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Andersen CF, Larsen JH, Jensen J, Omar M, Nouhravesh N, Kistorp C, Tuxen C, Gustafsson F, Knop FK, Forman JL, Davidovski FS, Jensen LT, Højlund K, Køber L, Antonsen L, Poulsen MK, Schou M, Møller JE. Empagliflozin to elderly and obese patients with increased risk of developing heart failure: Study protocol for the Empire Prevent trial program. Am Heart J 2024; 271:84-96. [PMID: 38365073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have previously demonstrated cardioprotective properties in patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting a preventive effect on heart failure (HF). The Empire Prevent trial program investigates the therapeutic potential for HF prevention by evaluating the cardiac, metabolic, and renal effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients with increased risk of developing HF, but without diabetes or established HF. METHODS The Empire Prevent trial program is an investigator-initiated, double-blind, randomized clinical trial program including elderly and obese patients (60-84 years, body mass index >28 kg/m2) with at least one manifestation of hypertension, cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease, but no history of diabetes or HF. The aims are to investigate the effects of empagliflozin on 1) physical capacity and left ventricular and atrial structural changes with peak oxygen consumption and left ventricular mass as primary endpoints (Empire Prevent Cardiac), and 2) cardiac-adipose tissue interaction and volume homeostasis with primary endpoints of changes in epicardial adipose tissue and estimated extracellular volume (Empire Prevent Metabolic). At present, 138 of 204 patients have been randomized in the Empire Prevent trial program. Patients are randomized 1:1 to 180 days treatment with empagliflozin 10 mg daily or placebo, while undergoing a comprehensive examination program at baseline and follow-up. DISCUSSION The Empire Prevent trial program will mark the first step towards elucidating the potential of SGLT2 inhibition for HF prevention in an outpatient setting in elderly and obese patients with increased risk of developing HF, but with no history of diabetes or established HF. Furthermore, the Empire Prevent trial program will supplement the larger event-driven trials by providing mechanistic insights to the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibition. TRIAL REGISTRATION Both parts of the trial program have been registered on September 13th 2021 (Clinical Trial Registration numbers: NCT05084235 and NCT05042973) before enrollment of the first patient. All patients will provide oral and written informed consent. The trial is approved by The Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics and the Danish Medicines Agency. Data will be disseminated through scientific meetings and peer-reviewed journals irrespective of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Fuchs Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark.
| | - Julie Hempel Larsen
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jesper Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark
| | - Massar Omar
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Nouhravesh
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Tuxen
- Department of Cardiology, Frederiksberg-Bispebjerg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julie Lyng Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Soeskov Davidovski
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark
| | - Lars Thorbjørn Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | | | - Morten Schou
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark
| | - Jacob Eifer Møller
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Houborg Petersen M, Stidsen JV, Eisemann de Almeida M, Kleis Wentorf E, Jensen K, Ørtenblad N, Højlund K. High-intensity interval training combining rowing and cycling improves but does not restore beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Endocr Connect 2024; 13:e230558. [PMID: 38513367 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Aim We investigated whether a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol could restore beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes compared with sedentary obese and lean individuals. Materials and methods In patients with type 2 diabetes, and age-matched, glucose-tolerant obese and lean controls, we examined the effect of 8 weeks of supervised HIIT combining rowing and cycling on the acute (first-phase) and second-phase insulin responses, beta-cell function adjusted for insulin sensitivity (disposition index), and serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels using the Botnia clamp (1-h IVGTT followed by 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp). Results At baseline, patients with type 2 diabetes had reduced insulin sensitivity (~40%), acute insulin secretion (~13-fold), and disposition index (>35-fold), whereas insulin-suppressed serum FFA was higher (⁓2.5-fold) compared with controls (all P < 0.05). The HIIT protocol increased insulin sensitivity in all groups (all P < 0.01). In patients with type 2 diabetes, this was accompanied by a large (>200%) but variable improvement in the disposition index (P < 0.05). Whereas insulin sensitivity improved to the degree seen in controls at baseline, the disposition index remained markedly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes after HIIT (all P < 0.001). In controls, HIIT increased the disposition index by ~20-30% (all P < 0.05). In all groups, the second-phase insulin responses and insulin-suppressed FFA levels were reduced in response to HIIT (all P < 0.05). No group differences were seen in these HIIT-induced responses. Conclusion HIIT combining rowing and cycling induced a large but variable increase in beta-cell function adjusted for insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, but the disposition index remained severely impaired compared to controls, suggesting that this defect is less reversible in response to exercise training than insulin resistance. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03500016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Houborg Petersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Eisemann de Almeida
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil Kleis Wentorf
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Pedersen FN, Stokholm L, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, Hajari J, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Kawasaki R, Laugesen CS, Möller S, Schielke K, Nielsen JS, Stidsen JV, Thomsen RW, Thinggaard B, Grauslund J. Risk of diabetic retinopathy according to subtype of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2024:db240016. [PMID: 38498373 DOI: 10.2337/db24-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided based on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. We aimed to investigate the presence, incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) according to subtypes of type 2 diabetes. In a national cohort, we identified three subtypes of type 2 diabetes which included classical, hyperinsulinemic and insulinopenic type 2 diabetes based on HOMA2 measurements. From the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy (DiaBase) we extracted information on level of DR. We used several national health registries to link information on comorbidity, medications and laboratory tests. We found individuals with hyperinsulinemic type 2 diabetes were less likely to have DR at entry date compared to classical type 2 diabetes, whereas individuals with insulinopenic type 2 diabetes were more likely to have DR. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, individuals with hyperinsulinemic type 2 diabetes had a decreased risk of both incidence and progression of DR compared to classical type 2 diabetes. We did not find any clear difference in risk of incident or progression of DR in individuals with insulinopenic compared to classical type 2 diabetes. These findings indicate that subcategorization of type 2 diabetes is important in evaluating the future risk of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik N Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Javad Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Caroline S Laugesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katja Schielke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob V Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reimar W Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Thinggaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Domazet SL, Olesen TB, Stidsen JV, Svensson CK, Nielsen JS, Thomsen RW, Jessen N, Vestergaard P, Andersen MK, Hansen T, Brøns C, Jensen VH, Vaag AA, Olsen MH, Højlund K. Low-grade inflammation in persons with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: The role of abdominal adiposity and putative mediators. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 38465689 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the magnitude of the association between abdominal adiposity and low-grade inflammation in persons with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to determine to what extent this association is mediated by low physical activity level, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and comorbidities. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured waist circumference, clinical characteristics, and inflammatory markers i.e. tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), in >9000 persons with recently diagnosed T2D. We applied multiple mediation analysis using structural equation modelling, with adjustment for age and sex. RESULTS Waist circumference as a proxy for abdominal adiposity was positively associated with all inflammatory markers. Hence, a one-standard deviation (SD) increase in waist circumference (SD = 15 cm) was associated with a 22%, 35%, and 46% SD increase in TNF-α (SD = 1.5 pg/mL), IL-6 (SD = 4.4 pg/mL), and hsCRP (SD = 6.9 mg/L), respectively. The level of hyperinsulinaemia assessed by fasting C-peptide was quantitatively the most important mediator, accounting for 9%-25% of the association between abdominal adiposity and low-grade inflammation, followed by low physical activity (5%-7%) and high triglyceride levels (2%-6%). Although mediation of adiposity-induced inflammation by greater comorbidity and higher glycated haemoglobin levels reached statistical significance, their impact was minor (1%-2%). CONCLUSIONS In persons with recently diagnosed T2D, there was a clear association between abdominal adiposity and low-grade inflammation. A considerable part (20%-40%) of this association was mediated by other factors, with hyperinsulinaemia as a potentially important driver of adiposity-induced inflammation in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel L Domazet
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Olesen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob V Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Camilla K Svensson
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark
| | - Jens S Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reimar W Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Brøns
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Verena H Jensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Allan A Vaag
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael H Olsen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Helmink MAG, Hageman SHJ, Eliasson B, Sattar N, Visseren FLJ, Dorresteijn JAN, Harris K, Peters SAE, Woodward M, Szentkúti P, Højlund K, Henriksen JE, Sørensen HT, Serné EH, van Sloten TT, Thomsen RW, Westerink J. Lifetime and 10-year cardiovascular risk prediction in individuals with type 1 diabetes: The LIFE-T1D model. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 38456579 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To develop and externally validate the LIFE-T1D model for the estimation of lifetime and 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sex-specific competing risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model was derived in individuals with type 1 diabetes without prior CVD from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR), using age as the time axis. Predictors included age at diabetes onset, smoking status, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin level, estimated glomerular filtration rate, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, albuminuria and retinopathy. The model was externally validated in the Danish Funen Diabetes Database (FDDB) and the UK Biobank. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 11.8 years (interquartile interval 6.1-17.1 years), 4608 CVD events and 1316 non-CVD deaths were observed in the NDR (n = 39 756). The internal validation c-statistic was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-0.85) and the external validation c-statistics were 0.77 (95% CI 0.74-0.81) for the FDDB (n = 2709) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.70-0.77) for the UK Biobank (n = 1022). Predicted risks were consistent with the observed incidence in the derivation and both validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The LIFE-T1D model can estimate lifetime risk of CVD and CVD-free life expectancy in individuals with type 1 diabetes without previous CVD. This model can facilitate individualized CVD prevention among individuals with type 1 diabetes. Validation in additional cohorts will improve future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marga A G Helmink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven H J Hageman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Eliasson
- Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Naveed Sattar
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frank L J Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jannick A N Dorresteijn
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katie Harris
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sanne A E Peters
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Péter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Erik Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik H Serné
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas T van Sloten
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reimar W Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Sabaratnam R, Kristensen JM, Pedersen AJT, Kruse R, Handberg A, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Acute Exercise Increases GDF15 and Unfolded Protein Response/Integrated Stress Response in Muscle in Type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae032. [PMID: 38242693 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Regular exercise is a key prevention strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Exerkines secreted in response to exercise or recovery may contribute to improved systemic metabolism. Conversely, an impaired exerkine response to exercise and recovery may contribute to cardiometabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE We investigated if the exercise-induced regulation of the exerkine, growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and its putative upstream regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR)/integrated stress response (ISR) is impaired in skeletal muscle in patients with T2D compared with weight-matched glucose-tolerant men. METHODS Thirteen male patients with T2D and 14 age- and weight-matched overweight/obese glucose-tolerant men exercised at 70% of VO2max for 1-h. Blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were sampled before, immediately after, and 3-h into recovery. Serum and muscle transcript levels of GDF15 and key markers of UPR/ISR were determined. Additionally, protein/phosphorylation levels of key regulators in UPR/ISR were investigated. RESULTS Acute exercise increased muscle gene expression and serum GDF15 levels in both groups. In recovery, muscle expression of GDF15 decreased toward baseline, whereas serum GDF15 remained elevated. In both groups, acute exercise increased the expression of UPR/ISR markers, including ATF4, CHOP, EIF2K3 (encoding PERK) and PPP1R15A (encoding GADD34), of which only CHOP remained elevated 3-h into recovery. Downstream molecules of the UPR/ISR including XBP1-U, XBP1-S, and EDEM1 were increased with exercise and 3-h into recovery in both groups. The phosphorylation levels of eIF2α-Ser51, a common marker of UPR and ISR, increased immediately after exercise in controls, but decreased 3-h into recovery in both groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, exercise-induced regulation of GDF15 and key markers of UPR/ISR are not compromised in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with weight-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jonas M Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas J T Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kruse
- Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Larsen JK, Kruse R, Sahebekhtiari N, Moreno-Justicia R, Gomez Jorba G, Petersen MH, de Almeida ME, Ørtenblad N, Deshmukh AS, Højlund K. High-throughput proteomics uncovers exercise training and type 2 diabetes-induced changes in human white adipose tissue. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi7548. [PMID: 38019916 PMCID: PMC10686561 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is important for metabolic homeostasis. We established the differential proteomic signatures of WAT in glucose-tolerant lean and obese individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the response to 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Using a high-throughput and reproducible mass spectrometry-based proteomics pipeline, we identified 3773 proteins and found that most regulated proteins displayed progression in markers of dysfunctional WAT from lean to obese to T2D individuals and were highly associated with clinical measures such as insulin sensitivity and HbA1c. We propose that these distinct markers could serve as potential clinical biomarkers. HIIT induced only minor changes in the WAT proteome. This included an increase in WAT ferritin levels independent of obesity and T2D, and WAT ferritin levels were strongly correlated with individual insulin sensitivity. Together, we report a proteomic signature of WAT related to obesity and T2D and highlight an unrecognized role of human WAT iron metabolism in exercise training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Kjærgaard Larsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kruse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Navid Sahebekhtiari
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Roger Moreno-Justicia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerard Gomez Jorba
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria H. Petersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Martin E. de Almeida
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Atul S. Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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Thykjaer AS, Andresen J, Andersen N, Bek T, Heegaard S, Hajari J, Schmidt Laugesen C, Möller S, Pedersen FN, Kawasaki R, Højlund K, Rubin KH, Stokholm L, Peto T, Grauslund J. Inter-grader reliability in the Danish screening programme for diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:783-788. [PMID: 37066883 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy includes information from >200 000 patients who attends diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening in Denmark. Screening of patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes is often performed by practicing ophthalmologists, while patients with type 1 and complicated type 2 diabetes attends screening at hospitals. We performed a clinical reliability study of retinal images from Danish screening facilities to explore the inter-grader agreement between the primary screening ophthalmologist and a blinded, certified grader. METHODS Invitations to participate were sent to screening facilities across Denmark. The primary grader uploaded fundus photographs with information on estimated level of DR (International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy scale as 0 [no DR], 1-3 [mild, moderate or severe nonproliferative DR {NPDR}], or 4 [proliferative DR {PDR}]), region of screening, image style, and screening facility. Images were then regraded by a blinded, certified, secondary grader. Weighted kappa analysis was performed to evaluate agreement. RESULTS Fundus photographs from 230 patients (458 eyes) were received from practicing ophthalmologists (52.6%) and hospital-based grading centres (47.4%) from all Danish regions. Reported levels of DR by the primary graders were 66.8%, 12.2%, 13.1%, 1.3% and 5.5% for DR levels 0-4. The overall agreement between primary and secondary graders was 93% (κ = 0.83). Based on screening facility agreement was 96% (κ = 0.89) and 90% (κ = 0.76) for practicing ophthalmologists and hospital-based graders. CONCLUSION In this nationwide study, we observed a high overall inter-grader agreement and based on this, it is reasonable to assume that reported DR gradings in the screening programme in Denmark, accurately reflect the truth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Suhr Thykjaer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javad Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sören Möller
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frederik Nørregaard Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katrine Hass Rubin
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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9
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Thykjær AS, Rosengaard L, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, Hajari J, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Kawasaki R, Laugesen CS, Möller S, Pedersen FN, Schielke KC, Stokholm L, Grauslund J. Bariatric surgery in individuals with type 2 diabetes is not associated with short or long-term risk of diabetic retinopathy progression: results from a nationwide cohort study. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:1531-1539. [PMID: 37421439 PMCID: PMC10520211 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bariatric surgery is used to induce weight loss and glycemic stability in type 2 diabetes (T2D). It has been a concern that this may lead to early worsening of diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to a rapid decline in HbA1c. In this study, we evaluated the risk of short and long-term DR development and need for ocular intervention in an entire nation of individuals with T2D undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS The study comprised a national, register-based cohort of individuals with T2D screened for DR. Cases were matched by age, sex and DR level at the date of surgery (index date) with non-bariatric controls. We extracted information on DR levels, in- and outpatient treatments, pharmaceutical prescriptions and laboratory values. We evaluated worsening of DR (incident and progressive DR) at follow-up (6 and 36 months). RESULTS Amongst 238,967 individuals with T2D, who attended diabetic eye screening, we identified 553 that underwent bariatric surgery (0.2%) and 2677 non-bariatric controls. Median age was 49 years, and 63% were female. Cases had more comorbidities, lower HbA1c as well as more frequent use of glucose-lowering and antihypertensive medication than controls at index date. In a fully adjusted logistic regression model, the risk of DR worsening for cases was not significantly different compared to controls, neither short-term (OR 0.41 [CI 95% 0.13; 1.33], p = 0.14) nor long-term (OR 0.64 [CI 95% 0.33; 1.24], p = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS In this nationwide study, bariatric surgery did not associate with increased risk of short- or long-term DR worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Thykjær
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Louise Rosengaard
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Javad Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Caroline S Laugesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Frederik N Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Katja C Schielke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
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10
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Pedersen FN, Stokholm L, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, Hajari JN, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Kawasaki R, Möller S, Laugesen CS, Schielke KC, Thykjær AS, Peto T, Pouwer F, Grauslund J. Longitudinal bidirectional associations between diabetic retinopathy and diagnosed depression: Results from a Danish nationwide registry-based cohort study. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108589. [PMID: 37657405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a feared complication and a leading course of visual impairment, but the connection between DR and depression including the direction has never been studied in a nationwide cohort. We aimed to assess, whether the associations between DR and diagnosed depression are bidirectional. METHODS We performed a national register-based cohort study of individuals with type 2 diabetes, who attended diabetic eye screening between January 2013 and June 2022. Level of DR was extracted from the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy. The severity of DR was assessed according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy severity scale. Diagnosed depression was ascertained by physician diagnostic codes of unipolar depression (F32), recurrent depression (F33) or dysthymia (F34.1) from the Danish National Patient Register. We estimated presence of diagnosed depression according to DR level at index date and risk of diagnosed depression during follow-up using multivariable logistic and Cox regression, respectively. Secondly, we assessed whether diagnosed depression at index date could predict incident DR. RESULTS We included 240,893 individuals with type 2 diabetes with baseline rates of diagnosed depression ranging from 5.2 to 6.0 % for DR level 1-4. At index date, individuals with type 2 diabetes and DR were less likely to have a history of diagnosed depression (multivariable adjusted OR, 0.77 [95 % CI 0.73-0.82]). In 226,523 individuals with type 2 diabetes followed for 1,159,755 person-years, 1.7 % developed at least one episode of diagnosed depression. In a model adjusted for age and sex, individuals with DR at index date had an increased risk of incident diagnosed depression compared to those without DR (HR 1.25 [95 % CI 1.16-1.36]). Adjusting for marital status, use of glucose-, lipid- and blood pressure lowering medication, HbA1c, diabetic neuropathy and Charlson comorbidity index waived the above risk (multivariable adjusted HR 1.02 [95 % CI 0.93-1.12]). Furthermore a previous history of diagnosed depression was not associated with increased risk of incident DR (multivariable adjusted HR 0.89 [95 % CI 0.77-1.03]). CONCLUSION In this nationwide cohort study, individuals with DR at first screening were 23 % less likely to have a history of depression, but our data did not support a bidirectional association between DR and depression. Selection bias may have occurred as diagnosed depression is a known barrier for attending DR-screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik N Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Javad N Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Caroline S Laugesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Katja C Schielke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne S Thykjær
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tunde Peto
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Frans Pouwer
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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11
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Dinesen S, Stokholm L, Subhi Y, Peto T, Savarimuthu TR, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, Hajari J, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Laugesen CS, Kawasaki R, Möller S, Schielke K, Thykjær AS, Pedersen F, Grauslund J. Five-Year Incidence of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Risk Factors in a Nationwide Cohort of 201 945 Danish Patients with Diabetes. Ophthalmology Science 2023; 3:100291. [PMID: 37025947 PMCID: PMC10070897 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) progression rates and identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who later developed PDR compared with patients who did not progress to that state. Design A national 5-year register-based cohort study including 201 945 patients with diabetes. Subjects Patients with diabetes who had attended the Danish national screening program (2013-2018) for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods We used the first screening episode as the index date and included both eyes of patients with and without subsequent progression of PDR. Data were linked with various national health registries to investigate relevant clinical and demographic parameters. The International Clinical Retinopathy Disease Scale was used to classify DR, with no DR as level 0, mild DR as level 1, moderate DR as level 2, severe DR as level 3, and PDR as level 4. Main Outcome Measures Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident PDR for all relevant demographic and clinical parameters and 1-, 3-, and 5-year incidence rates of PDR according to baseline DR level. Results Progression to PDR within 5 years was identified in 2384 eyes of 1780 patients. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy progression rates from baseline DR level 3 at 1, 3 and 5 years were 3.6%, 10.9%, and 14.7%, respectively. The median number of visits was 3 (interquartile range, 1-4). Progression to PDR was predicted in a multivariable model by duration of diabetes (HR, 4.66 per 10 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.05-5.37), type 1 diabetes (HR, 9.61; 95% CI, 8.01-11.53), a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of > 0 (score 1: HR, 4.62; 95% CI, 4.14-5.15; score 2: HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.90-2.74; score ≥ 3: HR, 4.28; 95% CI, 3.54-5.17), use of insulin (HR, 5.33; 95% CI, 4.49-6.33), and use of antihypertensive medications (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.90-2.61). Conclusions In a 5-year longitudinal study of an entire screening nation, we found increased risk of PDR with increasing baseline DR levels, longer duration of diabetes, type 1 diabetes, systemic comorbidity, use of insulin, and blood pressure-lowering medications. Most interestingly, we found lower risk of progression from DR level 3 to PDR compared with that in previous studies. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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12
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Hansen AL, Thomsen RW, Brøns C, Svane HML, Jensen RT, Andersen MK, Hansen T, Nielsen JS, Vestergaard P, Højlund K, Jessen N, Olsen MH, Sørensen HT, Vaag AA. Birthweight is associated with clinical characteristics in people with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1680-1692. [PMID: 37303007 PMCID: PMC10390374 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Low birthweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes but it is unknown whether low birthweight is associated with distinct clinical characteristics at disease onset. We examined whether a lower or higher birthweight in type 2 diabetes is associated with clinically relevant characteristics at disease onset. METHODS Midwife records were traced for 6866 individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2) cohort. Using a cross-sectional design, we assessed age at diagnosis, anthropomorphic measures, comorbidities, medications, metabolic variables and family history of type 2 diabetes in individuals with the lowest 25% of birthweight (<3000 g) and highest 25% of birthweight (>3700 g), compared with a birthweight of 3000-3700 g as reference, using log-binomial and Poisson regression. Continuous relationships across the entire birthweight spectrum were assessed with linear and restricted cubic spline regression. Weighted polygenic scores (PS) for type 2 diabetes and birthweight were calculated to assess the impact of genetic predispositions. RESULTS Each 1000 g decrease in birthweight was associated with a 3.3 year (95% CI 2.9, 3.8) younger age of diabetes onset, 1.5 kg/m2 (95% CI 1.2, 1.7) lower BMI and 3.9 cm (95% CI 3.3, 4.5) smaller waist circumference. Compared with the reference birthweight, a birthweight of <3000 g was associated with more overall comorbidity (prevalence ratio [PR] for Charlson Comorbidity Index Score ≥3 was 1.36 [95% CI 1.07, 1.73]), having a systolic BP ≥155 mmHg (PR 1.26 [95% CI 0.99, 1.59]), lower prevalence of diabetes-associated neurological disease, less likelihood of family history of type 2 diabetes, use of three or more glucose-lowering drugs (PR 1.33 [95% CI 1.06, 1.65]) and use of three or more antihypertensive drugs (PR 1.09 [95% CI 0.99, 1.20]). Clinically defined low birthweight (<2500 g) yielded stronger associations. Most associations between birthweight and clinical characteristics appeared linear, and a higher birthweight was associated with characteristics mirroring lower birthweight in opposite directions. Results were robust to adjustments for PS representing weighted genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes and birthweight. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Despite younger age at diagnosis, and fewer individuals with obesity and family history of type 2 diabetes, a birthweight <3000 g was associated with more comorbidities, including a higher systolic BP, as well as with greater use of glucose-lowering and antihypertensive medications, in individuals with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander L Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Reimar W Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Helene M L Svane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus T Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael H Olsen
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Allan A Vaag
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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13
