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Sharaf A, Ndiribe CC, Omotoriogun TC, Abueg L, Badaoui B, Badiane Markey FJ, Beedessee G, Diouf D, Duru VC, Ebuzome C, Eziuzor SC, Jaufeerally Fakim Y, Formenti G, Ghanmi N, Guerfali FZ, Houaga I, Ideozu JE, Katee SM, Khayi S, Kuja JO, Kwon-Ndung EH, Marks RA, Moila AM, Mungloo-Dilmohamud Z, Muzemil S, Nigussie H, Osuji JO, Ras V, Tchiechoua YH, Zoclanclounon YAB, Tolley KA, Ziyomo C, Mapholi N, Muigai AWT, Djikeng A, Ebenezer TE. Bridging the gap in African biodiversity genomics and bioinformatics. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1348-1354. [PMID: 37699986 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoallah Sharaf
- SequAna Core Facility, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Charlotte C Ndiribe
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Crossby Omotoriogun
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria
- A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Linelle Abueg
- Vertebrate Genome Lab, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bouabid Badaoui
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Laâyoune, Morocco
| | | | - Girish Beedessee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diaga Diouf
- Laboratoire Campus de Biotechnologies Végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Vincent C Duru
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | | | - Samuel C Eziuzor
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Giulio Formenti
- Vertebrate Genome Lab, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nidhal Ghanmi
- Bioinformatics Lab, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Zahra Guerfali
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, University Campus Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Isidore Houaga
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Josiah O Kuja
- Bioinformatics Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rose A Marks
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sadik Muzemil
- School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Helen Nigussie
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Verena Ras
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Yves H Tchiechoua
- Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Krystal A Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Ntanganedzeni Mapholi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
- National Defense University-Kenya, Nakuru, Kenya.
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa.
| | - ThankGod Echezona Ebenezer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK.
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Mutwiri T, Muigai AWT, Magambo J, Mulinge E, Gitau L, Muinde P, Bettridge JM, Rogan M, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. The potential role of roaming dogs in establishing a geographically novel life cycle of taeniids (Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp.) in a non-endemic area. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 38:100829. [PMID: 36725161 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in humans and livestock in many pastoral communities in Kenya. The distribution of the disease is enhanced by several factors, including livestock trade, which has allowed for the spread of CE to non-endemic areas such as western Kenya. Dogs' roaming behaviour, with consequent contamination of the environment with intestinal parasites, could then lead to parasite establishment. This study examined dogs' infection levels with taeniid eggs and their potential role in contaminating the environment with intestinal parasites. METHODOLOGY We selected sixteen ruminant slaughterhouses in Busia and Bungoma Counties, and around each slaughterhouse we identified ten homesteads owning free-roaming dogs. We administered a questionnaire on dog management practices to the homestead owner and collected a faecal sample from the dog's rectum. In homesteads around 8 of the 16 slaughterhouses, we collared dogs with a GPS tracker to assess their movement patterns. The faecal samples were examined microscopically following zinc-chloride sieving-floatation technique for the presence of taeniid eggs and other canine intestinal parasites. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene and sequencing were used to confirm taeniid eggs identified during microscopy. Additionally, the Coproantigen-ELISA was used to detect the presence of taeniid antigen in a sub-set of the faecal samples. RESULTS Helminths detected in the 155 dogs sampled included hookworms (n = 92; 59.4%), ascarids (n = 15; 9.7%), and taeniids (n = 1; 0.6%). Through Copro-PCR, 13 eggs extracted from the sample of the only taeniid infected dog were sequenced and identified as E. canadensis (G6/7) [n = 1], Taenia multiceps [n = 1], and Taenia serialis [n = 6]; the remaining were indeterminate. Of the 77 faecal samples tested for E. granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) with the Copro-ELISA, 64 (83.1%) were negative, 12 (15.6%) were positive, while 1 (1.3%) was suspicious. The dogs travelled a median of 13.5 km daily, and 28 dogs visited the slaughterhouses during the 5-day recording period. CONCLUSION The results indicate a relatively high carriage of zoonotic parasites by free-roaming domestic dogs in western Kenya, which poses a risk to human and livestock populations. We report for the first time a domestic lifecycle of Echinococcus canadensis and Taenia multiceps in western Kenya, as well as a presumptive sylvatic cycle of coenurosis by T. serialis. We recommend an extensive and ongoing Copro-antigen survey of dog faeces, broader assessment of dog parasites with zoonotic potential, adherence to slaughterhouse management practices, and dog-ownership programmes to highlight the importance of deworming and restricted dog movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Mutwiri
