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Rippeth T, Shen S, Lincoln B, Scannell B, Meng X, Hopkins J, Sharples J. The deepwater oxygen deficit in stratified shallow seas is mediated by diapycnal mixing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3136. [PMID: 38605081 PMCID: PMC11009404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonally stratified shelf seas are amongst the most biologically productive on the planet. A consequence is that the deeper waters can become oxygen deficient in late summer. Predictions suggest global warming will accelerate this deficiency. Here we integrate turbulence timeseries with vertical profiles of water column properties from a seasonal stratified shelf sea to estimate oxygen and biogeochemical fluxes. The profiles reveal a significant subsurface chlorophyll maximum and associated mid-water oxygen maximum. We show that the oxygen maximum supports both upward and downwards O2 fluxes. The upward flux is into the surface mixed layer, whilst the downward flux into the deep water will partially off-set the seasonal O2 deficit. The results indicate the fluxes are sensitive to both the water column structure and mixing rates implying the development of the seasonal O2 deficit is mediated by diapcynal mixing. Analysis of current shear indicate that the downward flux is supported by tidal mixing, whilst the upwards flux is dominated by wind driven near-inertial shear. Summer storminess therefore plays an important role in the development of the seasonal deep water O2 deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rippeth
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, Wales, UK.
| | - Sijing Shen
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, Wales, UK
| | - Ben Lincoln
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, Wales, UK
| | - Brian Scannell
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, Wales, UK
| | - Xin Meng
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
| | - Joanne Hopkins
- Marine Physics and Ocean Climate, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, L3 5DA, UK
| | - Jonathan Sharples
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
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Jardine JE, Palmer M, Mahaffey C, Holt J, Wakelin SL, Düsterhus A, Sharples J, Wihsgott J. Rain triggers seasonal stratification in a temperate shelf sea. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3182. [PMID: 37268608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The North Atlantic Storm Track acts as a conveyor belt for extratropical cyclones that frequently deliver high winds and rainfall to northwest European shelf seas. Storms are primarily considered detrimental to shelf sea stratification due to wind-driven mixing countering thermal buoyancy, but their impact on shelf scale stratification cycles remains poorly understood. Here, we show that storms trigger stratification through enhanced surface buoyancy from rainfall. A multidecadal model confirms that rainfall contributed to triggering seasonal stratification 88% of the time from 1982 to 2015. Stratification could be further modulated by large-scale climate oscillations, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), with stratification onset dates being twice as variable during a positive AMV phase than a negative one. Further insights into how changing storm activity will impact shelf seas are discussed beyond the current view of increasing wind-driven mixing, with significant implications for marine productivity and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Jardine
- National Oceanography Centre, L3 5DA, Liverpool, UK.
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, L69 3GP, Liverpool, UK.
| | - M Palmer
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK
| | - C Mahaffey
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, L69 3GP, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Holt
- National Oceanography Centre, L3 5DA, Liverpool, UK
| | - S L Wakelin
- National Oceanography Centre, L3 5DA, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Düsterhus
- Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - J Sharples
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, L69 3GP, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Wihsgott
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, UK
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Trevail AM, Green JA, Bolton M, Daunt F, Harris SM, Miller PI, Newton S, Owen E, Polton JA, Robertson G, Sharples J, Patrick SC. Environmental heterogeneity promotes individual specialisation in habitat selection in a widely distributed seabird. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2875-2887. [PMID: 34492121 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individual specialisations in behaviour are predicted to arise where divergence benefits fitness. Such specialisations are more likely in heterogeneous environments where there is both greater ecological opportunity and competition-driven frequency dependent selection. Such an effect could explain observed differences in rates of individual specialisation in habitat selection, as it offers individuals an opportunity to select for habitat types that maximise resource gain while minimising competition; however, this mechanism has not been tested before. Here, we use habitat selection functions to quantify individual specialisations while foraging by black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, a marine top predator, at 15 colonies around the United Kingdom and Ireland, along a gradient of environmental heterogeneity. We find support for the hypothesis that individual specialisations in habitat selection while foraging are more prevalent in heterogeneous environments. This trend was significant across multiple dynamic habitat variables that change over short time-scales and did not arise through site fidelity, which highlights the importance of environmental processes in facilitating behavioural adaptation by predators. Individual differences may drive evolutionary processes, and therefore these results suggest that there is broad scope for the degree of environmental heterogeneity to determine current and future population, species and community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Trevail
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Jonathan A Green
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Bolton
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
| | - Francis Daunt
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh, Penicuik, UK
| | | | - Peter I Miller
- Remote Sensing Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Ellie Owen
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK
| | | | - Gail Robertson
- School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan Sharples
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samantha C Patrick
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Kitidis V, Shutler JD, Ashton I, Warren M, Brown I, Findlay H, Hartman SE, Sanders R, Humphreys M, Kivimäe C, Greenwood N, Hull T, Pearce D, McGrath T, Stewart BM, Walsham P, McGovern E, Bozec Y, Gac JP, van Heuven SMAC, Hoppema M, Schuster U, Johannessen T, Omar A, Lauvset SK, Skjelvan I, Olsen A, Steinhoff T, Körtzinger A, Becker M, Lefevre N, Diverrès D, Gkritzalis T, Cattrijsse A, Petersen W, Voynova YG, Chapron B, Grouazel A, Land PE, Sharples J, Nightingale PD. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO 2 on the north-west European shelf. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20153. [PMID: 31882779 PMCID: PMC6934492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr-1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr-1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie D Shutler
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Ian Ashton
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Ian Brown
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Humphreys
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Naomi Greenwood