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Gram-Kampmann EM, Olesen TB, Hansen CD, Hugger MB, Jensen JM, Handberg A, Beck-Nielsen H, Krag A, Olsen MH, Højlund K. A six-month low-carbohydrate diet high in fat does not adversely affect endothelial function or markers of low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:212. [PMID: 37592243 PMCID: PMC10436534 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) reduces HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the associated high intake of fat may adversely affect cardiovascular risk factors. To address this, we examined the effect of a non-calorie-restricted LCD high in fat on endothelial function and markers of low-grade inflammation in T2D over 6 months. METHODS In an open-label randomized controlled trial, 71 patients with T2D were randomized 2:1 to either a LCD (< 20 E% carbohydrates, 50-60 E% fat) or a control diet (50-60 E% carbohydrates, 20-30 E% fat) for six months. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (NID) were assessed by ultrasound in the brachial artery together with plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in the participants at baseline (n = 70) and after six months (n = 64). RESULTS The FMD and NID were unaltered in both groups after six months, and there were no between-group differences in change of either FMD (p = 0.34) or NID (p = 0.53) in response to the interventions. The circulating hsCRP and IL-6 levels decreased only in response to LCD (both p < 0.05). However, comparing changes over time with the control diet, the LCD did not reduce either IL-6 (p = 0.25) or hsCRP (p = 0.07) levels. The lack of changes in FMD and NID in response to LCD persisted after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION A LCD high in fat for six months does not adversely affect endothelial function or selected markers of low-grade inflammation, which suggests that this nutritional approach does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03068078).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Gram-Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 10, Entrance 112, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Olesen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 10, Entrance 112, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Camilla D Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mie B Hugger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane M Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Ålborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Ålborg, Denmark
| | - Henning Beck-Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 10, Entrance 112, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael H Olsen
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Holbæk Hospital, and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbæk, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 10, Entrance 112, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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14
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Møller LLV, Ali MS, Davey J, Raun SH, Andersen NR, Long JZ, Qian H, Jeppesen JF, Henriquez-Olguin C, Frank E, Jensen TE, Højlund K, Wojtaszewski JFP, Nielsen J, Chiu TT, Jedrychowski MP, Gregorevic P, Klip A, Richter EA, Sylow L. The Rho guanine dissociation inhibitor α inhibits skeletal muscle Rac1 activity and insulin action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211041120. [PMID: 37364105 PMCID: PMC10318982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211041120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular events governing skeletal muscle glucose uptake have pharmacological potential for managing insulin resistance in conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. With no current pharmacological treatments to target skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, there is an unmet need to identify the molecular mechanisms that control insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Here, the Rho guanine dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα) is identified as a point of control in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. In skeletal muscle cells, RhoGDIα interacted with, and thereby inhibited, the Rho GTPase Rac1. In response to insulin, RhoGDIα was phosphorylated at S101 and Rac1 dissociated from RhoGDIα to facilitate skeletal muscle GLUT4 translocation. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated RhoGDIα depletion increased Rac1 activity and elevated GLUT4 translocation. Consistent with RhoGDIα's inhibitory effect, rAAV-mediated RhoGDIα overexpression in mouse muscle decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and was detrimental to whole-body glucose tolerance. Aligning with RhoGDIα's negative role in insulin sensitivity, RhoGDIα protein content was elevated in skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant patients with type 2 diabetes. These data identify RhoGDIα as a clinically relevant controller of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and whole-body glucose homeostasis, mechanistically by modulating Rac1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth L. V. Møller
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mona S. Ali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Davey
- The Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Steffen H. Raun
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nicoline R. Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Hongwei Qian
- The Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Jacob F. Jeppesen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Carlos Henriquez-Olguin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, 7501015Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tim T. Chiu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mark P. Jedrychowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- The Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Erik A. Richter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
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15
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Kristensen FPB, Christensen DH, Callaghan BC, Stidsen JV, Nielsen JS, Højlund K, Beck-Nielsen H, Jensen TS, Andersen H, Vestergaard P, Jessen N, Olsen MH, Hansen T, Brøns C, Vaag A, Sørensen HT, Thomsen RW. The Prevalence of Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Subgroups Based on HOMA2 Indices of β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2023:dc230079. [PMID: 37335990 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome components may cumulatively increase the risk of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, driven by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. We investigated the prevalence of DPN in three T2DM subgroups based on indices of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We estimated β-cell function (HOMA2-B) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-S) in 4,388 Danish patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. Patients were categorized into subgroups of hyperinsulinemic (high HOMA2-B, low HOMA2-S), classical (low HOMA2-B, low HOMA2-S), and insulinopenic (low HOMA2-B, high HOMA2-S) T2DM. After a median follow-up of 3 years, patients filled the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire (MNSIq) to identify DPN (score ≥ 4). We used Poisson regression to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for DPN, and spline models to examine the association with HOMA2-B and HOMA2-S. RESULTS A total of 3,397 (77%) patients filled in the MNSIq. The prevalence of DPN was 23% among hyperinsulinemic, 16% among classical, and 14% among insulinopenic patients. After adjusting for demographics, diabetes duration and therapy, lifestyle behaviors, and metabolic syndrome components (waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, hypertension, and HbA1c), the PR of DPN was 1.35 (95% CI 1.15-1.57) for the hyperinsulinemic compared with the classical patients. In spline analyses, we observed a linear relation of higher DPN prevalence with increasing HOMA2-B, independent of both metabolic syndrome components and HOMA2-S. CONCLUSIONS Hyperinsulinemia marked by high HOMA2-B is likely an important risk factor for DPN beyond metabolic syndrome components and insulin resistance. This should be considered when developing interventions to prevent DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Hedevang Christensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Henning Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Hecht Olsen
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Brøns
- Charlotte Brøns, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Region Hovedstaden, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Charlotte Brøns, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Region Hovedstaden, Herlev, Denmark
- Allan Vaag, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Region Hovedstaden, Herlev, Denmark + Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reimar Wernich Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Nasser MI, Stidsen JV, Højlund K, Nielsen JS, Eastell R, Frost M. Low Bone Turnover Associates With Lower Insulin Sensitivity in Newly Diagnosed Drug-Naïve Persons With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e371-e379. [PMID: 36718513 PMCID: PMC10271224 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are lower in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The relationships between bone turnover, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity in T2D are uncertain. OBJECTIVE To investigate if fasting levels of BTMs in persons with T2D are associated with β-cell function or insulin sensitivity. METHODS We defined three T2D phenotypes, the insulinopenic (low β-cell function, high insulin sensitivity), the classical (low β-cell function, low insulin sensitivity), and the hyperinsulinemic (high β-cell function, low insulin sensitivity) phenotypes, in the Danish Centre for Strategic Research T2D cohort using the homeostatic model assessment. We selected age- and gender-matched subgroups to represent the three T2D phenotypes, yielding 326 glucose-lowering treatment-naïve persons with T2D. Median values of BTMs between the three T2D phenotypes were compared. Regression models were applied to assess the association between BTMs, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Median serum levels of procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and osteocalcin were higher in the insulinopenic phenotype (52.3 μg/L, IQR 41.6, 63.3; 259.4 ng/L, IQR 163.4, 347.7; and 18.0 μg/L, IQR 14.4, 25.2, respectively) compared with the classical (41.4, IQR 31.0, 51.4; 150.4 IQR 103.5, 265.1; 13.1, IQR 10.0, 17.6, respectively) and the hyperinsulinemic (43.7, IQR 32.3, 57.3; 163.3, IQR 98.9, 273.1; 15.7 IQR 10.2, 20.8, respectively) phenotypes (all P < .01). These differences persisted after adjustment for age, sex, waist to hip ratio, or fasting plasma glucose (P < .01). CONCLUSION BTMs are lower in newly diagnosed persons with T2D characterized by low insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad I Nasser
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Jacob V Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Richard Eastell
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10, UK
| | - Morten Frost
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
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17
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Thinggaard BS, Stokholm L, Davidsen JR, Larsen MC, Möller S, Thykjær AS, Andresen JL, Andersen N, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Kawasaki R, Laugesen C, Bek T, Grauslund J. Diabetic retinopathy is a predictor of chronic respiratory failure: A nationwide register-based cohort study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17342. [PMID: 37426795 PMCID: PMC10329134 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a hypoxic retinal disease, but so far, the association with systemic hypoxia is poorly understood. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between DR and chronic respiratory failure (CRF) in a national cohort. Design Cross-sectional and 5-year longitudinal register-based cohort study. Methods Between 2013 and 2018, we included patients with diabetes from the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy, who were each age and sex matched with five controls without diabetes. At index date, the prevalence of CRF was compared between cases and controls, and the longitudinal relationship between DR and CRF was assessed in a five-year follow-up. Results At baseline, we identified 1,980 and 9,990 patients with CRF among 205,970 cases and 1,003,170 controls. The prevalence of CRF was higher among cases than controls (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.65-1.86), but no difference between cases with and without DR was found.During follow-up, we identified 1,726 and 5,177 events of CRF among cases and controls, respectively. The incidence of CRF was higher among both cases with and without DR compared to controls (DR level 0: HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.16-1.33, DR level 1-4: HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.63-2.12), and higher among cases with DR compared to cases without DR (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.38-1.72). Conclusion In this study based on nationwide data, we found an increased risk of present and incident CRF in patients with diabetes with or without DR, and we identified DR as a predictor of future CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Rømhild Davidsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- South Danish Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases (SCILS), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Respiratory Research Unit (ODIN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Suhr Thykjær
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Caroline Laugesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Valvi D, Christiani DC, Coull B, Højlund K, Nielsen F, Audouze K, Su L, Weihe P, Grandjean P. Gene-environment interactions in the associations of PFAS exposure with insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in a Faroese cohort followed from birth to adulthood. Environ Res 2023; 226:115600. [PMID: 36868448 PMCID: PMC10101920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with changes in insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function in humans. Genetic predisposition to diabetes may modify these associations; however, this hypothesis has not been yet studied. OBJECTIVES To evaluate genetic heterogeneity as a modifier in the PFAS association with insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function, using a targeted gene-environment (GxE) approach. METHODS We studied 85 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with type 2 diabetes, in 665 Faroese adults born in 1986-1987. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were measured in cord whole blood at birth and in participants' serum from age 28 years. We calculated the Matsuda-insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and the insulinogenic index (IGI) based on a 2 h-oral glucose tolerance test performed at age 28. Effect modification was evaluated in linear regression models adjusted for cross-product terms (PFAS*SNP) and important covariates. RESULTS Prenatal and adult PFOS exposures were significantly associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and increased beta-cell function. PFOA associations were in the same direction but attenuated compared to PFOS. A total of 58 SNPs were associated with at least one PFAS exposure variable and/or Matsuda-ISI or IGI in the Faroese population and were subsequently tested as modifiers in the PFAS-clinical outcome associations. Eighteen SNPs showed interaction p-values (PGxE) < 0.05 in at least one PFAS-clinical outcome association, five of which passed False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction (PGxE-FDR<0.20). SNPs for which we found stronger evidence for GxE interactions included ABCA1 rs3890182, FTO rs9939609, FTO rs3751812, PPARG rs170036314 and SLC12A3 rs2289116 and were more clearly shown to modify the PFAS associations with insulin sensitivity, rather than with beta-cell function. DISCUSSION Findings from this study suggest that PFAS-associated changes in insulin sensitivity could vary between individuals as a result of genetic predisposition and warrant replication in independent larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pal Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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19