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 60200, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 45240, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 60200, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Japhet Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 972, 60200 Meru, Kenya
| | - Erastus Mulinge
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Gitau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; World Animal Protection, P.O. Box 66580, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judy M Bettridge
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Rogan
- School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mutwiri T, Magambo J, Zeyhle E, Muigai AWT, Alumasa L, Amanya F, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Findings of a community screening programme for human cystic echinococcosis in a non-endemic area. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0000235. [PMID: 36962714 PMCID: PMC10022381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by infection with the larval stages of the taeniid cestodes of the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. It is prevalent among transhumant communities in East Africa, including those residing in northern Kenya. The movement of livestock from these regions of high incidence to areas of low incidence creates an indirect risk of disease spill-over to humans. To assess possible establishment of the CE life cycle outside known endemic regions, we used a portable ultrasound scanner to screen for the presence of human CE in Bungoma County of western Kenya, an area which imports substantial numbers of cattle for slaughter from neighbouring pastoralist regions. Eight sentinel sites were purposively selected based on their proximity to slaughterhouses handling animals introduced from pastoralist regions, and necessary permissions to conduct the study were sought. Regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with the presence of abdominal and cystic lesions (CL). In total, 1002 participants were screened; of these, 654 (65.3%) were female and the median age was 43. Farming (n = 403; 43.4%) was the most frequent occupation, followed by professional (i.e. on regular salary) (n = 215; 23.1%), and business (n = 207; 22.3%) categories. Sixty-seven participants (6.7%) had abnormal ultrasound findings, of these, 7 (1.1%) had simple liver cysts/CL, as per WHO classification. As such, their outcome was inconclusive and they were not put on treatment but advised to attend follow-up investigations in a referral health facility. Other abnormal findings included splenomegaly (n = 14), ovarian cysts (n = 14), uterine fibroids (n = 10), polycystic kidneys (n = 6), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 6). Age was unconditionally associated with the presence of presumptive CL. These results contribute to CE baseline data while providing insights on the implementation of ultrasound diagnosis in the field, as recommended by the WHO for targeted control of echinococcosis by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Mutwiri
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Methodist University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lorren Alumasa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mutai WC, Waiyaki PG, Kariuki S, Muigai AWT. Plasmid profiling and incompatibility grouping of multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:422. [PMID: 31311578 PMCID: PMC6636098 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasmids harbour antibiotic resistance genes which contribute to the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens. We detected the presence of plasmids in multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates from our previous study and consequently determined their incompatibility groups and possibility of conjugation transmission. Plasmids were extracted from 98 multidrug resistant S. Typhi isolates based on alkaline lysis technique. Plasmid incompatibility grouping was established by PCR replicon typing using 18 pairs of primers to amplify FIA, FIB, FIC, HI1, HI2, I1-Iγ, L/M, N, P, W, T, A/C, K, B/O, X, Y, F and FIIA replicons. Antibiotic resistance phenotypes were conjugally transferred from S. Typhi isolates with plasmids to Escherichia coli K12F strain devoid of plasmids. RESULTS Approximately 79.6% of the MDR S. Typhi isolates were related to the existence of plasmids. We detected 93.6% of plasmids belonging to incompatibility (Inc) group HI1. The other incompatibility groups identified included IncFIC (16.7%), IncP (1.3%), and IncI1 (1.3%) which appeared together with Inc HI1. MDR S. Typhi isolated carried a homologous plasmid of incompatibility group HI1 most of which transferred the resistance phenotypes of ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol to the transconjugants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie C Mutai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Peter G Waiyaki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- School of Biological Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
