roden M, Schwarz PEH, Sharma S, Silveira A, Strawbridge RJ, Tuomi T, Wood AR, Wu P, Zethelius B, Baldassarre D, Eriksson JG, Fall T, Florez JC, Fritsche A, Gigante B, Hamsten A, Kajantie E, Laakso M, Lahti J, Lawlor DA, Lind L, März W, Meigs JB, Sundström J, Timpson NJ, Wagner R, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Barroso I, O'Rahilly S, Grarup N, Parker SC, Boehnke M, Langenberg C, Wheeler E, Mohlke KL. Loci for insulin processing and secretion provide insight into type 2 diabetes risk. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:284-299. [PMID: 36693378 PMCID: PMC9943750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion is critical for glucose homeostasis, and increased levels of the precursor proinsulin relative to insulin indicate pancreatic islet beta-cell stress and insufficient insulin secretory capacity in the setting of insulin resistance. We conducted meta-analyses of genome-wide association results for fasting proinsulin from 16 European-ancestry studies in 45,861 individuals. We found 36 independent signals at 30 loci (p value < 5 × 10-8), which validated 12 previously reported loci for proinsulin and ten additional loci previously identified for another glycemic trait. Half of the alleles associated with higher proinsulin showed higher rather than lower effects on glucose levels, corresponding to different mechanisms. Proinsulin loci included genes that affect prohormone convertases, beta-cell dysfunction, vesicle trafficking, beta-cell transcriptional regulation, and lysosomes/autophagy processes. We colocalized 11 proinsulin signals with islet expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data, suggesting candidate genes, including ARSG, WIPI1, SLC7A14, and SIX3. The NKX6-3/ANK1 proinsulin signal colocalized with a T2D signal and an adipose ANK1 eQTL signal but not the islet NKX6-3 eQTL. Signals were enriched for islet enhancers, and we showed a plausible islet regulatory mechanism for the lead signal in the MADD locus. These results show how detailed genetic studies of an intermediate phenotype can elucidate mechanisms that may predispose one to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alaine Broadaway
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alice Williamson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria A Parsons
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emma P Wilson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne H Moxley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Arushi Varshney
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vasudha Ahuja
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, MedicCal Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura J Corbin
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Om P Dwivedi
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf Hammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - David A Hughes
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, BW, Germany; SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, BW, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anni Malmberg
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angela P Moissl
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, BW, Germany
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, MedicCal Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John R Petrie
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sapna Sharma
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peitao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Björn Zethelius
- Department of Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Cardiovascular Prevention Area, Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S., Milan, Italy
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, BW, Germany; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, BW, Germany
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; Health Data Research UK, Gibbs Building, London, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research, Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Cj Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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