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Williamson A, Norris DM, Yin X, Broadaway KA, Moxley AH, Vadlamudi S, Wilson EP, Jackson AU, Ahuja V, Andersen MK, Arzumanyan Z, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Bretschneider MP, Buchanan TA, Chang YC, Chuang LM, Chung RH, Clausen TD, Damm P, Delgado GE, de Mello VD, Dupuis J, Dwivedi OP, Erdos MR, Fernandes Silva L, Frayling TM, Gieger C, Goodarzi MO, Guo X, Gustafsson S, Hakaste L, Hammar U, Hatem G, Herrmann S, Højlund K, Horn K, Hsueh WA, Hung YJ, Hwu CM, Jonsson A, Kårhus LL, Kleber ME, Kovacs P, Lakka TA, Lauzon M, Lee IT, Lindgren CM, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Luan J, Aly DM, Mathiesen E, Moissl AP, Morris AP, Narisu N, Perakakis N, Peters A, Prasad RB, Rodionov RN, Roll K, Rundsten CF, Sarnowski C, Savonen K, Scholz M, Sharma S, Stinson SE, Suleman S, Tan J, Taylor KD, Uusitupa M, Vistisen D, Witte DR, Walther R, Wu P, Xiang AH, Zethelius B, Ahlqvist E, Bergman RN, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Fall T, Florez JC, Fritsche A, Grallert H, Groop L, Hansen T, Koistinen HA, Komulainen P, Laakso M, Lind L, Loeffler M, März W, Meigs JB, Raffel LJ, Rauramaa R, Rotter JI, Schwarz PEH, Stumvoll M, Sundström J, Tönjes A, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Wagner R, Barroso I, Walker M, Grarup N, Boehnke M, Wareham NJ, Mohlke KL, Wheeler E, O'Rahilly S, Fazakerley DJ, Langenberg C. Genome-wide association study and functional characterization identifies candidate genes for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Nat Genet 2023; 55:973-983. [PMID: 37291194 PMCID: PMC7614755 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Distinct tissue-specific mechanisms mediate insulin action in fasting and postprandial states. Previous genetic studies have largely focused on insulin resistance in the fasting state, where hepatic insulin action dominates. Here we studied genetic variants influencing insulin levels measured 2 h after a glucose challenge in >55,000 participants from three ancestry groups. We identified ten new loci (P < 5 × 10-8) not previously associated with postchallenge insulin resistance, eight of which were shown to share their genetic architecture with type 2 diabetes in colocalization analyses. We investigated candidate genes at a subset of associated loci in cultured cells and identified nine candidate genes newly implicated in the expression or trafficking of GLUT4, the key glucose transporter in postprandial glucose uptake in muscle and fat. By focusing on postprandial insulin resistance, we highlighted the mechanisms of action at type 2 diabetes loci that are not adequately captured by studies of fasting glycemic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Williamson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - K Alaine Broadaway
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne H Moxley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Emma P Wilson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vasudha Ahuja
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zorayr Arzumanyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maxi P Bretschneider
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Hua Chung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Toufen, Taiwan
| | - Tine D Clausen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vanessa D de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Om P Dwivedi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael R Erdos
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Gieger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf Hammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gad Hatem
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sandra Herrmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katrin Horn
- Medical Faculty Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Department of Medicine Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Anna Jonsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marie Lauzon
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - I-Te Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dina Mansour Aly
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Mathiesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela P Moissl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roman N Rodionov
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Center for Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kathryn Roll
- Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Carsten F Rundsten
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Savonen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus Scholz
- Medical Faculty Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, München, Germany
| | - Sara E Stinson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sufyan Suleman
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jingyi Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorte Vistisen
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Romy Walther
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peitao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Research and Evaluation, Division of Biostatistics, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Björn Zethelius
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Outcomes, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Komulainen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Medical Faculty Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Clinical Sciences Malmö, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie J Raffel
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic and Genomic Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inês Barroso
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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20
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Brønden A, Christensen MB, Glintborg D, Snorgaard O, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A, Madsen GK, Toft K, Kristensen JK, Højlund K, Hansen TK, Søndergaard E, Hansen KB. Effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and sulfonylureas on mortality, cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analyses-driven approach. Diabet Med 2023:e15157. [PMID: 37249579 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of our meta-analyses was to compare the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on mortality, cardiovascular and renal endpoints for a range of type 2 diabetes (T2D) subgroups defined by their specific cardiovascular risk profile. METHODS Meta-analyses comparing drugs within the classes of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors were performed and compared to sulphonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors with available cardiovascular outcome trials. The comparison between the different classes of glucose-lowering drugs included analyses of T2D populations with low risk and high risk for cardiovascular disease including populations with established cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease. Outcomes included mortality, major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE), hospitalisation for heart failure (HHF) and a composite renal endpoint as applied in the underlying clinical trials. RESULTS SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs showed beneficial effects on mortality and MACE compared to the classes of DPP-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas. SGLT-2 inhibitors were shown to be the most effective treatment in terms of HHF and kidney disease. Metformin was used as background therapy for the vast majority of participants in all included studies. Overall, the absolute effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs on these important outcomes were evident for patients with established or at high risk for cardiovascular disease but limited for the low-risk subgroup. CONCLUSIONS The findings from our analyses substantiate the relevance of treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1RAs as add-on to metformin in patients with T2D and a high risk for cardiovascular disease, and furthermore, support the recommendation for SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment in patients with T2D and heart failure or established kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brønden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen (2400, Copenhagen, NV), Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen (2400, Copenhagen, NV), Denmark
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Danish Medicines Council, Copenhagen (2100, Copenhagen Ø), Denmark
| | - Ole Snorgaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen (2650, Hvidovre), Denmark
| | - Allan Kofoed-Enevoldsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Nykøbing Falster Hospital, Nykøbing Falster (4800 Nykøbing Falster), Denmark
| | | | - Katja Toft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen (2400, Copenhagen, NV), Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense (5000 Odense), Denmark
| | - Troels Krarup Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus (8200 Aarhus N), Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus (8200 Aarhus N), Denmark
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21
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de Almeida ME, Ørtenblad N, Petersen MH, Schjerning ASN, Wentorf EK, Jensen K, Højlund K, Nielsen J. Acute exercise increases the contact between lipid droplets and mitochondria independently of obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Physiol 2023; 601:1797-1815. [PMID: 37013398 DOI: 10.1113/jp284386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria are essential organelles in cellular communication and metabolism, supporting local energy demands during muscle contractions. While insulin resistance impacts cellular functions and systems within the skeletal muscle, it remains unclear whether the interaction of LDs and mitochondria is affected by exercise and the role of obesity and type 2 diabetes. By employing transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we aimed to investigate the effects of 1-hour ergometry cycling on LD morphology, subcellular distribution, and mitochondrial contact in skeletal muscle fibres of patients with type 2 diabetes and glucose-tolerant lean and obese controls, matched for equal exercise intensities. Exercise did not change LD volumetric density, numerical density, profile size, or subcellular distribution. However, evaluated as the magnitude of inter-organelle contact, exercise increased the contact between LDs and mitochondria with no differences between the three groups. This effect was most profound in the subsarcolemmal space of type 1 muscle fibres, and here the absolute contact length increased on average from ∼275 to ∼420 nm. Furthermore, the absolute contact length before exercise (ranging from ∼140 to ∼430 nm) was positively associated with the fat oxidation rate during exercise. In conclusion, we showed that acute exercise did not mediate changes in the LD volume fractions, numbers, or size but increased the contact between LDs and mitochondria, irrespective of obesity or type 2 diabetes. These data suggest that the increased LD-mitochondrial contact with exercise is not disturbed in obesity or type 2 diabetes. KEY POINTS: Type 2 diabetes is associated with altered interactivity between lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria in the skeletal muscle. Physical contact between the surface of LDs and the surrounding mitochondrial network is considered favorable for fat oxidation. We show that one hour of acute exercise increases the length of contact between LDs and mitochondria, irrespective of obesity or type 2 diabetes. This contact length between LDs and mitochondria is not associated with a net decrease in the LD volumetric density after the acute exercise. However, it correlates with the fat oxidation rate during exercise. Our data establish that exercise mediates contact between LDs and the mitochondrial network and that this effect is not impaired in individuals with type 2 diabetes or obesity. Abstract figure legend One hour of acute exercise increases the absolute and relative measured contact between lipid droplets and mitochondria, irrespective of obesity or type 2 diabetes. Increases in lipid droplet-mitochondrial contact were not associated with changes in lipid droplet content (volume fractions) nor volumetric composition (number or size). The figure was designed using BioRender and resources from Flaticon.com. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eisemann de Almeida
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Houborg Petersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ann-Sofie Nybøle Schjerning
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil Kleis Wentorf
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Dunvald ACD, Nielsen F, Olsen DA, Ernst MT, Donnelly L, Soto-Pedre E, Kristiansen MR, Nielsen JS, Persson F, Højlund K, Madsen JS, Søndergaard J, Pearson E, Pottegård A, Stage TB. Initiation of glucose-lowering drugs reduces the anticoagulant effect of warfarin-But not through altered drug metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36967527 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Drug metabolism might be altered in patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate if initiation of glucose-lowering drugs impacts warfarin efficacy and drug metabolism. METHODS First, we conducted a register-based self-controlled cohort study on Danish and Scottish warfarin users. Warfarin efficacy (international normalized ratio [INR]) was compared before and after initiation of glucose-lowering drugs. Second, we conducted a clinical pharmacokinetic trial comprising treatment-naïve type 2 diabetes patients. Patients ingested probe drugs for drug-metabolizing enzymes (the Basel Cocktail) before initiating glucose-lowering treatment, and after 3 and 12 weeks of treatment. Drug metabolism, glycaemic control, and inflammation were assessed on each visit. RESULTS In the Danish and Scottish cohorts (n = 982 and n = 44, respectively), initiating glucose-lowering drugs reduced warfarin efficacy. INR decreased from 2.47 to 2.21 in the Danish cohort (mean difference -0.26; 95% CI -0.35; -0.17) and from 2.33 to 2.13 in the Scottish cohort (-0.21; 95% CI -0.52; 0.11) after initiation of glucose-lowering treatment. This impact on INR was more pronounced among individuals with stronger effects of glucose-lowering treatment. In the clinical pharmacokinetic trial (n = 10), initiating metformin did not affect drug metabolism after 3 weeks (geometric mean ratio of CYP3A metabolic ratio: 1.12 [95% CI: 0.95; 1.32]) or 12 weeks of metformin treatment. Glycaemic control improved during treatment, while inflammation remained low and unchanged during treatment. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, initiation of glucose-lowering drugs among chronic warfarin users seems associated with a reduction in INR, particularly among individuals with a large decrease in HbA1c . This effect seems unrelated to CYP enzyme activity and warfarin drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrine Dalgård Dunvald
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Aalund Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Martin Thomsen Ernst
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Donnelly
- Department of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Enrique Soto-Pedre
- Department of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maja Refshauge Kristiansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense (SDCO), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense (SDCO), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frederik Persson
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense (SDCO), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonna Skov Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ewan Pearson
- Department of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anton Pottegård
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tore Bjerregaard Stage
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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23
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Beran D, Højlund K, Besançon S, Mundt ML, Ogle GD, Ramaiya K, Robinson T, Svensson J, Tuomilehto J, Wild S, Green A. A plan to improve global type 1 diabetes epidemiology data. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:154-155. [PMID: 36738753 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Beran
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Graham D Ogle
- Life for a Child, Diabetes NSW & ACT, Glebe, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Tom Robinson
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Australia, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of International Health, National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anders Green
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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24