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Mutai WC, Muigai AWT, Waiyaki P, Kariuki S. Multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Kenya. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:187. [PMID: 30428828 PMCID: PMC6236932 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Typhoid fever remains a public health concern in developing countries especially among the poor who live in informal settlements devoid of proper sanitation and clean water supply. In addition antimicrobial resistance poses a major challenge in management of the disease. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) isolated from typhoid fever cases (2004–2007). Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on 144 archived S. Typhi isolates (2004–2007) tested against 11 antimicrobial agents by quality controlled disk diffusion technique. Isolates resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole were considered Multidrug resistant (MDR). Thirty MDR isolates were selected randomly and further tested using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) E-test. Results Sixteen percent (23/144) of the isolates were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested while 68% were resistant to three or more of the 11 antibiotics tested. The isolates showed a high susceptibility to ceftriaxone (94%) and gentamicin (97%). A high percentage of resistance was observed for the conventional first-line antibiotics; ampicillin (72%), chloramphenicol (72%), and cotrimoxazole (70%). Sixty-nine percent of the isolates (100/144) showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. All the 30 (100%) isolates selected for MIC test were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. All except one of the 30 isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone while majority 21 (70%) recorded an intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin with MIC of 0.12–0.5 μg/mL. Conclusion A large proportion of S. Typhi isolates were MDR and also showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone resistance is emerging and this may pose a challenge in treatment of typhoid in future. There is need for routine surveillance to monitor this phenotype in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie C Mutai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- School of Biological Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Peter Waiyaki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ojango JMK, Audho J, Oyieng E, Radeny M, Kimeli P, Recha J, Muigai AWT. Assessing actors in rural markets of sheep and goats in the Nyando Basin of Western Kenya: a key to improving productivity from smallholder farms. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1871-1879. [PMID: 29915876 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Livestock traders are a key conduit for incentives in livestock production systems. Their actions affect producer prices, investment decisions, and their livelihoods. However, smallholder farmers in rural communities of eastern Africa often have limited understanding of the marketing process and the interactions among market actors. This study was undertaken following the introduction of improved indigenous goat and sheep breeds in Climate Smart Villages of Nyando in western Kenya. We sought to understand the marketing of sheep and goats in five key rural markets used by the smallholder farmers of Nyando, to generate information on key market actors, their functions in the value chain, and their preferences for attributes in sheep and goats. Most traders (65%) in all the markets were men. Four different types of traders operated in the markets, producers, retailers, wholesalers, and brokers, each making a profit. Preference for selling sheep or goats and the animal attributes desired by the traders differed depending on the surrounding community. Markets in Kericho County of Nyando traded more goats than sheep while those in Kisumu County of Nyando traded more sheep than goats. There were no clear policies guiding pricing of animals. Prices offered to producers depended on previous days, and the number of animals available for sale at the marketing point. The collaborative group actions of the producers in the Climate Smart Villages did not extend beyond the level of production to the marketing of their livestock. A critical change is required for the smallholder farmers to derive better incomes from improved quality of animals following adoption of improved breeding and management practices. The results illustrate the need to engage rural market actors when implementing livestock improvement programs for smallholder farmers for better farm gate prices of animals, and thus achieve the improved incomes envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M K Ojango
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - James Audho
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Edwin Oyieng
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Maren Radeny
- CGIAR Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) East Africa, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Philip Kimeli
- CGIAR Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) East Africa, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - John Recha
- CGIAR Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) East Africa, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
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Kavai SM, Kangogo M, Muigai AWT, Kariuki S. Analysis of Trends in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi Isolates Obtained from Patients at Four Outpatient Clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.87038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kimulwo MJ, Okendo J, Aman RA, Ogutu BR, Kokwaro GO, Ochieng DJ, Muigai AWT, Oloo FA, Ochieng W. Plasma nevirapine concentrations predict virological and adherence failure in Kenyan HIV-1 infected patients with extensive antiretroviral treatment exposure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172960. [PMID: 28235021 PMCID: PMC5325546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment failure is a key challenge in the management of HIV-1 infection. We conducted a mixed-model survey of plasma nevirapine (NVP) concentrations (cNVP) and viral load in order to examine associations with treatment and adherence outcomes among Kenyan patients on prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART). Blood plasma was collected at 1, 4 and 24 hours post-ART dosing from 58 subjects receiving NVP-containing ART and used to determine cNVP and viral load (VL). Median duration of treatment was 42 (range, 12–156) months, and 25 (43.1%) of the patients had virologic failure (VF). cNVP was significantly lower for VF than non- VF at 1hr (mean, 2,111ng/ml vs. 3,432ng/ml, p = 0.003) and at 4hr (mean 1,625ng/ml vs. 3,999ng/ml, p = 0.001) but not at 24hr post-ART dosing. Up to 53.4%, 24.1% and 22.4% of the subjects had good, fair and poor adherence respectively. cNVP levels peaked and were > = 3μg.ml at 4 hours in a majority of patients with good adherence and those without VF. Using a threshold of 3μg/ml for optimal therapeutic nevirapine level, 74% (43/58), 65.5% (38/58) and 86% (50/58) of all patients had sub-therapeutic cNVP at 1, 4 and 24 hours respectively. cNVP at 4 hours was associated with adherence (p = 0.05) and virologic VF (p = 0.002) in a chi-square test. These mean cNVP levels differed significantly in non-parametric tests between adherence categories at 1hr (p = 0.005) and 4hrs (p = 0.01) and between ART regimen categories at 1hr (p = 0.004) and 4hrs (p<0.0001). Moreover, cNVP levels correlated inversely with VL (p< = 0.006) and positively with adherence behavior. In multivariate tests, increased early peak NVP (cNVP4) was independently predictive of lower VL (p = 0.002), while delayed high NVP peak (cNVP24) was consistent with increased VL (p = 0.033). These data strongly assert the need to integrate plasma concentrations of NVP and that of other ART drugs into routine ART management of HIV-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J. Kimulwo
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- ITROMID, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Javan Okendo
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rashid A. Aman
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- African Centre for Clinical Trials, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernhards R. Ogutu
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gilbert O. Kokwaro
- Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorothy J. Ochieng
- School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne W. T. Muigai
- ITROMID, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence A. Oloo
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Washingtone Ochieng
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Koech G, Ofori D, Muigai AWT, Muriuki J, Anjarwalla P, De Leeuw J, Mowo JG. Variation in the response of eastern and southern Africa provenances of Faidherbia albida (Delile A. Chev) seedlings to water supply: A greenhouse experiment. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017; 8:31-40. [PMID: 28203619 PMCID: PMC5291319 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rural communities value Faidherbia albida in farming systems and pastoralism. Faidherbia albida provides products such as medicine, fodder, fuel, wood, food and services such as shade, soil fertility and nutrient cycling. Excessive browsing by animals, branch lopping and pod harvesting, have critically reduced the natural regeneration in some areas which exposes it to challenges due to dependence upon natural regeneration. The objective of this research was to evaluate response of Faidherbia albida provenances from eastern (Taveta Wangingombe) and southern Africa (Lupaso, Kuiseb Manapools) to different watering regimes to aid in selection of provenances for domestication. The observed difference in growth was analyzed to determine whether they are genetic or environmentally induced. Genotype × interaction were significant at (p≤0.001, p≤0.05) in seedling height, diameter and leaf numbers. Seedling height (r=0.94 p=0.001) recorded the highest correlation coefficient among all the growth variables analyzed. The growth variation was greater for seedling height than that of diameter and leaf numbers (h2=0.97). Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the provenances into three clusters with cluster iii consisting of Taveta, Kuiseb and Lupaso while cluster ii and i composed of Wangingombe and Manapools respectively. Manapools recorded the highest genetic distance from Taveta, Kuiseb and Lupaso at 84.55 units. Wangingombe and Manapools are closely related genetically at a distance of 7.32. The maximum inter-cluster distance between cluster i and iii indicated wider genetic diversity between the provenances in these clusters and selection should be from this clusters for hybridization program to achieve novel breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Koech
