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D'Urzo AD. Excellent asthma and COPD article. Can Fam Physician 2022; 68:635-638. [PMID: 36100374 PMCID: PMC9470199 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6809635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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D'Urzo KA, Tamari IE, Chapman KR, Maleki-Yazdi MR, Greiver M, Upshur RE, Biro L, O'Neill B, Moineddin R, Aliarzadeh B, Kulasegaram K, To T, D'Urzo AD. Primary Care Severe Asthma Registry and Education Project (PCSAR-EDU): Phase 1 - an e-Delphi for registry definitions and indices of clinician behaviour. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055958. [PMID: 35332043 PMCID: PMC8948412 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although most asthma is mild to moderate, severe asthma accounts for disproportionate personal and societal costs. Poor co-ordination of care between primary care and specialist settings is recognised as a barrier to achieving optimal outcomes. The Primary Care Severe Asthma Registry and Education (PCSAR-EDU) project aims to address these gaps through the interdisciplinary development and evaluation of both a 'real-world' severe asthma registry and an educational programme for primary care providers. This manuscript describes phase 1 of PCSAR-EDU which involves establishing interdisciplinary consensus on criteria for the: (1) definition of severe asthma; (2) generation of a severe asthma registry and (3) definition of an electronic-medical record data-based Clinician Behaviour Index (CBI). METHODS AND ANALYSIS In phase 1, a modified e-Delphi activity will be conducted. Delphi panellists (n≥13) will be invited to complete a 30 min online survey on three separate occasions (i.e., three separate e-Delphi 'rounds') over a 3-month period. Expert opinion will be collected via an open-ended survey ('Open' round 1) and 5-point Likert scale and ranking surveys ('Closed' round 2 and 3). A fourth and final Delphi round will occur via synchronous meeting, whereby panellists approve a finalised ideal 'core criteria list', CBI and corresponding item weighting. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been obtained for the activities involved in phase 1 from the University of Toronto's Human Research Ethics Programme (approval number 39695). Future ethics approvals will depend on information gathered in the proceeding phase; thus, ethical approval for phase 2 and 3 of this study will be sought sequentially. Findings will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and knowledge translation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A D'Urzo
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kenneth R Chapman
- University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Greiver
- University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ross Eg Upshur
- University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lana Biro
- The Lung Health Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Braden O'Neill
- University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahim Moineddin
- University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Babak Aliarzadeh
- University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Teresa To
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony D D'Urzo
- University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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D'Urzo AD, Price D, Kardos P, Maleki-Yazdi MR. Importance of distinguishing between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Can Fam Physician 2021; 67:661-667. [PMID: 34521707 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6709661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To facilitate distinction between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in day-to-day primary care practice, and provide practical treatment strategies using spirometric cases to outline how to recognize the clinical and spirometric overlap between asthma and COPD. SOURCES OF INFORMATION The approaches described here were developed using evidence-based guidelines and the expertise of the authors, including research findings by the authors in the areas of asthma, COPD management, and spirometric testing in primary care. MAIN MESSAGE There are patients with clinical or spirometric features of both asthma and COPD. Both asthma and COPD are associated with some degree of inflammation of the respiratory tract, mediated by the increased expression of inflammatory proteins. However, there are clear differences between asthma and COPD in the pattern of inflammation that occurs in the lungs. Diagnostic confusion between COPD and asthma is most likely to arise in older patients with respiratory complaints, particularly against a background that includes cigarette smoke or workplace exposure. Both asthma and COPD are clinical diagnoses based on patient history, symptoms, physical examination findings, and objective measures of lung function. Postbronchodilator spirometry is always needed to confirm a new diagnosis of COPD and should also be performed prebronchodilator for the diagnosis of asthma. However, in many cases, the interpretation of spirometry results is not straightforward. CONCLUSION Understanding the nature and extent of the spirometric overlap between asthma and COPD is critical for tailoring a therapeutic strategy that is based on factors that include medical and family history, signs and symptoms, and a clear interpretation of spirometry data. This information will be leveraged differently for individual patients to arrive at the correct clinical diagnosis and to select the most appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto in Ontario.
| | - David Price
- Professor at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, UK, and Managing Director of the Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute in Singapore
| | - Peter Kardos
- Head of the Group Practice and Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Unit at the Red Cross Maingau Hospital in Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Reza Maleki-Yazdi
- Respirologist in the Division of Respiratory Medicine at Women's College Hospital at the University of Toronto
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D'Urzo AD, Singh D, Donohue JF, Chapman KR, Wise RA. Aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate as a treatment for COPD: an update. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1093-1106. [PMID: 34137664 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1920403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Aclidinium/formoterol is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) and long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) dual bronchodilator used as a maintenance treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The efficacy of aclidinium/formoterol has been demonstrated consistently in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD versus placebo and monocomponents, with a comparable safety profile.Areas covered: This review examines recent research findings that expand our understanding of the impact of aclidinium/formoterol on the burden of COPD. Reviewed outcomes include improvements in lung function, respiratory symptoms, health-related quality of life, exercise tolerance, exacerbation rates, and clinically important deteriorations. In addition, the reported cardiovascular safety of aclidinium and current LAMA/LABA treatment recommendations are discussed.Expert opinion: Aclidinium/formoterol reduces disease burden in patients with COPD, including those that are treatment-naïve, without a significant increase in safety risk compared with monotherapies. Furthermore, evidence supports an improvement in lung function over a 24-hour period with aclidinium/formoterol treatment versus monotherapy and placebo, which may offer an advantage over some once-daily LAMA/LABA combinations. In summary, the recent evidence discussed in this review adds weight to the use of LAMA/LABA combinations as an initial therapy for certain patients newly diagnosed with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundations Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James F Donohue
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina Pulmonary Critical Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chapman
- Asthma and Airway Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Wise
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chen A, D'Urzo KA, D'Urzo AD. Airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with normal spirometry results and symptoms compatible with asthma: Primary care retrospective chart review. Can Fam Physician 2021; 67:e84-e89. [PMID: 33727389 PMCID: PMC7963022 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6703e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the proportion of patients with symptoms suggestive of asthma and normal lung function who exhibit airway hyperreactivity with methacholine challenge testing (MCT) in primary care. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Primary care lung clinic in Toronto, Ont. PARTICIPANTS A total of 69 patients presenting to the lung clinic who had symptoms compatible with asthma, normal spirometry test results, and were referred for MCT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Descriptive statistics, frequency counts, independent t tests, and 2 tests were used to examine differences in the proportion of clinical and demographic variables identified in patients with or without a positive MCT result. Effect size was determined between MCT-positive and MCT-negative patients for both categorical ( coefficient) and continuous (Hedges g) data. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (30.4%) had positive MCT results, and 48 patients (69.6%) had negative MCT results. Family history of asthma and reduced baseline and postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second were associated with a positive MCT result. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide insight into the utility of simple spirometry for asthma diagnosis and the need to further clarify the role of MCT in the primary care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chen
- Family medicine resident in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto in Ontario
| | - Katrina A D'Urzo
- Student in the School of Medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in Dublin
| | - Anthony D D'Urzo
- Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto.