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Grauslund J, Pedersen FN, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, Dinesen S, Hajari J, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Laugesen CS, Kawasaki R, Möller S, Schielke KC, Thykjaer AS, Stokholm L. Presence and development of diabetic retinopathy in 153 238 patients with type 2 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:207-214. [PMID: 36189965 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) along with associated markers in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Danish DR-screening programme. METHODS We included all persons with type 2 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy, who had attended at least one episode of DR screening in 2013-2018. DR was classified as levels 0-4 indicating increasing severity. Data were linked with various national health registries to retrieve information on diabetes duration, marital status, comorbidity and systemic medication. RESULTS Among 153 238 persons with type 2 diabetes, median age and duration of diabetes were 66.9 and 5.3 years and 56.4% were males. Prevalence and 5-year incidences of DR, 2-step-or-more progression of DR and progression to proliferative DR (PDR) were 8.8%, 3.8%, 0.7% and 0.2%, respectively. In multivariable models, leading markers of incident DR and progression to PDR were duration of diabetes (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.87-2.09; HR 2.89, 95% CI 2.34-3.58 per 10 years of duration) and use of insulin (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.76-2.01; HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.84-3.13), while the use of cholesterol-lowering medicine was a protecting marker (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.93; HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.93). From 2013 to 2015, 3-year incidence rates of PDR decreased from 1.22 to 0.45 events per 1000 person-years. CONCLUSION Nationally, among Danish individuals with type 2 diabetes attending DR screening, we identified duration of diabetes and use of insulin as the most important predictor for the development of DR, while cholesterol-lowering medicine was a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frederik Nørregaard Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Dinesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Javad Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sören Möller
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Suhr Thykjaer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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25
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Pedersen FN, Stidsen JV, Rasmussen MN, Nielsen HB, Henriksen JE, Olesen TB, Olsen MH, Nielsen JS, Højlund K, Blindbaek SL, Grauslund J. Retinal microvascular markers in type 2 diabetes subphenotypes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. Acta Ophthalmol 2023. [PMID: 36750915 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate if newly diagnosed patients with different subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) differ with respect to subclinical retinal microvascular structure or diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This population-based, cross-sectional study of 340 patients (675 eyes) classified patients with recently diagnosed T2DM in different subphenotypes according to beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in to; classical (n = 218), hyperinsulinaemic (n = 86), insulinopenic (n = 20), or LADA (n = 16). Retinal 6-field images were graded according to the International Clinical DR Severity Scale by a retinal expert. Retinal microvascular structures were analysed in eyes by a semiautomatic software. RESULTS Median age and duration of diabetes were 58.1 (49.9; 65.5) and 0.9 (0.5; 2.4) years, respectively, and 56.8% were male. In a multivariate linear mixed model regression analysis of eyes without DR (n = 570), there was no statistically significant difference in retinal venular or arteriolar width between subtypes and patients with classical T2DM. In addition, eyes from different subphenotypes did not differ according to vessel density, tortuosity or fractal dimension. In a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, HbA1c, diabetes duration, body mass index, mean arterial blood pressure and history of cardiovascular disease, there was a tendency towards persons with hyperinsulinaemic T2DM to be more likely to have DR (OR 1.97, 95% CI 0.95; 4.09) compared to classical T2DM. CONCLUSION We found no difference in retinal microvascular structure in patients with newly diagnosed subtypes of T2DM. However, DR may be more prevalent in newly diagnosed patients with hyperinsulinaemic T2DM compared to individuals with classical T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik N Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob V Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin N Rasmussen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Erik Henriksen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Hecht Olsen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens S Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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26
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Broadaway KA, Yin X, Williamson A, Parsons VA, Wilson EP, Moxley AH, Vadlamudi S, Varshney A, Jackson AU, Ahuja V, Bornstein SR, Corbin LJ, Delgado GE, Dwivedi OP, Fernandes Silva L, Frayling TM, Grallert H, Gustafsson S, Hakaste L, Hammar U, Herder C, Herrmann S, Højlund K, Hughes DA, Kleber ME, Lindgren CM, Liu CT, Luan J, Malmberg A, Moissl AP, Morris AP, Perakakis N, Peters A, Petrie JR, Roden M, Schwarz PEH, Sharma S, Silveira A, Strawbridge RJ, Tuomi T, Wood AR, Wu P, Zethelius B, Baldassarre D, Eriksson JG, Fall T, Florez JC, Fritsche A, Gigante B, Hamsten A, Kajantie E, Laakso M, Lahti J, Lawlor DA, Lind L, März W, Meigs JB, Sundström J, Timpson NJ, Wagner R, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Barroso I, O'Rahilly S, Grarup N, Parker SC, Boehnke M, Langenberg C, Wheeler E, Mohlke KL. Loci for insulin processing and secretion provide insight into type 2 diabetes risk. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:284-299. [PMID: 36693378 PMCID: PMC9943750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion is critical for glucose homeostasis, and increased levels of the precursor proinsulin relative to insulin indicate pancreatic islet beta-cell stress and insufficient insulin secretory capacity in the setting of insulin resistance. We conducted meta-analyses of genome-wide association results for fasting proinsulin from 16 European-ancestry studies in 45,861 individuals. We found 36 independent signals at 30 loci (p value < 5 × 10-8), which validated 12 previously reported loci for proinsulin and ten additional loci previously identified for another glycemic trait. Half of the alleles associated with higher proinsulin showed higher rather than lower effects on glucose levels, corresponding to different mechanisms. Proinsulin loci included genes that affect prohormone convertases, beta-cell dysfunction, vesicle trafficking, beta-cell transcriptional regulation, and lysosomes/autophagy processes. We colocalized 11 proinsulin signals with islet expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data, suggesting candidate genes, including ARSG, WIPI1, SLC7A14, and SIX3. The NKX6-3/ANK1 proinsulin signal colocalized with a T2D signal and an adipose ANK1 eQTL signal but not the islet NKX6-3 eQTL. Signals were enriched for islet enhancers, and we showed a plausible islet regulatory mechanism for the lead signal in the MADD locus. These results show how detailed genetic studies of an intermediate phenotype can elucidate mechanisms that may predispose one to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alaine Broadaway
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alice Williamson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria A Parsons
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emma P Wilson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne H Moxley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Arushi Varshney
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vasudha Ahuja
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, MedicCal Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura J Corbin
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Om P Dwivedi
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf Hammar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - David A Hughes
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, BW, Germany; SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, BW, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anni Malmberg
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angela P Moissl
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, BW, Germany
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, MedicCal Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John R Petrie
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sapna Sharma
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peitao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Björn Zethelius
- Department of Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Cardiovascular Prevention Area, Centro Cardiologico Monzino I.R.C.C.S., Milan, Italy
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, BW, Germany; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, BW, Germany
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; Health Data Research UK, Gibbs Building, London, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research, Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Cj Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Domazet SL, Tarp J, Thomsen RW, Højlund K, Stidsen JV, Brønd JC, Grøntved A, Nielsen JS. Accelerometer-derived physical activity and sedentary behaviors in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study from the Danish nationwide DD2 cohort. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1089579. [PMID: 36761371 PMCID: PMC9905636 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1089579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Habitual physical activity behaviors of individuals with new-onset type 2 diabetes are largely unknown. We aimed to investigate accelerometer-derived physical activity behaviors in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. We also examined sociodemographic and health-related correlates of a high-risk physical activity profile. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from 768 participants enrolled in an intervention study nested within the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 diabetes (DD2) cohort. Physical activity was assessed by 24-h dual monitor accelerometry. Prevalence ratios of having a high-risk physical activity profile were estimated using Poisson regression adjusted for age and sex. Results Study participants spent on average 9.7 (25th and 75th percentiles, 8.3; 11.1) hours/day sitting, walked for 1.1 (0.8; 1.6) hours/day and accumulated 4,000 (2,521; 5,864) steps/day. Still, 62% met the recommendations for physical activity. Characteristics associated with a high-risk physical activity profile (observed in 24.5% of participants) included older age, higher body mass index (BMI), unemployment, retirement, comorbidities, and current smoking. Hence, participants aged 60-69, 70-79 and 80+ years had prevalence ratios of 2.12 (95% CI 1.31; 3.42), 1.99 (1.18; 3.34) and 3.09 (1.42; 6.75) for a high-risk activity profile, respectively, versus participants <50 years. BMI values of 30-39 and 40+ were associated with 1.83 (1.06; 3.15) and 3.38 (1.88; 6.05) higher prevalence ratios compared to normal-weight. Unemployment or retirement was associated with 1.62 (1.09; 2.41) and 2.15 (1.37; 3.39) times higher prevalence ratios, compared to individuals in the working force. Having a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 1-2 or 3+ was associated with 1.36 (1.03-1.79) and 1.90 (1.27-1.84) higher prevalence ratios, while current smoking was associated with a prevalence ratio of 1.72 (1.25; 2.35) compared to never smokers. Conclusion This study shows that 62% of individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes met the recommendations for physical activity. Still, the majority of participants were also highly sedentary and accumulated very few daily steps, emphasizing the need for focusing on both increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviors in the prevention of diabetes-related complications. Individuals with a high-risk physical activity profile were characterized by more obesity, socioeconomic inequalities, advanced age and comorbidities.Trial registration number: NCT02015130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel L. Domazet
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Correspondence: Sidsel L. Domazet
| | - Jakob Tarp
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reimar W. Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob V. Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan C. Brønd
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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28
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Hansen CD, Gram-Kampmann EM, Hansen JK, Hugger MB, Madsen BS, Jensen JM, Olesen S, Torp N, Rasmussen DN, Kjærgaard M, Johansen S, Lindvig KP, Andersen P, Thorhauge KH, Brønd JC, Hermann P, Beck-Nielsen H, Detlefsen S, Hansen T, Højlund K, Thiele MS, Israelsen M, Krag A. Effect of Calorie-Unrestricted Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet Versus High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet on Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:10-21. [PMID: 36508737 DOI: 10.7326/m22-1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear if a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet is a possible treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of a calorie-unrestricted LCHF diet, with no intention of weight loss, on T2DM and NAFLD compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet. DESIGN 6-month randomized controlled trial with a 3-month follow-up. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03068078). SETTING Odense University Hospital in Denmark from November 2016 until June 2020. PARTICIPANTS 165 participants with T2DM. INTERVENTION Two calorie-unrestricted diets: LCHF diet with 50 to 60 energy percent (E%) fat, less than 20E% carbohydrates, and 25E% to 30E% proteins and HCLF diet with 50E% to 60E% carbohydrates, 20E% to 30E% fats, and 20E% to 25E% proteins. MEASUREMENTS Glycemic control, serum lipid levels, metabolic markers, and liver biopsies to assess NAFLD. RESULTS The mean age was 56 years (SD, 10), and 58% were women. Compared with the HCLF diet, participants on the LCHF diet had greater improvements in hemoglobin A1c (mean difference in change, -6.1 mmol/mol [95% CI, -9.2 to -3.0 mmol/mol] or -0.59% [CI, -0.87% to -0.30%]) and lost more weight (mean difference in change, -3.8 kg [CI, -6.2 to -1.4 kg]). Both groups had higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower triglycerides at 6 months. Changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were less favorable in the LCHF diet group than in the HCLF diet group (mean difference in change, 0.37 mmol/L [CI, 0.17 to 0.58 mmol/L] or 14.3 mg/dL [CI, 6.6 to 22.4 mg/dL]). No statistically significant between-group changes were detected in the assessment of NAFLD. Changes were not sustained at the 9-month follow-up. LIMITATION Open-label trial, self-reported adherence, unintended weight loss, and lack of adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION Persons with T2DM on a 6-month, calorie-unrestricted, LCHF diet had greater clinically meaningful improvements in glycemic control and weight compared with those on an HCLF diet, but the changes were not sustained 3 months after intervention. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Novo Nordisk Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Dalby Hansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (C.D.H., M.B.H., N.T., M.K., S.J., K.H.T., M.S.T.)
| | - Eva-Marie Gram-Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (E.M.G., H.B., K.H.)
| | - Johanne Kragh Hansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.K.H., B.S.M., J.M.J., S.O., D.N.R., P.A., M.I.)
| | - Mie Balle Hugger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (C.D.H., M.B.H., N.T., M.K., S.J., K.H.T., M.S.T.)
| | - Bjørn Stæhr Madsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.K.H., B.S.M., J.M.J., S.O., D.N.R., P.A., M.I.)
| | - Jane Møller Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.K.H., B.S.M., J.M.J., S.O., D.N.R., P.A., M.I.)
| | - Sara Olesen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.K.H., B.S.M., J.M.J., S.O., D.N.R., P.A., M.I.)
| | - Nikolaj Torp
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (C.D.H., M.B.H., N.T., M.K., S.J., K.H.T., M.S.T.)
| | - Ditlev Nytoft Rasmussen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.K.H., B.S.M., J.M.J., S.O., D.N.R., P.A., M.I.)
| | - Maria Kjærgaard
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (C.D.H., M.B.H., N.T., M.K., S.J., K.H.T., M.S.T.)
| | - Stine Johansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (C.D.H., M.B.H., N.T., M.K., S.J., K.H.T., M.S.T.)
| | - Katrine Prier Lindvig
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense SV, Denmark (K.P.L.)
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.K.H., B.S.M., J.M.J., S.O., D.N.R., P.A., M.I.)
| | - Katrine Holtz Thorhauge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (C.D.H., M.B.H., N.T., M.K., S.J., K.H.T., M.S.T.)
| | - Jan Christian Brønd
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (J.C.B.)
| | - Pernille Hermann
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (P.H.)
| | - Henning Beck-Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (E.M.G., H.B., K.H.)
| | - Sönke Detlefsen
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, and Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (S.D.)
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.H.)
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (E.M.G., H.B., K.H.)
| | - Maja Sofie Thiele
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (C.D.H., M.B.H., N.T., M.K., S.J., K.H.T., M.S.T.)
| | - Mads Israelsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.K.H., B.S.M., J.M.J., S.O., D.N.R., P.A., M.I.)
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark (A.K.)