- World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. BOX 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Ofori
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box UP 63, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. BOX 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan Muriuki
- World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Parveen Anjarwalla
- World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jan De Leeuw
- World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeremias G Mowo
- World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kitawi RC, Hunja CW, Aman R, Ogutu BR, Muigai AWT, Kokwaro GO, Ochieng W. Partial HIV C2V3 envelope sequence analysis reveals association of coreceptor tropism, envelope glycosylation and viral genotypic variability among Kenyan patients on HAART. Virol J 2017; 14:29. [PMID: 28196510 PMCID: PMC5310022 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 is highly variable genetically and at protein level, a property it uses to subvert antiviral immunity and treatment. The aim of this study was to assess if HIV subtype differences were associated with variations in glycosylation patterns and co-receptor tropism among HAART patients experiencing different virologic treatment outcomes. Methods A total of 118 HIV env C2V3 sequence isolates generated previously from 59 Kenyan patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were examined for tropism and glycosylation patterns. For analysis of Potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGs), amino acid sequences generated by the NCBI’s Translate tool were applied to the HIVAlign and the N-glycosite tool within the Los Alamos Database. Viral tropism was assessed using Geno2Pheno (G2P), WebPSSM and Phenoseq platforms as well as using Raymond’s and Esbjörnsson’s rules. Chi square test was used to determine independent variables association and ANOVA applied on scale variables. Results At respective False Positive Rate (FPR) cut-offs of 5% (p = 0.045), 10% (p = 0.016) and 20% (p = 0.005) for CXCR4 usage within the Geno2Pheno platform, HIV-1 subtype and viral tropism were significantly associated in a chi square test. Raymond’s rule (p = 0.024) and WebPSSM (p = 0.05), but not Phenoseq or Esbjörnsson showed significant associations between subtype and tropism. Relative to other platforms used, Raymond’s and Esbjörnsson’s rules showed higher proportions of X4 variants, while WebPSSM resulted in lower proportions of X4 variants across subtypes. The mean glycosylation density differed significantly between subtypes at positions, N277 (p = 0.034), N296 (p = 0.036), N302 (p = 0.034) and N366 (p = 0.004), with HIV-1D most heavily glycosylated of the subtypes. R5 isolates had fewer PNGs than X4 isolates, but these differences were not significant except at position N262 (p = 0.040). Cell-associated isolates from virologic treatment success subjects were more glycosylated than cell-free isolates from virologic treatment failures both for the NXT (p = 0.016), and for all the patterns (p = 0.011). Conclusion These data reveal significant associations of HIV-1 subtype diversity, viral co-receptor tropism, viral suppression and envelope glycosylation. These associations have important implications for designing therapy and vaccines against HIV. Heavy glycosylation and preference for CXCR4 usage of HIV-1D may explain rapid disease progression in patients infected with these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose C Kitawi
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000 -00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Carol W Hunja
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,South Eastern Kenya University, P.O Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Rashid Aman
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,African Center for Clinical Trials, P.O. Box 2288-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.,Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernhards R Ogutu
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000 -00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gilbert O Kokwaro
- Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Washingtone Ochieng
- Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Immunology and Infectious Diseases Dept, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Ajamma YU, Villinger J, Omondi D, Salifu D, Onchuru TO, Njoroge L, Muigai AWT, Masiga DK. Composition and Genetic Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on Islands and Mainland Shores of Kenya's Lakes Victoria and Baringo. J Med Entomol 2016; 53:1348-1363. [PMID: 27402888 PMCID: PMC5106823 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Lake Baringo and Lake Victoria regions of Kenya are associated with high seroprevalence of mosquito-transmitted arboviruses. However, molecular identification of potential mosquito vector species, including morphologically identified ones, remains scarce. To estimate the diversity, abundance, and distribution of mosquito vectors on the mainland shores and adjacent inhabited islands in these regions, we collected and morphologically identified adult and immature mosquitoes and obtained the corresponding sequence variation at cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) gene regions. A total of 63 species (including five subspecies) were collected from both study areas, 47 of which have previously been implicated as disease vectors. Fourteen species were found only on island sites, which are rarely included in mosquito diversity surveys. We collected more mosquitoes, yet with lower species composition, at Lake Baringo (40,229 mosquitoes, 32 species) than at Lake Victoria (22,393 mosquitoes, 54 species). Phylogenetic analysis of COI gene sequences revealed Culex perexiguus and Cx tenagius that could not be distinguished morphologically. Most Culex species clustered into a heterogeneous clade with closely related sequences, while Culex pipiens clustered into two distinct COI and ITS2 clades. These data suggest limitations in current morphological identification keys. This is the first DNA barcode report of Kenyan mosquitoes. To improve mosquito species identification, morphological identifications should be supported by their molecular data, while diversity surveys should target both adults and immatures. The diversity of native mosquito disease vectors identified in this study impacts disease transmission risks to humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Ukamaka Ajamma
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - David Omondi
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Daisy Salifu
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Thomas Ogao Onchuru
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knoll Str. 8, 07745-Jena, Germany
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and
| | - Laban Njoroge
- Invertebrates Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 40658-00100, Museum Hill Rd., Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
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Ajamma YU, Mararo E, Omondi D, Onchuru T, Muigai AWT, Masiga D, Villinger J. Rapid and high throughput molecular identification of diverse mosquito species by high resolution melting analysis. F1000Res 2016; 5:1949. [PMID: 27703667 PMCID: PMC5031131 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9224.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are a diverse group of invertebrates, with members that are among the most important vectors of diseases. The correct identification of mosquitoes is paramount to the control of the diseases that they transmit. However, morphological techniques depend on the quality of the specimen and often unavailable taxonomic expertise, which may still not be able to distinguish mosquitoes among species complexes (sibling and cryptic species). High resolution melting (HRM) analyses, a closed-tube, post-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method used to identify variations in nucleic acid sequences, has been used to differentiate species within the
Anopheles gambiae and
Culex pipiens complexes. We validated the use of PCR-HRM analyses to differentiate species within
Anopheles and within each of six genera of culicine mosquitoes, comparing primers targeting cytochrome b (
cyt b), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), intergenic spacer region (IGS) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (
COI) gene regions. HRM analyses of amplicons from all the six primer pairs successfully differentiated two or more mosquito species within one or more genera (
Aedes (
Ae. vittatus from
Ae. metallicus),
Culex (
Cx. tenagius from
Cx. antennatus,
Cx. neavei from
Cx. duttoni, cryptic
Cx. pipiens species),
Anopheles (
An. gambiae s.s. from
An. arabiensis) and
Mansonia (
Ma. africana from
Ma. uniformis)) based on their HRM profiles. However, PCR-HRM could not distinguish between species within
Aedeomyia (
Ad. africana and
Ad. furfurea),
Mimomyia (
Mi. hispida and
Mi. splendens) and
Coquillettidia (
Cq. aurites,
Cq. chrysosoma,
Cq. fuscopennata,
Cq. metallica,
Cq. microannulatus,
Cq. pseudoconopas and
Cq. versicolor) genera using any of the primers. The IGS and COI barcode region primers gave the best and most definitive separation of mosquito species among anopheline and culicine mosquito genera, respectively, while the other markers may serve to confirm identifications of closely related sub-species. This approach can be employed for rapid identification of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Ukamaka Ajamma
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Enock Mararo
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Omondi
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya; Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Thomas Onchuru
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya; Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Jena, Germany; Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Resende A, Gonçalves J, Muigai AWT, Pereira F. Mitochondrial DNA variation of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in Kenya. Anim Genet 2016; 47:377-81. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Resende
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR); University of Porto; Rua dos Bragas 289 Porto 4050-123 Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP); Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n Porto 4200-465 Portugal
| | - Anne W. T. Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology; P.O. Box 62000 Nairobi 00200 Kenya
| | - Filipe Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR); University of Porto; Rua dos Bragas 289 Porto 4050-123 Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP); Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n Porto 4200-465 Portugal