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Abstract
Several algorithms exist to facilitate spirometric interpretation in clinical practice, yet there is a lack of consensus on how spirometric criteria for asthma, COPD, and restrictive disorders should be incorporated into spirometry interpretation algorithms suitable for use in day-to-day primary care management. The purpose of this review was to identify and describe the variability that exists among spirometry interpretation algorithms and how this might be relevant to the interpretation of spirometric data of common conditions encountered in primary care. MEDLINE, Embase, and mainstream search engines were used to identify all English-language spirometry interpretation algorithm-related material between January 1990 and December 2018. Eight variations in spirometry interpretation algorithms were identified via specific a priori assumptions that each spirometry interpretation algorithm should contain content consistent with national and international guidelines related to spirometry interpretation. Of the 26 spirometry interpretation algorithms identified, 5 were deemed impractical for day-to-day use in primary care (19%), 23 lacked a logic string leading to the postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC (88%), 4 relied on postbronchodilator change in FEV1 to distinguish between asthma and COPD (15%), 24 lacked a prompt for bronchodilator challenge when FEV1/FVC was considered to be at a normal level (92%), 12 did not indicate whether the data represented a prebronchodilator or postbronchodilator scenario (46%), 7 did not include a logic string that considers mixed obstructive/restrictive defect (27%), 23 did not contain a prompt to refer for methacholine challenge testing when spirometry appeared normal (88%), and 2 spirometry interpretation algorithms did not include a logic string leading to restrictive disorder (8%). Our review suggests that there is considerable variability among spirometry interpretation algorithms available as diagnostic aids and that there is a need for standardization of spirometry interpretation algorithms in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A D'Urzo
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florence Mok
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Singh D, D'Urzo AD, Donohue JF, Kerwin EM, Molins E, Chuecos F, Ribera A, Jarreta D. An Evaluation Of Single And Dual Long-Acting Bronchodilator Therapy As Effective Interventions In Maintenance Therapy-Naïve Patients With COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:2835-2848. [PMID: 31827323 PMCID: PMC6902852 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s217710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ideally, treatment recommendations for maintenance therapy-naïve patients with COPD should be based on studies conducted specifically in this population. We have reviewed evidence from previous studies of pharmacological treatments in maintenance therapy-naïve patients with COPD and performed a new post-hoc analysis of dual bronchodilator treatment in this population, aiming to assess the effectiveness of these interventions. Materials and methods A literature review identified clinical trials that included analyses of patients with COPD who were maintenance therapy-naïve with long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) or long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA). Additionally, a post-hoc subgroup analysis was conducted for maintenance therapy-naïve patients with COPD in two large phase III, randomized, double-blind, 24-week trials investigating the efficacy of aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate (AB/FF) fixed-dose combination versus monotherapy or placebo (ACLIFORM [NCT01462942] and AUGMENT [NCT01437397]). Results Treatment-naïve patients with COPD often represent a population of patients at the earliest stage at which most patients seek treatment. Of nine relevant studies identified, all reported positive findings for efficacy of LABA, LAMA, or LABA/LAMA treatment in maintenance therapy-naïve populations. Improvements were observed in lung function, symptoms, and health status versus monotherapy or placebo. Post-hoc analysis of ACLIFORM and AUGMENT demonstrated that AB/FF was effective in improving lung function in patients who had received no prior maintenance therapy. AB/FF showed improvements in 1 hr post-dose FEV1, trough FEV1, and patient-reported outcomes versus placebo and monotherapies. Combined with reviews of previous studies in maintenance therapy-naïve patients, these findings suggest that earlier intervention with a dual bronchodilator maintenance therapy, such as AB/FF, may provide significantly greater benefits than LAMA or LABA mono-bronchodilator therapy as a first maintenance treatment for COPD. Conclusion These data show that therapeutic intervention is effective in treatment-naïve patients. Intervention with dual bronchodilator therapy as a first maintenance treatment for COPD may provide greater benefits than LAMA or LABA monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James F Donohue
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina Pulmonary Critical Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Eduard Molins
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Ribera
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Jarreta
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Barcelona, Spain
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D'Urzo AD, Singh D, Donohue JF, Chapman KR. Aclidinium bromide in fixed-dose combination with formoterol fumarate in the management of COPD: an update on the evidence base. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2019; 13:1753466619850725. [PMID: 31096854 PMCID: PMC6535700 DOI: 10.1177/1753466619850725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate (AB/FF) 400/12 µg is a twice-daily long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist and long-acting β2 agonist (LAMA/LABA) dual-bronchodilator maintenance therapy used to relieve symptoms and reduce future risk of exacerbations in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To date, there have been several clinical studies and post hoc analyses of AB/FF, assessing treatment outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. These studies have looked at a range of outcomes, including lung function parameters, patient-reported symptom scores, quality-of-life measures assessing impaired health and perceived well-being, and the frequency, duration, and severity of exacerbations. In light of the major 2017 revision to the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) recommendations, and the subsequent updates, we present an update on the latest evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of AB/FF. This review discusses the clinical relevance of the improvements in lung function, symptoms, quality of life, and exacerbations in patients with COPD reported in the phase III and IV trials of AB/FF. Given the current concerns over unnecessary inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use in COPD, we also touch briefly on the use of blood eosinophils as a biomarker for identifying those patients with COPD already using LAMA/LABA therapy for whom the addition of ICS might be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON 12354, Canada
| | - Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundations Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - James F Donohue
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina Pulmonary Critical Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chapman
- Asthma and Airway Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Singh D, D'Urzo AD, Donohue JF, Kerwin EM. Weighing the evidence for pharmacological treatment interventions in mild COPD; a narrative perspective. Respir Res 2019; 20:141. [PMID: 31286970 PMCID: PMC6615221 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing focus on understanding the nature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during the earlier stages. Mild COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] stage 1 or the now-withdrawn GOLD stage 0) represents an early stage of COPD that may progress to more severe disease. This review summarises the disease burden of patients with mild COPD and discusses the evidence for treatment intervention in this subgroup. Overall, patients with mild COPD suffer a substantial disease burden that includes persistent or potentially debilitating symptoms, increased risk of exacerbations, increased healthcare utilisation, reduced exercise tolerance and physical activity, and a higher rate of lung function decline versus controls. However, the evidence for treatment efficacy in these patients is limited due to their frequent exclusion from clinical trials. Careful assessment of disease burden and the rate of disease progression in individual patients, rather than a reliance on spirometry data, may identify patients who could benefit from earlier treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9QZ, UK.
| | - Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James F Donohue
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina Pulmonary Critical Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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D'Urzo AD, Singh D, Donohue JF, Kerwin EM, Ribera A, Molins E, Chuecos F, Jarreta D, Gil EG. Efficacy of aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 µg, analyzed by airflow obstruction severity, age, sex, and exacerbation history: pooled analysis of ACLIFORM and AUGMENT. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:479-491. [PMID: 30880938 PMCID: PMC6396834 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s185502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 µg is a twice-daily maintenance bronchodilator for COPD. This post hoc study evaluated aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium 400 µg, formoterol 12 µg, or placebo in patient subgroups. Patients and methods Data were pooled from two 24-week Phase III clinical trials (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT). Patients (N=3,394) were analyzed by baseline airflow obstruction severity (moderate/severe), age (<65/≥65 years), sex, and exacerbation history (0/≥1 exacerbation in the previous 12 months). Changes from baseline vs placebo and mono-therapies were evaluated: morning pre-dose (trough) and morning 1-hour post-dose FEV1, Transition Dyspnea Index (TDI), and moderate/severe exacerbation rates (healthcare resource utilization [HCRU] and EXAcerbations of Chronic pulmonary disease Tool [EXACT] criteria). Results Aclidinium/formoterol improved the post-dose FEV1 vs placebo and monotherapy in all subgroups (all P<0.01) and trough FEV1 vs placebo (P<0.001) and formoterol (P<0.05) across all subgroups. Improvements in trough FEV1 were observed vs aclidinium in patients with severe airflow obstruction, patients aged <65 years, males, and patients with exacerbation history (P<0.05). Improvements in TDI were observed vs placebo in all subgroups (all P<0.001), monotherapies for patients with moderate (formoterol P<0.05) or severe airflow obstruction (aclidinium P<0.05), patients aged <65 years (aclidinium P<0.01, formoterol P<0.05), males (formoterol P<0.05), and patients with no exacerbation history (formoterol P<0.05). HCRU exacerbation rates were lower for aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo in patients with no exacerbation history (P<0.01). EXACT exacerbation rates were lower for aclidinium/formoterol in patients with moderate airflow obstruction vs placebo and aclidinium, patients aged <65 years vs placebo and ≥65 years vs formoterol, males vs placebo, and patients with no exacerbation history vs placebo (all P<0.05). Conclusion Aclidinium/formoterol significantly improved post-dose FEV1, trough FEV1, and TDI vs placebo across all subgroups and vs monotherapy in many subgroups. These findings further support the benefits of aclidinium/formoterol for all patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - James F Donohue
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edward M Kerwin
- Clinical Research Institute of Southern Oregon, Medford, OR, USA
