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Carlucci M, Lett T, Chavez S, Malinowski A, Lobaugh NJ, Petronis A. Diurnal oscillations of MRI metrics in the brains of male participants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7044. [PMID: 37923728 PMCID: PMC10624685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of biological processes according to a 24-hr rhythm is essential for the normal functioning of an organism. Temporal variation in brain MRI data has often been attributed to circadian or diurnal oscillations; however, it is not clear if such oscillations exist. Here, we provide evidence that diurnal oscillations indeed govern multiple MRI metrics. We recorded cerebral blood flow, diffusion-tensor metrics, T1 relaxation, and cortical structural features every three hours over a 24-hr period in each of 16 adult male controls and eight adult male participants with bipolar disorder. Diurnal oscillations are detected in numerous MRI metrics at the whole-brain level, and regionally. Rhythmicity parameters in the participants with bipolar disorder are similar to the controls for most metrics, except for a larger phase variation in cerebral blood flow. The ubiquitous nature of diurnal oscillations has broad implications for neuroimaging studies and furthers our understanding of the dynamic nature of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Carlucci
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, M5T 1R8, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Tristram Lett
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra Malinowski
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, M5T 1R8, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy J Lobaugh
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Art Petronis
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, M5T 1R8, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania.
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Carlucci M, Bareikis T, Koncevičius K, Gibas P, Kriščiūnas A, Petronis A, Oh G. Scikick: A sidekick for workflow clarity and reproducibility during extensive data analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289171. [PMID: 37498822 PMCID: PMC10374128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility is crucial for scientific progress, yet a clear research data analysis workflow is challenging to implement and maintain. As a result, a record of computational steps performed on the data to arrive at the key research findings is often missing. We developed Scikick, a tool that eases the configuration, execution, and presentation of scientific computational analyses. Scikick allows for workflow configurations with notebooks as the units of execution, defines a standard structure for the project, automatically tracks the defined interdependencies between the data analysis steps, and implements methods to compile all research results into a cohesive final report. Utilities provided by Scikick help turn the complicated management of transparent data analysis workflows into a standardized and feasible practice. Scikick version 0.2.1 code and documentation is available as supplementary material. The Scikick software is available on GitHub (https://github.com/matthewcarlucci/scikick) and is distributed with PyPi (https://pypi.org/project/scikick/) under a GPL-3 license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Carlucci
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Bareikis
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Koncevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Gibas
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algimantas Kriščiūnas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Art Petronis
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriel Oh
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Carlucci M, Kriščiūnas A, Li H, Gibas P, Koncevičius K, Petronis A, Oh G. DiscoRhythm: an easy-to-use web application and R package for discovering rhythmicity. Bioinformatics 2021; 38:882. [PMID: 34874990 PMCID: PMC8756186 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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4
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Carlucci M, Kriščiūnas A, Li H, Gibas P, Koncevičius K, Petronis A, Oh G. DiscoRhythm: an easy-to-use web application and R package for discovering rhythmicity. Bioinformatics 2019; 36:btz834. [PMID: 31702788 PMCID: PMC7703757 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Biological rhythmicity is fundamental to almost all organisms on Earth and plays a key role in health and disease. Identification of oscillating signals could lead to novel biological insights, yet its investigation is impeded by the extensive computational and statistical knowledge required to perform such analysis. RESULTS To address this issue, we present DiscoRhythm (Discovering Rhythmicity), a user-friendly application for characterizing rhythmicity in temporal biological data. DiscoRhythm is available as a web application or an R/Bioconductor package for estimating phase, amplitude, and statistical significance using four popular approaches to rhythm detection (Cosinor, JTK Cycle, ARSER, and Lomb-Scargle). We optimized these algorithms for speed, improving their execution times up to 30-fold to enable rapid analysis of -omic-scale datasets in real-time. Informative visualizations, interactive modules for quality control, dimensionality reduction, periodicity profiling, and incorporation of experimental replicates make DiscoRhythm a thorough toolkit for analyzing rhythmicity. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The DiscoRhythm R package is available on Bioconductor (https://bioconductor.org/packages/DiscoRhythm), with source code available on GitHub (https://github.com/matthewcarlucci/DiscoRhythm) under a GPL-3 license. The web application is securely deployed over HTTPS (https://disco.camh.ca) and is freely available for use worldwide. Local instances of the DiscoRhythm web application can be created using the R package or by deploying the publicly available Docker container (https://hub.docker.com/r/mcarlucci/discorhythm). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Carlucci
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Algimantas Kriščiūnas
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Haohan Li
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Povilas Gibas
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Koncevičius
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Art Petronis
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Gabriel Oh