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Kimani RW, Muigai AWT, Sang W, Kiiru JN, Kariuki S. Virulence factors in environmental and clinical Vibrio cholerae from endemic areas in Kenya. Afr J Lab Med 2014; 3:41. [PMID: 29043171 PMCID: PMC5637767 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v3i1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 1971, Kenya has had repeated cholera outbreaks. However, the cause of seasonal epidemics of cholera is not fully understood and neither are the factors that drive epidemics, both in Kenya and globally. Objectives The objectives of the study were to determine the environmental reservoirs of V. cholerae during an interepidemic period in Kenya and to characterise their virulence factors. Methods One hundred (50 clinical, 50 environmental) samples were tested for V. cholerae isolates using both simplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results Both sediments and algae from fishing and landing bays yielded isolates of V. cholerae. Clinical strains were characterised along with the environmental strains for comparison. All clinical strains harboured ctxA, tcpA (El Tor), ompU, zot, ace, toxR, hylA (El Tor) and tcpI genes. Prevalence for virulence genes in environmental strains was hylA (El Tor) (10%), toxR (24%), zot (22%), ctxA (12%), tcpI (8%), hylA (26%) and tcpA (12%). Conclusion The study sites, including landing bays and beaches, contained environmental V. cholerae, suggesting that these may be reservoirs for frequent epidemics. Improved hygiene and fish-handling techniques will be important in reducing the persistence of reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal W Kimani
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Faculty of Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Willie Sang
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
| | - John N Kiiru
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
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Njoroge S, Muigai AWT, Njiruh PN, Kariuki S. MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATES FROM GOATS SLAUGHTERED IN PARTS OF KENYA. East Afr Med J 2013; 90:72-83. [PMID: 26866105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogenic Escherichia coli on goat meat carcass at Huruma and Kiserian abattoirs in Kenya. DESIGN Laboratory based study. SETTING Huruma and Kiserian abattoirs in Kenya, SUBJECTS 400 slaughtered goats inspected by veterinary health officers and approved for human consumption. METHODS A Total of 400 slaughtered goats which were inspected by veterinary health officers and approved for human consumption were sampled from Huruma and Kiserian abattoir. Goat carcass swabs were collected by passing each swab tissue on four parts of the carcass mainly neck, right and left forelimbs, right and left hind limbs, and brisket. RESULTS A total of 54 E. coli isolates were isolated and confirmed to be pathogenic. The percentage of isolates resistant to various microbial agents was recorded as follows: ampicillin (26 %), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (17%), tetracycline (15%), chroramphenicol (4%), and ceftrixone (2% each). All Escherichia coli isolates were susceptible to gentamicin sulphamethaxazole-trimethomprin, kanamycin, cetriazididine (CAZ, 30pg), ciproxacin, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol. Isolates were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested. Among the drugs tested, resistance was more frequently observed against ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, ceftrixone and chroramphenicol antibiotics. Among the isolates 26(48%) were positive for the stx1 gene, 19(35%) had the eae gene, 10(19%) possessed est gene,while 8(15%) harboured elt gene. Overall five isolates (10%) possessed aspu gene and two (4%) had aggR gene. No isolate possessed ipah gene. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that there is a significant level of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic E. coli isolated from goat meat from Huruma and Kiserian abattoir. This indicates that goat meat from abattoirs could pose a risk of transmission of pathogenic antibiotic resistant strains to human. Poor hygienic standards and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials are the two main reasons for the presence of resistant pathogens in goat carcasses. RECOMMENDATIONS Implemention of appropriate hygiene measures to control contamination of meat with pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Njoroge
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, PO Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ngugi CW, Boga H, Muigai AWT, Wanzala P, Mbithi JN. Factors affecting uptake of cervical cancer early detection measures among women in Thika, Kenya. Health Care Women Int 2012; 33:595-613. [PMID: 22681745 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2011.646367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 50 in-depth interviews were carried out with women from the general population in Thika, Kenya. We explored awareness, attitudes, and behavior toward cervical cancer and screening measures among the women. The concept of the health belief model (HBM) was used to develop the topics for the in-depth interviews. Our findings highlight the lack of awareness of cervical cancer and the benefits of early detection measures as critical barriers that affect women's participation in screening programs. We provide a basis for designing programs that will be acceptable and accessible to a larger population, resulting in a reduced cervical cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wangari Ngugi
- Department of Microbiology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
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