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D'Urzo AD, Cazzola M, Hanania NA, Buhl R, Maleki-Yazdi MR. New developments in optimizing bronchodilator treatment of COPD: a focus on glycopyrrolate/formoterol combination formulated by co-suspension delivery technology. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:2805-2819. [PMID: 30233171 PMCID: PMC6135066 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s113306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COPD causes considerable health and economic burden worldwide, with incidence of the disease expected to continue to rise. Inhaled bronchodilators, such as long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) and long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs), are central to the maintenance treatment of patients with COPD. Clinical studies have demonstrated that combined LAMA + LABA therapies improve efficacy while retaining a safety profile similar to LAMA or LABA alone. This has led to the development of several LAMA/LABA fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapies, which provide patients with the convenience of two active compounds in a single inhaler. GFF MDI (Bevespi Aerosphere®) is an FDC of glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate 18/9.6 µg formulated using innovative co-suspension delivery technology for administration via metered dose inhaler (MDI). GFF MDI was developed to make a treatment option available for patients who have a requirement or preference to use an MDI, rather than a dry powder or soft mist inhaler. Now that several LAMA/LABA FDCs have been approved for use in COPD, we review the impact of dual-bronchodilator treatment on COPD therapy and discuss recent clinical studies that are helping to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how LAMA/LABA FDCs can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roland Buhl
- Pulmonary Department, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Reza Maleki-Yazdi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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D'Urzo AD, Kardos P, Wiseman R. Practical considerations when prescribing a long-acting muscarinic antagonist for patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:1089-1104. [PMID: 29670345 PMCID: PMC5894726 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s160577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is characterized by persistent airflow limitation, progressive breathlessness, cough, and sputum production. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) are one of the recommended first-choice therapeutic options for patients with COPD, and several new agents have been developed in recent years. A literature search identified 14 published randomized, placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy and safety of LAMAs in patients with COPD, with improvements seen in lung function, exacerbations, breathlessness, and health status. A greater weight of evidence currently exists for glycopyrronium (GLY) and tiotropium than for umeclidinium and aclidinium, especially in terms of exacerbation reductions. To date, there have been few head-to-head clinical studies of the different LAMAs. Available data indicate that GLY and aclidinium have similar efficacy to tiotropium in terms of improving lung function, dyspnea, exacerbations, and health status. Overall, evidence demonstrates that currently available LAMAs provide effective and generally well-tolerated therapy for patients with COPD. Delivery devices for the different LAMAs vary, which may affect individual patient's adherence to and preference for treatment. Subtle differences between individual therapeutic options may be important to individual patients and the final treatment choice should involve physician's and patient's experiences and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Kardos
- Group Practice and Centre for Allergy, Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Red Cross Maingau Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
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Singh D, D'Urzo AD, Chuecos F, Muñoz A, Garcia Gil E. Reduction in clinically important deterioration in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with aclidinium/formoterol. Respir Res 2017; 18:106. [PMID: 28558833 PMCID: PMC5450266 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Clinically important deterioration' (CID) is a composite endpoint measuring worsening of the key clinical features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), namely lung function, patient-reported outcomes, and exacerbations. ACLIFORM and AUGMENT were two 24-week, randomized, double-blind, phase III studies assessing twice-daily (BID) aclidinium bromide (AB) 400 μg/formoterol fumarate (FF) 12 μg. This pooled post-hoc analysis assessed the effects of AB/FF 400/12 μg on both first and sustained CID events versus placebo and monotherapies in patients with moderate to severe COPD. METHODS A first CID event was defined as the occurrence of a moderate/severe exacerbation or the worsening from baseline in ≥1 of the following: trough forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1; ≥100 mL), Transition Dyspnea Index (TDI) focal score (≥1 unit), or St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score (≥4 units). A 'sustained' CID was defined as a worsening maintained at all subsequent visits from appearance to week 24 or a moderate/severe exacerbation at any time. CID events were assessed at three visits (weeks 4, 12, and 24); trough FEV1 was also measured at weeks 1 and 18. RESULTS AB/FF 400/12 μg reduced the risk of a first CID event by 45% versus placebo (hazard ratio [HR] 0.55, p < 0.001), 18% versus FF 12 μg (HR 0.82, p < 0.01), and 15% versus AB 400 μg (HR 0.85, p < 0.05). Similarly, AB/FF 400/12 μg reduced the risk of a sustained CID event by 48% versus placebo (HR 0.52, p < 0.001) and 22% versus FF 12 μg (HR 0.78, p < 0.01). AB/FF 400/12 μg reduced the risk of a first or sustained CID event for all four components versus placebo (trough FEV1 and TDI, first and sustained CID, all p < 0.001; SGRQ first CID p < 0.001; SGRQ sustained CID, p < 0.01; exacerbations first and sustained CID, both p < 0.05) and TDI and SGRQ versus FF 12 μg (TDI, first and sustained CID both p < 0.05; SGRQ first CID p < 0.01), and SGRQ versus AB 400 μg (first CID, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AB/FF 400/12 μg BID may provide greater airway stability and fewer exacerbations or deteriorations in lung function, health status, or dyspnea compared with placebo or monotherapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01462942 (ACLIFORM); registered 26 October 2011. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01437397 (AUGMENT); registered 19 September 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Singh
- The University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Centre for Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9QZ, UK.
| | - Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Anna Muñoz
- Former employee of AstraZeneca PLC, Barcelona, Spain
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D'Urzo AD. Inhaled Glucocorticosteroid and Long-Acting beta(2)-Adrenoceptor Agonist Single-Inhaler Combination for Both Maintenance and Rescue Therapy : A Paradigm Shift in Asthma Management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:385-91. [PMID: 17154667 DOI: 10.2165/00151829-200605060-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite aggressive fixed-dose (FD) combination therapy with inhaled glucocorticosteroids (ICS) and long acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (LABA), many patients with asthma remain suboptimally controlled, based on the need for rescue therapy and rates of severe exacerbations. The strategy of adjustable maintenance dosing (AMD) involves adjustment of the maintenance dose, (using a single combination [budesonide/formoterol] inhaler, Symbicort((R))) in response to variability of asthma control over time. The AMD strategy, like the FD approach, involves the use of a short-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (SABA) for rapid relief of bronchospasm. The dose-response characteristics of budesonide/formoterol make the AMD strategy a feasible option that cannot be exploited with the combination of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (Advair((R))). Several studies suggest that the AMD strategy is superior to a FD approach in terms of overall asthma control.Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler is as effective as albuterol (salbutamol) for relief of acute asthma episodes, a feature that makes it possible to use this combination for both maintenance and reliever therapy without the need for the use of a SABA. The single-inhaler strategy has been shown to be safe and more efficacious than FD therapy. In particular, the COSMOS study has demonstrated that exacerbation burden is reduced more effectively when the combination (budesonide/formoterol) single inhaler is used for both maintenance and relief compared with FD therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone and albuterol for rescue in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. These findings suggest that we will have to reconsider our definition of reliever therapy for patients that require long-term therapy with combination ICS and LABA.The concept of single-inhaler therapy represents a paradigm shift in asthma management that has been validated in several large studies involving thousands of patients. The single-inhaler strategy represents one of the most significant advances in asthma management in many years, and one that appears ideal for adoption in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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D'Urzo AD, Kerwin EM, Chapman KR, Decramer M, DiGiovanni R, D'Andrea P, Hu H, Goyal P, Altman P. Safety of inhaled glycopyrronium in patients with COPD: a comprehensive analysis of clinical studies and post-marketing data. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:1599-612. [PMID: 26316734 PMCID: PMC4541545 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s81266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic use of inhaled anticholinergics by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has raised long-term safety concerns, particularly cardiovascular. Glycopyrronium is a once-daily anticholinergic with greater receptor selectivity than previously available agents. Methods We assessed the safety of inhaled glycopyrronium using data pooled from two analysis sets, involving six clinical studies and over 4,000 patients with COPD who received one of the following treatments: glycopyrronium 50μg, placebo (both delivered via the Breezhaler® device), or tiotropium 18 μg (delivered via the HandiHaler® device). Data were pooled from studies that varied in their duration and severity of COPD of the patients (ie, ≤12 weeks duration with patients having moderate or severe COPD; and >1 year duration with patients having severe and very severe COPD). Safety comparisons were made for glycopyrronium vs tiotropium or placebo. Poisson regression was used to assess the relative risk for either active drug or placebo (and between drugs where placebo was not available) for assessing the incidence of safety events. During post-marketing surveillance (PMS), safety was assessed by obtaining reports from various sources, and disproportionality scores were computed using EMPIRICA™. In particular, the cardiac safety of glycopyrronium during the post-marketing phase was evaluated. Results The overall incidence of adverse events and deaths was similar across groups, while the incidence of serious adverse events was numerically higher in placebo. Furthermore, glycopyrronium did not result in an increased risk of cerebro-cardiovascular events vs placebo. There were no new safety reports during the PMS phase that suggested an increased risk compared to results from the clinical studies. Moreover, the cardiac safety of glycopyrronium during the PMS phase was also consistent with the clinical data. Conclusion The overall safety profile of glycopyrronium was similar to its comparators indicating no increase in the overall risk for any of the investigated safety end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edward M Kerwin
- Clinical Research Institute of Southern Oregon, PC, Medford, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chapman
- Asthma and Airway Centre, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Decramer
- Respiratory Division, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Peter D'Andrea
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Huilin Hu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Pablo Altman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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Bateman ED, Chapman KR, Singh D, D'Urzo AD, Molins E, Leselbaum A, Gil EG. Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate as a fixed-dose combination in COPD: pooled analysis of symptoms and exacerbations from two six-month, multicentre, randomised studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT). Respir Res 2015; 16:92. [PMID: 26233481 PMCID: PMC4531806 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of aclidinium bromide, a long-acting anticholinergic, and formoterol fumarate, a long-acting beta2-agonist (400/12 μg twice daily) achieves improvements in lung function greater than either monotherapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is approved in the European Union as a maintenance treatment. The effect of this combination on symptoms of COPD and exacerbations is less well established. We examined these outcomes in a pre-specified analysis of pooled data from two 24-week, double-blind, parallel-group, active- and placebo-controlled, multicentre, randomised Phase III studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT). METHODS Patients ≥40 years with moderate to severe COPD (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1]/forced vital capacity <70 % and FEV1 ≥30 % but <80 % predicted normal) were randomised (ACLIFORM: 2:2:2:2:1; AUGMENT: 1:1:1:1:1) to twice-daily aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg or 400/6 μg, aclidinium 400 μg, formoterol 12 μg or placebo via Genuair™/Pressair®. Dyspnoea (Transition Dyspnoea Index; TDI), daily symptoms (EXAcerbations of Chronic pulmonary disease Tool [EXACT]-Respiratory Symptoms [E-RS] questionnaire), night-time and early-morning symptoms, exacerbations (Healthcare Resource Utilisation [HCRU] and EXACT definitions) and relief-medication use were assessed. RESULTS The pooled intent-to-treat population included 3394 patients. Aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg significantly improved TDI focal score versus placebo and both monotherapies at Week 24 (all p < 0.05). Over 24 weeks, significant improvements in E-RS total score, overall night-time and early-morning symptom severity and limitation of early-morning activities were observed with aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg versus placebo and both monotherapies (all p < 0.05). The rate of moderate or severe HCRU exacerbations was significantly reduced with aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg compared with placebo (p < 0.05) but not monotherapies; the rate of EXACT-defined exacerbations was significantly reduced with aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg versus placebo (p < 0.01) and aclidinium (p < 0.05). Time to first HCRU or EXACT exacerbation was longer with aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg compared with placebo (all p < 0.05) but not the monotherapies. Relief-medication use was reduced with aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg versus placebo and aclidinium (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg significantly improves 24-hour symptom control compared with placebo, aclidinium and formoterol in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Furthermore, aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 μg reduces the frequency of exacerbations compared with placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01462942 and NCT01437397 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Bateman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, George Street, Mowbray, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Kenneth R Chapman
- Asthma & Airway Centre, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Eduard Molins
- R&D Centre, AstraZeneca PLC (former employee of Almirall S.A.), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Esther Garcia Gil
- R&D Centre, AstraZeneca PLC (former employee of Almirall S.A.), Barcelona, Spain.