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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Oh G, Koncevičius K, Ebrahimi S, Carlucci M, Groot DE, Nair A, Zhang A, Kriščiūnas A, Oh ES, Labrie V, Wong AHC, Gordevičius J, Jia P, Susic M, Petronis A. Circadian oscillations of cytosine modification in humans contribute to epigenetic variability, aging, and complex disease. Genome Biol 2019; 20:2. [PMID: 30606238 PMCID: PMC6317262 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of physiological circadian rhythm plays a crucial role in human health. Numerous studies have shown that disruption of circadian rhythm may increase risk for malignant, psychiatric, metabolic, and other diseases. RESULTS Extending our recent findings of oscillating cytosine modifications (osc-modCs) in mice, in this study, we show that osc-modCs are also prevalent in human neutrophils. Osc-modCs may play a role in gene regulation, can explain parts of intra- and inter-individual epigenetic variation, and are signatures of aging. Finally, we show that osc-modCs are linked to three complex diseases and provide a new interpretation of cross-sectional epigenome-wide association studies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that loss of balance between cytosine methylation and demethylation during the circadian cycle can be a potential mechanism for complex disease. Additional experiments, however, are required to investigate the possible involvement of confounding effects, such as hidden cellular heterogeneity. Circadian rhythmicity, one of the key adaptations of life forms on Earth, may contribute to frailty later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Oh
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karolis Koncevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sasha Ebrahimi
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew Carlucci
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Erik Groot
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Akhil Nair
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aiping Zhang
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Algimantas Kriščiūnas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edward S. Oh
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Viviane Labrie
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Albert H. C. Wong
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Juozas Gordevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Peixin Jia
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miki Susic
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Art Petronis
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Gordevičius J, Kriščiūnas A, Groot DE, Yip SM, Susic M, Kwan A, Kustra R, Joshua AM, Chi KN, Petronis A, Oh G. Cell-Free DNA Modification Dynamics in Abiraterone Acetate-Treated Prostate Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3317-3324. [PMID: 29615462 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Primary resistance to abiraterone acetate (AA), a key medication for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, occurs in 20% to 40% of patients. We aim to identify predictive biomarkers for AA-treatment response and understand the mechanisms related to treatment resistance.Experimental Design: We used the Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChip to monitor modification profiles of cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) in 108 plasma samples collected from 33 AA-treated patients.Results: Thirty cytosines showed significant modification differences (FDR Q < 0.05) between AA-sensitive and AA-resistant patients during the treatment, of which 21 cytosines were differentially modified prior to treatment. In addition, AA-sensitive patients, but not AA-resistant patients, lost interindividual variation of cfDNA modification shortly after starting AA treatment, but such variation returned to initial levels in the later phases of treatment.Conclusions: Our findings provide a list of potential biomarkers for predicting AA-treatment response, highlight the prognostic value of using cytosine modification variance as biomarkers, and shed new insights into the mechanisms of prostate cancer relapse in AA-sensitive patients. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3317-24. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Gordevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algimantas Kriščiūnas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daniel E Groot
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven M Yip
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Miki Susic
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Kwan
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafal Kustra
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim N Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Art Petronis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel Oh
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, The Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Oh G, Ebrahimi S, Wang SC, Cortese R, Kaminsky ZA, Gottesman II, Burke JR, Plassman BL, Petronis A. Epigenetic assimilation in the aging human brain. Genome Biol 2016; 17:76. [PMID: 27122015 PMCID: PMC4848814 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic drift progressively increases variation in DNA modification profiles of aging cells, but the finale of such divergence remains elusive. In this study, we explored the dynamics of DNA modification and transcription in the later stages of human life. Results We find that brain tissues of older individuals (>75 years) become more similar to each other, both epigenetically and transcriptionally, compared with younger individuals. Inter-individual epigenetic assimilation is concurrent with increasing similarity between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, which points to potential brain cell dedifferentiation. DNA modification analysis of twins affected with Alzheimer’s disease reveals a potential for accelerated epigenetic assimilation in neurodegenerative disease. We also observe loss of boundaries and merging of neighboring DNA modification and transcriptomic domains over time. Conclusions Age-dependent epigenetic divergence, paradoxically, changes to convergence in the later stages of life. The newly described phenomena of epigenetic assimilation and tissue dedifferentiation may help us better understand the molecular mechanisms of aging and the origins of diseases for which age is a risk factor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0946-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Oh
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St. R130, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sasha Ebrahimi
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St. R130, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sun-Chong Wang
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Rene Cortese
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St. R130, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Zachary A Kaminsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Irving I Gottesman
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - James R Burke
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Box 2900, Durham, North Carolina, 27701, USA
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Box 41, Durham, North Carolina, 27701, USA
| | - Art Petronis
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St. R130, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Pollock RA, Thavaneswaran A, Pellett F, Chandran V, Petronis A, Rahman P, Gladman DD. Further Evidence Supporting a Parent-of-Origin Effect in Psoriatic Disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015; 67:1586-90. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.22625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remy A. Pollock
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | | | - Vinod Chandran
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Art Petronis
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Proton Rahman
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's; