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Kitidis V, Shutler JD, Ashton I, Warren M, Brown I, Findlay H, Hartman SE, Sanders R, Humphreys M, Kivimäe C, Greenwood N, Hull T, Pearce D, McGrath T, Stewart BM, Walsham P, McGovern E, Bozec Y, Gac JP, van Heuven SMAC, Hoppema M, Schuster U, Johannessen T, Omar A, Lauvset SK, Skjelvan I, Olsen A, Steinhoff T, Körtzinger A, Becker M, Lefevre N, Diverrès D, Gkritzalis T, Cattrijsse A, Petersen W, Voynova YG, Chapron B, Grouazel A, Land PE, Sharples J, Nightingale PD. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO 2 on the north-west European shelf. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20153. [PMID: 31882779 PMCID: PMC6934492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr-1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr-1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie D Shutler
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Ian Ashton
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Ian Brown
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Humphreys
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Naomi Greenwood
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | - Tom Hull
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | - David Pearce
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Yann Bozec
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR CNRS - UPMC 7144 - Equipe Chimie Marine, Roscoff, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Gac
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR CNRS - UPMC 7144 - Equipe Chimie Marine, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Mario Hoppema
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ute Schuster
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Truls Johannessen
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Abdirahman Omar
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siv K Lauvset
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingunn Skjelvan
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Olsen
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arne Körtzinger
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Becker
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nathalie Lefevre
- Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06)-IRD-CNRS-MNHN, LOCEAN, Paris, France
| | - Denis Diverrès
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Wilhelm Petersen
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Yoana G Voynova
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Bertrand Chapron
- Institut Francais Recherche Pour ĹExploitation de la Mer, Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Antoine Grouazel
- Institut Francais Recherche Pour ĹExploitation de la Mer, Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Jonathan Sharples
- University of Liverpool, School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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