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D'Urzo AD, Abitbol L. Response. Can Fam Physician 2015; 61:127. [PMID: 25676643 PMCID: PMC4325858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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D'Urzo AD, Wong J. Effectiveness of omalizumab in severe persistent asthma under real-life conditions. Can Fam Physician 2014; 60:643-645. [PMID: 25022639 PMCID: PMC4096265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto in Ontario
| | - Jenny Wong
- Family medicine resident at McGill University in Montreal, Que
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Chou A, D'Urzo AD. New therapy for managing moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Fam Physician 2014; 60:352-354. [PMID: 24733327 PMCID: PMC4046540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Chapman KR, Beeh K, Bateman ED, Beier J, D'Urzo AD, Nutbrown R, Chen H, Henley M, Overend T, D'Andrea P. P233 Efficacy and safety of once-daily glycopyrronium compared with blinded tiotropium in patients with COPD: the GLOW5 study. Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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D'Urzo AD, Jugovic P, Jhirad R, Bouchard J. Four-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Fam Physician 2012; 58:848-849. [PMID: 22893337 PMCID: PMC3418984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario
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Kerwin EM, D'Urzo AD, Gelb AF, Lakkis H, Garcia Gil E, Caracta CF. Efficacy and safety of a 12-week treatment with twice-daily aclidinium bromide in COPD patients (ACCORD COPD I). COPD 2012; 9:90-101. [PMID: 22320148 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2012.661492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This Phase III study evaluated the efficacy and safety of twice-daily aclidinium 200 μg and 400 μg versus placebo in the treatment of moderate-to-severe COPD. METHODS In this 12-week, double-blind, multicenter trial, patients were randomized (1:1:1) to inhaled twice-daily aclidinium 200 μg, aclidinium 400 μg, or placebo. Primary and secondary endpoints were changes from baseline in trough FEV₁ and peak FEV₁ at Week 12, respectively. Health status (St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ]), COPD symptoms (Transitional Dyspnea Index [TDI], night and early morning symptoms), and safety were also assessed. RESULTS A total of 561 patients (mean age, 64 ± 9 years) with a mean baseline FEV₁ of 1.36 ± 0.54 L (47.2% of predicted value) were randomized. At Week 12, aclidinium 200 μg and 400 μg showed significant improvements from baseline in mean (95% CI) trough FEV₁ compared with placebo by 86 (45, 127) mL and 124 (83,164) mL, respectively, and in peak FEV₁ by 146 (101, 190) mL and 192 (148, 236) mL, respectively (p ≤ 0.0001 for all). Both aclidinium doses also provided significant improvements in SGRQ, TDI and almost all COPD symptom scores compared with placebo (p < 0.05 for all). Incidences of adverse events (AEs) were similar across treatment groups. The incidence of anticholinergic AEs was low and similar across groups (dry mouth: 0.5%-1.6%; constipation: 0%-1.1%). CONCLUSIONS Treatment of moderate-to-severe COPD patients with twice-daily aclidinium 200 μg and 400 μg was associated with significant improvements in bronchodilation, health status, and COPD symptoms. Both doses were well tolerated and had safety profiles similar to placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION This ACCORD I study (AClidinium in Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease I) was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00891462) as "Efficacy and Safety of Aclidinium Bromide for Treatment of Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)".
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D'Urzo AD, Tamari I, Bouchard J, Jhirad R, Jugovic P. New spirometry interpretation algorithm: Primary Care Respiratory Alliance of Canada approach. Can Fam Physician 2011; 57:1148-1152. [PMID: 21998231 PMCID: PMC3192080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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D'Urzo AD. Spirometry interpretation in primary care. Can Fam Physician 2011; 57:1122. [PMID: 21998220 PMCID: PMC3192069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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D'Urzo AD, Tamari I, Bouchard J, Jhirad R, Jugovic P. Limitations of a spirometry interpretation algorithm. Can Fam Physician 2011; 57:1153-1156. [PMID: 21998232 PMCID: PMC3192081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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D'Urzo AD. Does family medicine have a professional obligation to play a leading role in pharmaceutical industry-sponsored drug research?: yes. Can Fam Physician 2011; 57:870-e279. [PMID: 21841100 PMCID: PMC3155429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Primary Care Lung Clinic, Suite 107, 1670 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M6H 3M2.