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | - Tom Hull
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | - David Pearce
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Yann Bozec
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR CNRS - UPMC 7144 - Equipe Chimie Marine, Roscoff, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Gac
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR CNRS - UPMC 7144 - Equipe Chimie Marine, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Mario Hoppema
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ute Schuster
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Truls Johannessen
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Abdirahman Omar
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siv K Lauvset
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingunn Skjelvan
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Olsen
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arne Körtzinger
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Becker
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nathalie Lefevre
- Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06)-IRD-CNRS-MNHN, LOCEAN, Paris, France
| | - Denis Diverrès
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Wilhelm Petersen
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Yoana G Voynova
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Bertrand Chapron
- Institut Francais Recherche Pour ĹExploitation de la Mer, Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Antoine Grouazel
- Institut Francais Recherche Pour ĹExploitation de la Mer, Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Jonathan Sharples
- University of Liverpool, School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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Aronson JK, Barends E, Boruch R, Brennan M, Chalmers I, Chislett J, Cunliffe-Jones P, Dahlgren A, Gaarder M, Haines A, Heneghan C, Matthews R, Maynard B, Oxman AD, Oxman M, Pullin A, Randall N, Roddam H, Schoonees A, Sharples J, Stewart R, Stott J, Tallis R, Thomas N, Vale L. Key concepts for making informed choices. Nature 2019; 572:303-306. [PMID: 31406318 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-02407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trevail AM, Green JA, Sharples J, Polton JA, Miller PI, Daunt F, Owen E, Bolton M, Colhoun K, Newton S, Robertson G, Patrick SC. Environmental heterogeneity decreases reproductive success via effects on foraging behaviour. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190795. [PMID: 31161906 PMCID: PMC6571457 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity shapes the uneven distribution of resources available to foragers, and is ubiquitous in nature. Optimal foraging theory predicts that an animal's ability to exploit resource patches is key to foraging success. However, the potential fitness costs and benefits of foraging in a heterogeneous environment are difficult to measure empirically. Heterogeneity may provide higher-quality foraging opportunities, or alternatively could increase the cost of resource acquisition because of reduced patch density or increased competition. Here, we study the influence of physical environmental heterogeneity on behaviour and reproductive success of black-legged kittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla. From GPS tracking data at 15 colonies throughout their British and Irish range, we found that environments that were physically more heterogeneous were associated with longer trip duration, more time spent foraging while away from the colony, increased overlap of foraging areas between individuals and lower breeding success. These results suggest that there is greater competition between individuals for finite resources in more heterogeneous environments, which comes at a cost to reproduction. Resource hotspots are often considered beneficial, as individuals can learn to exploit them if sufficiently predictable. However, we demonstrate here that such fitness gains can be countered by greater competition in more heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Trevail
- 1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Jonathan A Green
- 1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Jonathan Sharples
- 1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | | | - Peter I Miller
- 3 Remote Sensing Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Plymouth , UK
| | - Francis Daunt
- 4 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh , Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian , UK
| | - Ellie Owen
- 5 RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB Scotland, Etive House, Beechwood Park, Inverness , UK
| | - Mark Bolton
- 6 RSPB Centre for Conservation Science , The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire , UK
| | - Kendrew Colhoun
- 7 RSPB Centre for Conservation Science , Belfast , UK.,8 School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Bellfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | | | - Gail Robertson
- 10 School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Samantha C Patrick
- 1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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Trevail AM, Green JA, Sharples J, Polton JA, Arnould JPY, Patrick SC. Environmental heterogeneity amplifies behavioural response to a temporal cycle. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. Trevail
- School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus), Deakin Univ Geelong Australia
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Fromm M, McRae R, Sharples J, Kablick G. Pyrocumulonimbus pair in Wollemi and Blue Mountains National Parks, 22 November 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.22499/2.6203.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sharples J, Mills G, McRae R. Extreme drying events in the Australian high-country and their implications for bushfire risk management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.22499/2.6203.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Williams C, Sharples J, Green M, Mahaffey C, Rippeth T. The maintenance of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the stratified western Irish Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1215/21573689-2285100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Embling CB, Illian J, Armstrong E, van der Kooij J, Sharples J, Camphuysen KCJ, Scott BE. Investigating fine-scale spatio-temporal predator-prey patterns in dynamic marine ecosystems: a functional data analysis approach. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharples J, Gupta A, Fleming L, Bossley CJ, Bracken M, Hall P, Hayward A, Puckey M, Balfour-Lynn IM, Rosenthal M, Bush A, Saglani S. P76 Long-term effectiveness of a staged assessment for problematic severe asthma. Thorax 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201054c.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Win T, Jackson A, Sharples J, Groves A, Wells F, Ritchie A, Laroche C. A prova de exercício cárdio-pulmonar e o prognóstico cirúrgico do cancro do pulmão. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Huisman J, Sharples J, Stroom JM, Visser PM, Kardinaal WEA, Verspagen JMH, Sommeijer B. CHANGES IN TURBULENT MIXING SHIFT COMPETITION FOR LIGHT BETWEEN PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES. Ecology 2004. [DOI: 10.1890/03-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sharples J, Moore CM, Abraham ER. Internal tide dissipation, mixing, and vertical nitrate flux at the shelf edge of NE New Zealand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jc000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sharples J. Some ethical considerations for health care personnel. Hosp Adm Can 1975; 17:55-6. [PMID: 10318447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Sharples J, Grady W. Laboratory technology. N S Med Bull 1968; 47:47-8. [PMID: 5236152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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