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de Almeida ME, Nielsen J, Petersen MH, Wentorf EK, Pedersen NB, Jensen K, Højlund K, Ørtenblad N. Altered intramuscular network of lipid droplets and mitochondria in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C39-C57. [PMID: 36409174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00470.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive storage of lipid droplets (LDs) in skeletal muscles is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. However, LD morphology displays a high degree of subcellular heterogeneity and varies between single muscle fibers, which impedes the current understanding of lipid-induced insulin resistance. Using quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we conducted a comprehensive single-fiber morphological analysis to investigate the intramuscular network of LDs and mitochondria, and the effects of 8 wk of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) targeting major muscle groups, in patients with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic obese and lean controls. We found that excessive storage of intramuscular lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes was exclusively explained by extremely large LDs situated in distinct muscle fibers with a location-specific deficiency in subsarcolemmal mitochondria. After HIIT, this intramuscular deficiency was improved by a remodeling of LD size and subcellular distribution and mitochondrial content. Analysis of LD morphology further revealed that individual organelles were better described as ellipsoids than spheres. Moreover, physical contact between LD and mitochondrial membranes indicated a dysfunctional interplay between organelles in the diabetic state. Taken together, type 2 diabetes should be recognized as a metabolic disease with high cellular heterogeneity in intramuscular lipid storage, underlining the relevance of single-cell technologies in clinical research. Furthermore, HIIT changed intramuscular LD storage toward nondiabetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eisemann de Almeida
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Houborg Petersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil Kleis Wentorf
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niklas Bigum Pedersen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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30
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Sperling S, Stokholm L, Thykjaer AS, Pedersen FN, Möller S, Laugesen CS, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, la Cour M, Hajari J, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Kawasaki R, Kolko M, Schielke KC, Rubin KH, Vestergaard AH, Grauslund J. Bidirectional 5-year risks of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension: Results from a national screening programme. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 101:384-391. [PMID: 36514165 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate if diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension (OHT) are prospectively linked, as previous studies have proposed cross-sectional associations, but longitudinal data from larger cohorts are lacking. METHODS We performed a bidirectional 5 years prospective, registry-based cohort study. We extracted data from national registers, including the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy, the Danish Civil Registration System, the Danish National Patient Register and the Danish National Prescription Registry. DR level was defined by the highest level of the two eyes. Glaucoma and/or OHT was defined by diagnostic codes (H40*) or at least three redeemed prescriptions of glaucoma medication (S01E*) within 1 year. We included 205 970 persons with diabetes and 1 003 170 age- and gender-matched non-diabetes controls. Exposures were level-specific DR (i) and glaucoma and/or OHT (ii), and outcomes were hazard ratios (HRs) for 5 years incident glaucoma and/or OHT (i) and DR (ii). RESULTS Persons with diabetes were more likely to develop glaucoma and/or OHT (multivariable adjusted HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.15), but this did not depend on the level of DR. In persons with diabetes, those with glaucoma and/or OHT were more likely to develop DR (multivariable adjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.23) within 5 years. CONCLUSION In a national cohort, diabetes associated with a little higher risk of upcoming glaucoma and/or OHT, and, inversely, the presence of the latter predicted a higher risk of incident DR. Nevertheless, our data do not seem to justify including glaucoma evaluation in the national Danish DR-screening programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Sperling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Suhr Thykjaer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frederik Nørregaard Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten la Cour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javad Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Hass Rubin
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN - Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Højslet Vestergaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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31
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Thykjær AS, Andersen N, Bek T, Heegaard S, Hajari J, Laugesen CS, Möller S, Pedersen FN, Rosengaard L, Schielke KC, Kawasaki R, Højlund K, Rubin KH, Stokholm L, Grauslund J. Attendance in a national screening program for diabetic retinopathy: a population-based study of 205,970 patients. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:1493-1503. [PMID: 35953626 PMCID: PMC9519674 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-01946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A nationwide diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program has been established in Denmark since 2013. We aimed to perform an evaluation of adherence to DR screenings and to examine whether non-adherence was correlated to DR progression. METHODS The population consisted of a register-based cohort, who participated in the screening program from 2013 to 2018. We analyzed age, gender, marital status, DR level (International Clinical DR severity scale, none, mild-, moderate-, severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR)), comorbidities and socioeconomic factors. The attendance pattern of patients was grouped as either timely (no delays > 33%), delayed (delays > 33%) or one-time attendance (unexplained). RESULTS We included 205,970 patients with 591,136 screenings. Rates of timely, delayed and one-time attendance were 53.0%, 35.5% and 11.5%, respectively. DR level at baseline was associated with delays (mild-, moderate-, severe NPDR and PDR) and one-time attendance (moderate-, severe NPDR and PDR) with relative risk ratios (RRR) of 1.68, 2.27, 3.14, 2.44 and 1.18, 2.07, 1.26, respectively (P < 0.05). Delays at previous screenings were associated with progression to severe NPDR or PDR (hazard ratio (HR) 2.27, 6.25 and 12.84 for 1, 2 and 3+ delays, respectively). Any given delay doubled the risk of progression (HR 2.28). CONCLUSIONS In a national cohort of 205,970 patients, almost half of the patients attended DR screening later than scheduled or dropped out after first screening episode. This was, in particular, true for patients with any levels of DR at baseline. DR progression in patients with delayed attendance, increased with the number of missed appointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Suhr Thykjær
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - N Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C S Laugesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - S Möller
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - F N Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - L Rosengaard
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - K C Schielke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - R Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - K H Rubin
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - L Stokholm
- Research Unit OPEN, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense C, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Højlund K. [Not Available]. Ugeskr Laeger 2022; 184:V205130. [PMID: 36305263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense Universitetshospital
- Klinisk Institut, Syddansk Universitet
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Knorr S, Skakkebæk A, Just J, Johannsen EB, Trolle C, Vang S, Lohse Z, Bytoft B, Damm P, Højlund K, Jensen DM, Gravholt CH. Epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations in offspring born to women with type 1 diabetes (the EPICOM study). BMC Med 2022; 20:338. [PMID: 36138412 PMCID: PMC9503228 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offspring born to women with pregestational type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are exposed to an intrauterine hyperglycemic milieu and has an increased risk of metabolic disease later in life. In this present study, we hypothesize that in utero exposure to T1DM alters offspring DNA methylation and gene expression, thereby altering their risk of future disease. METHODS Follow-up study using data from the Epigenetic, Genetic and Environmental Effects on Growth, Metabolism and Cognitive Functions in Offspring of Women with Type 1 Diabetes (EPICOM) collected between 2012 and 2013. SETTING Exploratory sub-study using data from the nationwide EPICOM study. PARTICIPANTS Adolescent offspring born to women with T1DM (n=20) and controls (n=20) matched on age, sex, and postal code. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES This study investigates DNA methylation using the 450K-Illumina Infinium assay and RNA expression (RNA sequencing) of leucocytes from peripheral blood samples. RESULTS We identified 9 hypomethylated and 5 hypermethylated positions (p < 0.005, |ΔM-value| > 1) and 38 up- and 1 downregulated genes (p < 0.005, log2FC ≥ 0.3) in adolescent offspring born to women with T1DM compared to controls. None of these findings remained significant after correction for multiple testing. However, we identified differences in gene co-expression networks, which could be of biological significance, using weighted gene correlation network analysis. Interestingly, one of these modules was significantly associated with offspring born to women with T1DM. Functional enrichment analysis, using the identified changes in methylation and gene expression as input, revealed enrichment in disease ontologies related to diabetes, carbohydrate and glucose metabolism, pathways including MAPK1/MAPK3 and MAPK family signaling, and genes related to T1DM, obesity, atherosclerosis, and vascular pathologies. Lastly, by integrating the DNA methylation and RNA expression data, we identified six genes where relevant methylation changes corresponded with RNA expression (CIITA, TPM1, PXN, ST8SIA1, LIPA, DAXX). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the possibility for intrauterine exposure to maternal T1DM to impact later in life methylation and gene expression in the offspring, a profile that may be linked to the increased risk of vascular and metabolic disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Knorr
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2. fl, 8200, Aarhus, DK, Denmark. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emma B Johannsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Trolle
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Vang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Lohse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Bytoft
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte M Jensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Stidsen JV, Christensen DH, Henriksen JE, Højlund K, Olsen MH, Thomsen RW, Christensen LB, Nielsen JS, Olesen TB, Beck-Nielsen H. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with pathophysiological phenotypes of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:279-291. [PMID: 35670619 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes is caused by varying degrees of two defects: low insulin sensitivity and beta-cell dysfunction. We assessed if subgrouping of patients into three pathophysiological phenotypes according to these defects could identify individuals with high or low risk of future cardiovascular events. DESIGN This is a prospective cohort study. METHODS We assessed estimates of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function from the homeostasis model assessment-2 in 4209 individuals with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes enrolled from general practitioners and outpatient clinics in Denmark. Individuals were followed for a composite cardiovascular endpoint (either atherosclerotic outcomes (myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, stroke, coronary or peripheral revascularization), heart failure, or cardiovascular death) and all-cause mortality. RESULTS Totally 417 individuals with the insulinopenic phenotype (high insulin sensitivity and low beta-cell function) had substantially lower risk of cardiovascular events (5-year cumulative incidence: 4.6% vs 10.1%; age-/sex-adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.49; 95% CI: 0.30-0.82) compared with 2685 individuals with the classical phenotype (low insulin sensitivity and low beta-cell function), driven by atherosclerotic events. Conversely, 1107 individuals with the hyperinsulinaemic phenotype (low insulin sensitivity and high beta-cell function) had more cardiovascular events (5-year cumulative incidence: 12.6%; aHR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.05-1.69), primarily driven by increased heart failure and cardiovascular death and increased all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Simple phenotyping based on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function predicts distinct future risks of cardiovascular events and death in patients with type 2 diabetes. These results suggest that precision medicine according to underlying type 2 pathophysiology potentially can reduce diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Erik Henriksen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Michael Hecht Olsen
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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Overgaard M, Ravnsborg T, Lohse Z, Bytoft B, Clausen TD, Jensen RB, Damm P, Højlund K, Gravholt CH, Knorr S, Jensen DM. Apolipoprotein D and transthyretin are reduced in female adolescent offspring of women with type 1 diabetes: The EPICOM study. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14776. [PMID: 34940989 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Adolescent offspring exposed to maternal diabetes during intrauterine life show a less favourable metabolic profile than the background population. Here, we hypothesize that offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), possess sex-specific alterations in the serum profile of proteins involved in lipid, metabolic and transport processes and that these alterations are associated with lipid profile and indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion. METHODS A prospective nationwide follow-up study (EPICOM) in a Danish population. Blood samples were assessed from offspring of women with T1D (index offspring, n = 267, 13-20 years), and matched control offspring (n = 290). Serum proteins were analysed using a 25-plex cardio-metabolic targeted proteomics assay, which includes 12 apolipoproteins and 13 transport and inflammatory proteins. RESULTS Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) and transthyretin (TTR) were reduced in index females as compared to female controls (-8.1%, p < 0.001 and -6.1%, p = 0.006 respectively), but not in index males (2.2%, p = 0.476 and -2.4%, p = 0.731 respectively). Sex-dependent inverse associations between exposure to maternal T1D in utero and ApoD and TTR were significant after adjusting for age, BMI-SDS and Tanner stage (OR = 0.252 [95% CI 0.085, 0.745], p = 0.013 and OR = 0.149 [95% CI 0.040, 0.553], p = 0.004). ApoD correlated to indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion in a similar sex-specific pattern in crude and adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS Low ApoD may be regarded as an early risk marker of metabolic syndrome. A possible link between ApoD and cardiovascular disease needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Overgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina Ravnsborg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Lohse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Bytoft
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine D Clausen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Rikke B Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sine Knorr
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte M Jensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Sabaratnam R, Skov V, Paulsen SK, Juhl S, Kruse R, Hansen T, Halkier C, Kristensen JM, Vind BF, Richelsen B, Knudsen S, Dahlgaard J, Beck-Nielsen H, Kruse TA, Højlund K. A Signature of Exaggerated Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Is Linked to Low Plasma Adiponectin and Increased Transcriptional Activation of Proteasomal Degradation in Muscle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132005. [PMID: 35805088 PMCID: PMC9265693 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by more pronounced metabolic and molecular defects than in obesity per se. There is increasing evidence that adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Here, we used an unbiased approach to examine if adipose tissue dysfunction is exaggerated in T2D and linked to diabetes-related mechanisms of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Transcriptional profiling and biological pathways analysis were performed in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and skeletal muscle biopsies from 17 patients with T2D and 19 glucose-tolerant, age and weight-matched obese controls. Findings were validated by qRT-PCR and western blotting of selected genes and proteins. Patients with T2D were more insulin resistant and had lower plasma adiponectin than obese controls. Transcriptional profiling showed downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic-acid cycle and increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes in SAT in T2D, whereas genes involved in proteasomal degradation were upregulated in the skeletal muscle in T2D. qRT-PCR confirmed most of these findings and showed lower expression of adiponectin in SAT and higher expression of myostatin in muscle in T2D. Interestingly, muscle expression of proteasomal genes correlated positively with SAT expression of ECM genes but inversely with the expression of ADIPOQ in SAT and plasma adiponectin. Protein content of proteasomal subunits and major ubiquitin ligases were unaltered in the skeletal muscle of patients with T2D. A transcriptional signature of exaggerated adipose tissue dysfunction in T2D, compared with obesity alone, is linked to low plasma adiponectin and increased transcriptional activation of proteasomal degradation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.S.); (S.J.); (R.K.); (J.M.K.); (B.F.V.); (H.B.-N.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (T.H.); (C.H.)
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Søren K. Paulsen
- Department of Pathology, Viborg Regional Hospital, DK-8800 Viborg, Denmark;
| | - Stine Juhl
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.S.); (S.J.); (R.K.); (J.M.K.); (B.F.V.); (H.B.-N.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (T.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Rikke Kruse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.S.); (S.J.); (R.K.); (J.M.K.); (B.F.V.); (H.B.-N.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (T.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Thea Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (T.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Cecilie Halkier
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (T.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Jonas M. Kristensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.S.); (S.J.); (R.K.); (J.M.K.); (B.F.V.); (H.B.-N.)
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte F. Vind
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.S.); (S.J.); (R.K.); (J.M.K.); (B.F.V.); (H.B.-N.)