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D'Urzo AD. Asthma management in the real world: The perils of simplicity. Can Fam Physician 2010; 56:976-e356. [PMID: 20944031 PMCID: PMC2954066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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D'Urzo AD, Jugovic P. Asthma management made too SIMPLE. Can Fam Physician 2010; 56:1019-1021. [PMID: 20944045 PMCID: PMC2954082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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D'Urzo AD. Diagnosis of asthma. CMAJ 2010; 182:64. [PMID: 20064967 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.110-2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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D'Urzo AD, Jugovic P, Bouchard J, Jhirad R, Tamari I. Safety of long-acting beta2-agonists in the management of asthma: a Primary Care Respiratory Alliance of Canada perspective. Can Fam Physician 2010; 56:119-124. [PMID: 20154237 PMCID: PMC2821225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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D'Urzo AD. The "Towards a Revolution in COPD Health" study: Comparing treatment strategies. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54:740-741. [PMID: 18474709 PMCID: PMC2377215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto in Ontario
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D'Urzo AD. Beta-agonists: all the facts please. Can Fam Physician 2007; 53:1884-1886. [PMID: 18000257 PMCID: PMC2231473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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D'Urzo AD. CONtrol Centered Patient Treatment (CONCEPT). Clin Ther 2006; 27:1312; author reply 1312-5. [PMID: 16199255 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(05)00164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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D'Urzo AD, Solanki V. Is it time for single-inhaler asthma therapy? Can Fam Physician 2006; 52:859-60. [PMID: 16893148 PMCID: PMC1781087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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D'Urzo AD, Solanki V. Flexible asthma therapy. Can Fam Physician 2005; 51:1633-4, 1636. [PMID: 16805081 PMCID: PMC1479490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Chapman KR, Patel P, D'Urzo AD, Alexander M, Mehra S, Oedekoven C, Engelstätter R, Boulet LP. Maintenance of asthma control by once-daily inhaled ciclesonide in adults with persistent asthma. Allergy 2005; 60:330-7. [PMID: 15679718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended therapy for persistent asthma, although side effects can limit appropriate use. Ciclesonide, a novel ICS, is activated in the lung, thereby reducing systemic activity and side effects. This 12-week, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide in adults with persistent asthma. METHODS After a 2-week baseline period in which current ICS treatment was continued, 329 patients were randomized to receive ciclesonide 160 microg (n = 107) or 640 microg (n = 112) (ex-actuator doses, equivalent to 200 and 800 microg ex-valve, respectively), or placebo (n = 110) once daily in the morning. Efficacy was monitored by asthma symptom scores, rescue medication use, morning and evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements, spirometry, and probability of study completion without experiencing lack of efficacy. RESULTS Morning PEF remained stable with either ciclesonide dose but decreased with placebo; the differences were significant (P < 0.0001) for both ciclesonide doses vs placebo. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity decreased significantly with placebo (P < 0.005), but were unchanged with ciclesonide. Lack of efficacy was significantly greater for patients switched to placebo (63%) than it was for those treated with ciclesonide 160 microg (30%) (P < 0.0001 vs placebo) or ciclesonide 640 microg (31%) (P < 0.0001 vs placebo). There were no significant differences between the two tested doses of ciclesonide with respect to efficacy and safety. Serum and 24-h urine cortisol were unaffected by ciclesonide treatment. Both doses of ciclesonide were well tolerated with no cases of oral candidiasis. CONCLUSION Ciclesonide (160 or 640 microg) once daily in the morning effectively maintains asthma control, does not affect cortisol levels, and has an adverse event profile comparable with placebo in adults with primarily mild to moderate asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Chapman
- Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Walewski KM, Cicutto L, D'Urzo AD, Heslegrave RJ, Chapman KR. Evaluation of a questionnaire to assess compliance with anti-asthma medications. J Asthma 2004; 41:77-83. [PMID: 15046381 DOI: 10.1081/jas-120026064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Compliance with anti-asthma medication is essential in controlling symptoms and exacerbations in patients with asthma. Unfortunately, not all patients adhere to their treatment regimen, and it is difficult for clinicians to estimate a patient's compliance, since there is no simple and accurate method currently available to assist in its assessment. The objective of this study was to assess the validity and accuracy of utilizing clinical information regarding a patient's prescription refill frequency, inhaler emptying rate, reported forgetfulness, and short-acting bronchodilator usage to predict daily, anti-inflammatory intake. A questionnaire based on the clinical information described above was administered verbally to asthma patients with varying disease severities. Patient responses were compared to the patient's own pharmacy records. Questions that correlated significantly with pharmacy records were subsequently fit into a multiple regression model. Out of 147 eligible participants, 70 completed the questionnaire and had comprehensive pharmacy data available. There was a significant correlation between daily anti-inflammatory intake as estimated by pharmacy records and daily anti-inflammatory intake as determined by inhaler emptying rate (p<0.05), reported forgetfulness (p<0.05), and short-acting bronchodilator usage (p<0.05). These items were fit into a multiple regression model, which was predictive of daily anti-inflammatory intake as determined by pharmacy records. The sensitivity and specificity of our regression model in detecting non-compliance was 44% and 86%, respectively. We conclude that by inquiring into a patient's inhaler emptying rate, reported forgetfulness, and short-acting bronchodilator usage, a clinician may be able to more accurately estimate a patient's daily intake of anti-inflammatory medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Walewski
- The Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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D'Urzo AD. The role of spirometry in clinical practice. Can Respir J 2001; 8:381-2. [PMID: 11694918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
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D'Urzo AD, De Salvo MC, Ramirez-Rivera A, Almeida J, Sichletidis L, Rapatz G, Kottakis J. In Patients With COPD, Treatment With a Combination of Formoterol and Ipratropium Is More Effective Than a Combination of Salbutamol and Ipratropium. Chest 2001; 119:1347-56. [PMID: 11348938 DOI: 10.1378/chest.119.5.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of adding formoterol or salbutamol to regular ipratropium bromide treatment in COPD patients whose conditions were suboptimally controlled with ipratropium bromide alone. DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, two-period, crossover clinical trial. SETTING Twenty-four clinics and university medical centers in nine countries. PATIENTS One hundred seventy-two patients with baseline FEV(1) < or = 65% predicted, with FEV(1) reversibility to salbutamol not exceeding the normal variability of the measurement, and symptomatic despite regular treatment with ipratropium bromide. INTERVENTIONS Each patient received two treatments in random order: either inhaled formoterol dry powder, 12 microg bid, in addition to ipratropium bromide, 40 microg qid for 3 weeks, followed by salbutamol, 200 microg qid, in addition to ipratropium, 40 microg qid for 3 weeks, or vice versa. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Efficacy end points included morning premedication peak expiratory flow (PEF) during the last week of treatment (primary end point), the area under the curve (AUC) for FEV(1) measured for 6 h after morning dose on the last day of treatment, and symptom scores (from daily diary recordings). Morning PEF and the AUC for FEV(1) were significantly better for formoterol/ipratropium than for salbutamol/ipratropium (p = 0.0003 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The formoterol/ipratropium combination also induced a greater improvement in mean total symptom scores (p = 0.0042). The safety profile of the two treatments was comparable. CONCLUSIONS In COPD patients requiring combination bronchodilator treatment, the addition of formoterol to regular ipratropium treatment is more effective than the addition of salbutamol.
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D'Urzo AD, Chapman KR, Cartier A, Hargreave FE, Fitzgerald M, Tesarowski D. Effectiveness and safety of salmeterol in nonspecialist practice settings. Chest 2001; 119:714-9. [PMID: 11243947 DOI: 10.1378/chest.119.3.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of inhaled salmeterol in patients managed in nonspecialist practice settings. DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, 6-month, parallel-group study involving 253 centers. SETTING Primarily nonspecialist practices (n = 232). PATIENTS A total of 911 subjects (417 men; 494 women) who met American Thoracic Society asthma criteria were enrolled and randomized to treatment with either twice-daily salmeterol aerosol (50 microg; n = 455) or matching placebo twice daily (n = 456). Both groups were allowed to take salbutamol as needed. All subjects were previously treated with anti-inflammatory maintenance therapy that was continued throughout the study. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The primary outcome variable was the proportion of subjects with serious asthma exacerbations defined as an exacerbation requiring hospitalization, emergency department visit, or use of prednisone during the treatment period. A total of 712 subjects competed the study. There was no significant difference in the proportion of subjects experiencing serious exacerbations between the salmeterol and placebo groups (20.8% vs 20.9%, respectively; p = 0.935; power > 88%). Peak expiratory flow was significantly higher in the salmeterol group (398 L/min vs 386 L/min for placebo; p < 0.01). Median daily use of salbutamol was two inhalations for the salmeterol group and three inhalations for placebo (p < 0.001). The proportion of subjects sleeping through the night was significantly higher in the salmeterol group (74%) as compared to placebo (68%; p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Salmeterol treatment is effective in subjects typically cared for in the primary-care setting and does not increase the frequency of severe exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D D'Urzo
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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D'Urzo AD. Conflicting message in the title. Can Fam Physician 2000; 46:1263-4. [PMID: 10907562 PMCID: PMC2144943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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D'Urzo AD. Controlling asthma. Highlights of the 1999 Canadian Asthma Consensus Report. Can Fam Physician 2000; 46:895-8, 902-4. [PMID: 10790822 PMCID: PMC2144838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto
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D'Urzo AD, McIvor AR. Case report: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma. Can Fam Physician 2000; 46:882-4. [PMID: 10790820 PMCID: PMC2144841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D D'Urzo
- Primary Care Asthma Clinic, Toronto, Ont
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D'Urzo AD, Chapman KR. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists. Role in asthma management. Can Fam Physician 2000; 46:872-9. [PMID: 10790819 PMCID: PMC2144811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of leukotriene-receptor antagonists (LTRAs) in management of asthma. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Most data were derived from randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. MAIN MESSAGE Leukotrienes appear to have an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma, including airway inflammation. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists are effective in improving asthma control end points, such as allergen, ASA, and exercise challenge, in clinical models of asthma. In chronic asthma, LTRA administration reduces asthma symptoms and rescue beta 2-agonist use, changes that are paralleled by improvements in lung function. Both zafirlukast and montelukast decrease circulating levels of eosinophils and could have other useful anti-inflammatory properties. Administration of LTRAs allows doses of inhaled corticosteroids to be reduced. Currently available LTRAs are free of serious side effects and are available as oral formulations. CONCLUSIONS Leukotriene-receptor antagonists belong to a new class of asthma medication. While inhaled corticosteroids remain first-line therapy for managing chronic asthma, LTRAs should be considered for patients with ASA-sensitive asthma; as adjunct therapy when low to moderate doses of inhaled steroid alone provide incomplete control; or as adjunct therapy to allow reduction in doses of inhaled corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D D'Urzo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine University of Toronto
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D'Urzo AD. Exercise limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:756. [PMID: 10475696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
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D'Urzo AD, D'Urzo DK, Chapman KR. Case report: pneumothorax and asthma. Can Fam Physician 1999; 45:1524-5. [PMID: 10386217 PMCID: PMC2328459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D D'Urzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario
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D'Urzo AD, D'Urzo DK. Phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in metered-dose inhalers. Highlights of the Canadian initial transition strategy. Can Fam Physician 1999; 45:1544-6, 1556-7. [PMID: 10386220 PMCID: PMC2328471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D D'Urzo
- Primary Care Asthma Clinic, University of Toronto, Ontario
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D'Urzo AD. Change needed in asthma management guidelines. Can Fam Physician 1998; 44:31, 33. [PMID: 9481456 PMCID: PMC2277562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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D'Urzo AD. Long-acting beta 2-agonists. Role in primary care asthma treatment. Can Fam Physician 1997; 43:1773-7. [PMID: 9356758 PMCID: PMC2255420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of long-acting beta 2-agonists and their role in primary care asthma management and to review briefly the pharmacology of these agents. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Most data presented were derived from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Studies were selected for relevance to asthma management in primary care. MAIN FINDINGS Long-acting beta 2-agonist use is associated with improvements in both objective and subjective measures of asthma control. At present no evidence suggests that long-acting beta 2-agonists have anti-inflammatory potential. While salmeterol has a longer duration of action than short-acting beta 2-agonists, its onset of action is slower. Salmeterol and formoterol, therefore, should not be used for relief of acute bronchospasm. CONCLUSION Long-acting beta 2-agonists could be useful for treating asthma in primary care, particularly for controlling symptoms of nocturnal asthma and exercise-induced asthma and for providing convenient maintenance therapy for patients who require regular use of short-acting beta 2-agonists despite concomitant use of optimal doses of inhaled anti-inflammatory medication.
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