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Steen Knudsen
- Allarity Therapeutics Europe, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark;
| | - Jesper Dahlgaard
- Program for Mind and Body in Mental Health, Research Centre for Health and Welfare Technology, VIA University College, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Beck-Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.S.); (S.J.); (R.K.); (J.M.K.); (B.F.V.); (H.B.-N.)
| | - Torben A. Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark;
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.S.); (S.J.); (R.K.); (J.M.K.); (B.F.V.); (H.B.-N.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (T.H.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2532-0648
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Larsen JK, Larsen MR, Birk JB, Steenberg DE, Hingst JR, Højlund K, Chadt A, Al-Hasani H, Deshmukh AS, Wojtaszewski JF, Kjøbsted R. Illumination of the Endogenous Insulin-Regulated TBC1D4 Interactome in Human Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes 2022; 71:906-920. [PMID: 35192682 PMCID: PMC9074744 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake is a key process in glycemic control. This process depends on the redistribution of glucose transporters to the surface membrane, a process that involves regulatory proteins such as TBC1D1 and TBC1D4. Accordingly, a TBC1D4 loss-of-function mutation in human skeletal muscle is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, and observations from carriers of a TBC1D1 variant associate this protein to a severe obesity phenotype. Here, we identified interactors of the endogenous TBC1D4 protein in human skeletal muscle by an unbiased proteomics approach. We detected 76 proteins as candidate TBC1D4 interactors. The binding of 12 of these interactors was regulated by insulin, including proteins known to be involved in glucose metabolism (e.g., 14-3-3 proteins and α-actinin-4 [ACTN4]). TBC1D1 also coprecipitated with TBC1D4 and vice versa in both human and mouse skeletal muscle. This interaction was not regulated by insulin or exercise in young, healthy, lean individuals. Similarly, the exercise- and insulin-regulated phosphorylation of the TBC1D1-TBC1D4 complex was intact. In contrast, we observed an altered interaction as well as compromised insulin-stimulated phosphoregulation of the TBC1D1-TBC1D4 complex in muscle of obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Altogether, we provide a repository of TBC1D4 interactors in human and mouse skeletal muscle that serve as potential regulators of TBC1D4 function and, thus, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe K. Larsen
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus R. Larsen
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B. Birk
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte E. Steenberg
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne R. Hingst
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Atul S. Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F.P. Wojtaszewski
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding authors: Rasmus Kjøbsted, , and Jørgen F.P. Wojtaszewski,
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding authors: Rasmus Kjøbsted, , and Jørgen F.P. Wojtaszewski,
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Gram-Kampmann EM, Hansen CD, Hugger MB, Jensen JM, Brønd JC, Hermann AP, Krag A, Olsen MH, Beck-Nielsen H, Højlund K. Effects of a 6-month, low-carbohydrate diet on glycaemic control, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: An open-label randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:693-703. [PMID: 34984805 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the efficacy and safety of a non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) on glycaemic control, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) instructed to maintain their non-insulin antidiabetic medication and physical activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an open-label randomized controlled trial, patients with T2D were randomized 2:1 to either a LCD with a maximum of 20 E% (percentage of total energy intake) from carbohydrates (n = 49) or a control diet with 50-60 E% from carbohydrates (n = 22) for 6 months. Examinations at enrolment and after 3 and 6 months included blood sample analyses, anthropometrics, blood pressure, accelerometer-based assessment of physical activity, and food diaries. Total fat mass and lean mass were determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. The mean difference in change between groups from baseline are reported. RESULTS The LCD group decreased carbohydrate intake to 13.4 E% and increased fat intake to 63.2 E%, which was -30.5 ± 2.2 E% lower for carbohydrates and 30.6 ± 2.2 E% higher for fat, respectively, compared with the control group (all P < .001). The LCD reduced HbA1c after 3 months (-8.9 ± 1.7 mmol/mol; P < .0001), and this was maintained after 6 months (-7.5 ± 1.8 mmol/mol; P < .0001) compared with the control diet. The LCD also reduced weight (-3.9 ± 1.0 kg), body mass index (-1.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2 ), and waist circumference (-4.9 ± 1.3 cm) compared with the control diet (all P < .01), accompanied by reductions in total fat mass (-2.2 ± 1.0 kg; P = .027) and lean mass (-1.3 ± 0.6 kg; P = .017). No changes in blood lipids or blood pressure were seen after 6 months. The level of physical activity was maintained, and there were no episodes of severe hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSION A non-calorie-restricted LCD high in fat has significant beneficial effects on glycaemic control and body composition, and does not adversely affect cardiovascular risk factors in patients with T2D. Reducing carbohydrate intake to 10-25 E% appears to be an effective and safe nutritional approach with respect to classical cardiovascular risk factors and hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Gram-Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Camilla D Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mie B Hugger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane M Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan C Brønd
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael H Olsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, and Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbaek, Denmark
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, and Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henning Beck-Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Omar M, Jensen J, Kistorp C, Højlund K, Videbæk L, Tuxen C, Larsen JH, Andersen CF, Gustafsson F, Køber L, Schou M, Møller JE. The effect of empagliflozin on growth differentiation factor 15 in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial (Empire HF Biomarker). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:34. [PMID: 35219331 PMCID: PMC8882292 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) biomarker levels increase in response to inflammation and tissue injury, and increased levels of GDF-15 are associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which improve outcome in HFrEF, have been shown to increase plasma GDF-15 in diabetic patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of empagliflozin on GDF-15 in HFrEF patients. Methods This Empire HF Biomarker substudy was from the multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Empire HF trial that included 190 patients from June 29, 2017, to September 10, 2019. Stable ambulatory HFrEF patients with ejection fraction of ≤ 40% were randomly assigned (1:1) to empagliflozin 10 mg once daily, or matching placebo for 12 weeks. Changes from baseline to 12 weeks in plasma levels of GDF-15, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and high-sensitive troponin T (hsTNT) were assessed. Results A total of 187 patients who were included in this study, mean age was 64 ± 11 years; 85% male, 12% with type 2 diabetes, mean ejection fraction 29 ± 8, with no differences between the groups. Baseline median plasma GDF-15 was 1189 (918–1720) pg/mL with empagliflozin, and 1299 (952–1823) pg/mL for placebo. Empagliflozin increased plasma GDF-15 compared to placebo (adjusted between-groups treatment effect; ratio of change (1·09 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–1.15]: p = 0.0040). The increase in plasma GDF15 was inversely associated with a decrease in left ventricular end-systolic (R = – 0.23, p = 0.031), and end-diastolic volume (R = – 0.29, p = 0.0066). There was no change in plasma hsCRP (1.09 [95%CI, 0.86–1.38]: p = 0.48) or plasma hsTNT (1.07 [95%CI, 0.97–1.19]: p = 0.18) compared to placebo. Patients with diabetes and treated with metformin demonstrated no increase in plasma GDF-15 with empagliflozin, p for interaction = 0·01. Conclusion Empagliflozin increased plasma levels of GDF-15 in patients with HFrEF, with no concomitant increase in hsTNT nor hsCRP. Trial registration: The Empire HF trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03198585. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01463-2.
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Sabaratnam R, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Factors mediating exercise-induced organ crosstalk. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13766. [PMID: 34981891 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise activates a plethora of metabolic and signalling pathways in skeletal muscle and other organs causing numerous systemic beneficial metabolic effects. Thus, regular exercise may ameliorate and prevent the development of several chronic metabolic diseases. Skeletal muscle is recognized as an important endocrine organ regulating systemic adaptations to exercise. Skeletal muscle may mediate crosstalk with other organs through the release of exercise-induced cytokines, peptides and proteins, termed myokines, into the circulation. Importantly, other tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue may also release cytokines and peptides in response to exercise. Hence, exercise-released molecules are collectively called exerkines. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs), in the form of exosomes or microvesicles, may carry some of the signals involved in tissue crosstalk. This review focuses on the role of factors potentially mediating crosstalk between muscle and other tissues in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
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Pedersen FN, Stokholm L, Pouwer F, Hass Rubin K, Peto T, Frydkjær-Olsen U, Thykjær AS, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, La Cour M, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Kawasaki R, Hajari JN, Ohm Kyvik K, Laugesen CS, Schielke KC, Simó R, Grauslund J. Diabetic Retinopathy Predicts Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Danish Registry-Based Nationwide Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:451-460. [PMID: 35068460 PMCID: PMC9028615 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Retinal neurodegeneration is evident in early diabetic retinopathy (DR) which may be associated with other neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: To investigate diabetes and DR as a risk marker of present and incident AD. Methods: A register-based cohort study was performed. We included 134,327 persons with diabetes above 60 years of age, who had attended DR screening, and 651,936 age- and gender-matched persons without diabetes. Results: At baseline, the prevalence of AD was 0.7% and 1.3% among patients with and without diabetes, respectively. In a multivariable regression model, patients with diabetes were less likely to have AD at baseline (adjusted OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.59–0.68). During follow-up, incident AD was registered for 1473 (0.35%) and 6,899 (0.34%) persons with and without diabetes, respectively. Compared to persons without diabetes, persons with diabetes and no DR had a lower risk to develop AD (adjusted HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81–0.93), while persons with diabetes and DR had higher risk of AD (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08–1.43). When persons with diabetes and no DR were used as references, a higher risk of incident AD was observed in persons with DR (adjusted HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.18–1.53). Conclusion: Individuals with diabetes without DR were less likely to develop AD compared to persons without diabetes. However, individuals with DR had a 34% higher risk of incident AD, which raise the question whether screening for cognitive impairment should be done among individuals with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Nørregaard Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frans Pouwer
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katrine Hass Rubin
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tunde Peto
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Anne Suhr Thykjær
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten La Cour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Javad Nouri Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Ohm Kyvik
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rafael Simó
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institut (VHIR) and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Stidsen JV, Green A, Rosengaard L, Højlund K. Risk of severe COVID-19 infection in persons with diabetes during the first and second waves in Denmark: A nationwide cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1025699. [PMID: 36303877 PMCID: PMC9592709 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1025699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) increases risk of hospitalization and death in diabetes and diabetes-related conditions. We examined the temporal trends in COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality in the total Danish population by diabetes and diabetes-related conditions in the two first waves of COVID-19 in Denmark. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified all persons with diabetes in the whole Danish population using national registries. COVID-19-related risks of hospitalization and death were assessed using Cox regression analysis in wave 1 (1 March-31 August 2020) and wave 2 (1 September 2020-28 February 2021) of the pandemic for persons with (n=321,933) and without diabetes (n=5,479,755). Analyses were stratified according to status of hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular and microvascular disease. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization increased from wave 1 to wave 2 in both persons without (from 4 to 10 in 10,000) and with diabetes (from 16 to 54 per 10,000). The relative risk of hospitalization, however, increased more in patients with diabetes compared to persons without (age-, sex- and co-morbidity-adjusted HR [aHR] 1.40 (95% CI 1.27, 1.55) versus 1.76 (1.65, 1.87), p<0.001 for interaction with wave). The mortality rate, according to the whole population, increased similarly in persons without and with diabetes from wave 1 to wave 2 (from 0.63 to 1.5 versus from 4.3 to 10 in 10,000; aHR 1.65; 1.34, 2.03 and 1.64; 1.43, 1.88). However, when mortality was restricted to the hospitalized population, the crude mortality fell from 26.8% to 19.6% in persons with diabetes, while only a minor decrease was seen in persons without diabetes (from 16.7% to 15.5%). CONCLUSION The risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization increased more in persons with than without diabetes from wave 1 to wave 2 of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Danish population. However, mortality according to the whole population did not change, due to reduced mortality among hospitalized persons with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob V. Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jacob V. Stidsen,
| | - Anders Green
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Rosengaard
- Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Knorr S, Lydolph MC, Bytoft B, Lohse Z, Clausen TD, Jensen RB, Damm P, Højlund K, Jensen DM, Gravholt CH. GAD65 autoantibodies and glucose tolerance in offspring born to women with and without type 1 diabetes (The EPICOM study). Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2022; 5:e00310. [PMID: 34800010 PMCID: PMC8754233 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine presence of GAD65 autoantibodies (GAD65aab) in offspring born to women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and controls and if more were GAD65aab‐positive if diagnosed with diabetes or pre‐diabetes. This EPICOM study is a prospective follow‐up study focussing on pregnancies complicated by maternal T1D. The EPICOM study includes offspring (n = 278) born to mothers with pre‐gestational T1D between 1993 and 1999 and matched un‐exposed controls (n = 303). Age at the time of follow‐up was 16.7 years (13.0–20.4 years). GAD65aab was measured using the Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody RIA kit from RSR©. An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed, and abnormal glucose tolerance was defined as having either diabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). GAD65aab could be measured in 561 participants. Of these, 17 (3%) were positive for GAD65aab (≥25 U/ml) with 11 (4%) offspring being born to women with T1D and 6 (2%) controls. The difference in GAD65aab status was not statistically significant (p = .2). One was diagnosed with GAD65aab‐negative diabetes during the study, 18 were diagnosed with IFG, and 44 with IGT. Overall, more were GAD65aab‐positive if diagnosed with abnormal glucose tolerance (p = .03). We found no association between GAD65aab status and HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐IS, birthweight, mode of delivery or maternal BMI prior to pregnancy. Our study found no overall difference in GAD65 status between offspring born to women with T1D and their matched controls. However, among the participants diagnosed with pre‐diabetes more were GAD65‐positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Knorr
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Magnus C. Lydolph
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birgitte Bytoft
- Department of Obstetrics Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Zuzana Lohse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Tine D. Clausen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Nordsjaellands Hospital Hilleroed Denmark
| | - Rikke Beck Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicines Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Dorte M. Jensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Claus H. Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
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Henriksen DP, Ennis ZN, Panou V, Hangaard J, Jensen PB, Johansson SL, Nagarajah S, Poulsen MK, Rothmann MJ, Schousboe K, Bugge SJ, Jessen LB, Schneider IR, Olsen Zwisler AD, Højlund K, Damkier P. Physician-led in-hospital multidisciplinary team conferences with multiple medical specialities present - A scoping review. J Multimorb Comorb 2022; 12:26335565221141745. [PMID: 36518524 PMCID: PMC9742578 DOI: 10.1177/26335565221141745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multidisciplinary Team Conferences (MDTs) are complex interventions in the modern healthcare system and they promote a model of coordinated patient care and management. However, MDTs within chronic diseases are poorly defined. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review was to summarise the current literature on physician-led in-hospital MDTs in chronic non-malignant diseases. METHOD Following the PRISMA-ScR guideline for scoping reviews, a search on MDT interventions in adult patients, with three or more medical specialties represented, was performed. RESULTS We identified 2790 studies, from which 8 studies were included. The majority of studies were non-randomised and focused on a single disease entity such as infective endocarditis, atrial fibrillation, IgG4-related disease, or arterial and venous thrombosis. The main reason for referral was confirmation or establishment of a diagnosis, and the MDT members were primarily from medical specialties gathered especially for the MDT. Outcomes of the included studies were grouped into process indicators and outcome indicators. Process indicators included changes in diagnostic confirmation as well as therapeutic strategy and management. All studies reporting process indicators demonstrated significant changes before and after the MDT. CONCLUSION MDTs within chronic diseases appeared highly heterogeneous with respect to structure, reasons for referral, and choice of outcomes. While process indicators, such as change in diagnosis, and treatment management/plan seem improved, such have not been demonstrated through outcome indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pilsgaard Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zandra Nymand Ennis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vasiliki Panou
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Hangaard
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Bruno Jensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sofie Lock Johansson
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Subagini Nagarajah
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Kjær Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Juel Rothmann
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karoline Schousboe
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stine Jorstad Bugge
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Ida Ransby Schneider
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ann Dorthe Olsen Zwisler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- REHPA, The Danish Knowledge Centre for Rehabilitation and Palliative Care, Odense University Hospital, Nyborg, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Damkier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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45
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Jacobsen KH, Aalders J, Sølling K, Andersen MS, Snogdal LS, Christensen MH, Vinter CA, Højlund K, Jensen DM. Long-Term Metabolic Outcomes after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): Results from the Odense GDM Follow-Up Study (OGFUS). J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:4900209. [PMID: 35789592 PMCID: PMC9250439 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4900209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To compare metabolic profiles and the long-term risk of metabolic dysfunction between women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM) and women without pGDM (non-GDM) matched on age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and parity. METHODS In total, 128 women with pGDM (median follow-up: 7.8 years) and 70 non-GDM controls (median follow-up: 10.0 years) completed a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with assessment of glucose, C-peptide, insulin, and other metabolic measures. Additionally, anthropometrics, fat mass, and blood pressure were assessed and indices of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function were calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was significantly higher in the pGDM group compared to the non-GDM group (26% vs. 0%). For women with pGDM, the prevalence of prediabetes (38%) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) (59%) were approximately 3-fold higher than in non-GDM women (p's < 0.001). Both insulin sensitivity and beta cell function were significantly reduced in pGDM women compared to non-GDM women. CONCLUSION Despite similar BMI, women with pGDM had a substantially higher risk of developing T2DM, prediabetes, and the MetS compared to controls. Both beta cell dysfunction and reduced insulin sensitivity seem to contribute to this increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jori Aalders
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katrine Sølling
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Skovsager Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Hornstrup Christensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Anne Vinter
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Møller Jensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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46
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Petersen MH, de Almeida ME, Wentorf EK, Jensen K, Ørtenblad N, Højlund K. High-intensity interval training combining rowing and cycling efficiently improves insulin sensitivity, body composition and VO 2max in men with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032235. [PMID: 36387850 PMCID: PMC9664080 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Non-weight-bearing high-intensity interval training (HIIT) involving several muscle groups may efficiently improve metabolic health without compromising adherence in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In a non-randomized intervention study, we examined the effect of a novel HIIT-protocol, recruiting both lower and upper body muscles, on insulin sensitivity, measures of metabolic health and adherence in obesity and type 2 diabetes. METHODS In 15 obese men with type 2 diabetes and age-matched obese (n=15) and lean (n=18) glucose-tolerant men, the effects of 8-weeks supervised HIIT combining rowing and cycling on ergometers (3 sessions/week) were examined by DXA-scan, incremental exercise test and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS At baseline, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate (GDR) was ~40% reduced in the diabetic vs the non-diabetic groups (all p<0.01). In response to HIIT, insulin-stimulated GDR increased ~30-40% in all groups (all p<0.01) entirely explained by increased glucose storage. These changes were accompanied by ~8-15% increases in VO2max, (all p<0.01), decreased total fat mass and increased lean body mass in all groups (all p<0.05). There were no correlations between these training adaptations and no group-differences in these responses. HbA1c showed a clinically relevant decrease in men with type 2 diabetes (4±2 mmol/mol; p<0.05). Importantly, adherence was high (>95%) in all groups and no injuries were reported. CONCLUSIONS A novel HIIT-protocol recruiting lower and upper body muscles efficiently improves insulin sensitivity, VO2max and body composition with intact responses in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The high adherence and lack of injuries show that non-weight-bearing HIIT involving several muscle groups is a promising mode of exercise training in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Eisemann de Almeida
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil Kleis Wentorf
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Kurt Højlund,
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47
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Larsen MEC, Thykjaer AS, Pedersen FN, Möller S, Laugesen CS, Andersen N, Andresen J, Hajari J, Heegaard S, Højlund K, Kawasaki R, Schielke KC, Rubin KH, Blaabjerg M, Stokholm L, Grauslund J. Diabetic retinopathy as a potential marker of Parkinson's disease: a register-based cohort study. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab262. [PMID: 34806000 PMCID: PMC8599077 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, and an association between diabetic retinopathy and Parkinson’s disease has been proposed. In this nationwide register-based cohort study, we investigated the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’s disease among patients screened for diabetic retinopathy in a Danish population-based cohort. Cases (n = 173 568) above 50 years of age with diabetes included in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy between 2013 and 2018 were matched 1:5 by gender and birth year with a control population without diabetes (n = 843 781). At index date, the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease was compared between cases and controls. To assess the longitudinal relationship between diabetic retinopathy and Parkinson’s disease, a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was estimated. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease was 0.28% and 0.44% among cases and controls, respectively. While diabetic retinopathy was not associated with present (adjusted odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.72–1.21) or incident Parkinson’s disease (adjusted hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.56–1.05), cases with diabetes were in general less likely to have or to develop Parkinson’s disease compared to controls without diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.71–0.87 and adjusted hazard ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.78–1.00). In a national cohort of more than 1 million persons, patients with diabetes were 21% and 12% were less likely to have prevalent and develop incident Parkinson’s disease, respectively, compared to an age- and gender-matched control population without diabetes. We found no indication for diabetic retinopathy as an independent risk factor for incident Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E C Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne S Thykjaer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Frederik N Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,OPEN-Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caroline S Laugesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javad Hajari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Department of Vision Informatics, University of Osaka, Osaka 656-0871, Japan
| | - Katja C Schielke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Katrine H Rubin
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,OPEN-Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Blaabjerg
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lonny Stokholm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,OPEN-Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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48
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Chiriacò M, Tricò D, Leonetti S, Petrie JR, Balkau B, Højlund K, Pataky Z, Nilsson PM, Natali A. Female Sex and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism Amplify the Effects of Adiposity on Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2021; 79:36-46. [PMID: 34689596 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological link between adiposity and blood pressure is not completely understood, and evidence suggests an influence of sex and genetic determinants. We aimed to identify the relationship between adiposity and blood pressure, independent of a robust set of lifestyle and metabolic factors, and to examine the modulating role of sex and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms. In the Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease (RISC) study cohort, 1211 normotensive individuals, aged 30 to 60 years and followed-up after 3.3 years, were characterized for lifestyle and metabolic factors, body composition, and ACE genotype. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were independently associated with mean arterial pressure, with a stronger relationship in women than men (BMI: r=0.40 versus 0.30; WC: r=0.40 versus 0.30, both P<0.01) and in individuals with the ID and II ACE genotypes in both sexes (P<0.01). The associations of BMI and WC with mean arterial pressure were independent of age, sex, lifestyle, and metabolic variables (standardized regression coefficient=0.17 and 0.18 for BMI and WC, respectively) and showed a significant interaction with the ACE genotype only in women (P=0.03). A 5 cm larger WC at baseline increased the risk of developing hypertension at follow-up only in women (odds ratio, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.15-2.10], P=0.004) and in II genotype carriers (odds ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.09-3.20], P=0.023). The hypertensive effect of adiposity is more pronounced in women and in people carrying the II variant of the ACE genotype, a marker of salt sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Chiriacò
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.)
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.).,Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (D.T.)
| | - Simone Leonetti
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.)
| | - John R Petrie
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (J.R.P.)
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Clinical Epidemiology, CESP, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, University Paris-Sud, Inserm U1018, Villejuif, France (B.B.)
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Denmark (K.H.)
| | - Zoltan Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, WHO Collaborating Centre, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland (Z.P.)
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden (P.M.N.)
| | - Andrea Natali
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. (M.C., D.T., S.L., A.N.)
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49
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Kolnes KJ, Petersen MH, Lien-Iversen T, Højlund K, Jensen J. Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss-Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution. Front Physiol 2021; 12:737709. [PMID: 34630157 PMCID: PMC8497689 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity, excessive abdominal fat, especially the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), increases the risk of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Excessive abdominal fat is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation, fat overflow, ectopic lipid deposition, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Physical activity is recommended for primary prevention and treatment of obesity, T2DM, and related disorders. Achieving a stable reduction in body weight with exercise training alone has not shown promising effects on a population level. Because fat has a high energy content, a large amount of exercise training is required to achieve weight loss. However, even when there is no weight loss, exercise training is an effective method of improving body composition (increased muscle mass and reduced fat) as well as increasing insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Compared with traditional low-to-moderate-intensity continuous endurance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) are more time-efficient as exercise regimens and produce comparable results in reducing total fat mass, as well as improving cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity. During high-intensity exercise, carbohydrates are the main source of energy, whereas, with low-intensity exercise, fat becomes the predominant energy source. These observations imply that HIIT and SIT can reduce fat mass during bouts of exercise despite being associated with lower levels of fat oxidation. In this review, we explore the effects of different types of exercise training on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during physical activity, and discuss the potential effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function and body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teodor Lien-Iversen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Kuhlmann I, Nøddebo Nyrup A, Bjerregaard Stage T, Hougaard Christensen MM, Korshøj Bergmann T, Damkier P, Nielsen F, Højlund K, Brøsen K. Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of metformin with and without oral codeine intake in healthy subjects: A cross-over study. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2408-2419. [PMID: 34268884 PMCID: PMC8604249 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate if there is a clinically relevant drug interaction between metformin and codeine. Volunteers were randomized to receive on four separate occasions: (A) orally administered metformin (1 g), (B) intravenously administered metformin (0.5 g), (C) five doses of tablet codeine 25 mg; the last dose was administered together with oral metformin (1 g), and (D) five doses of tablet codeine 25 mg; the last dose was administered together with metformin (0.5 g) intravenously. Blood samples were drawn for 24 h after administration of metformin, and for 6 h after administration of codeine and analyzed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Healthy volunteers genotyped as CYP2D6 normal metabolizers (*1/*1) without known reduced function variants in the OCT1 gene (rs12208357, rs34130495, rs34059508, and rs72552763) were invited. The median absorption fraction of metformin was 0.31 and was not influenced by codeine intake. The median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) after oral intake of metformin was 2 h without, and 3 h with codeine (p = 0.06). The geometric mean ratios of the areas under the plasma concentration time‐curve (AUCs) for morphine and its metabolites M3G and M6G for oral intake of metformin‐to‐no metformin were 1.21, 1.31, and 1.27, respectively, and for i.v. metformin‐to‐no metformin 1.28, 1.34, and 1.30, respectively. Concomitant oral and i.v. metformin increased the plasma levels of morphine, M3G and M6G. These small pharmacokinetic changes may well contribute to an increased risk of early discontinuation of metformin. Hence, a clinically relevant drug‐drug interaction between metformin and codeine seems plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kuhlmann
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Amanda Nøddebo Nyrup
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tore Bjerregaard Stage
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Hougaard Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Troels Korshøj Bergmann
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Per Damkier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kim Brøsen
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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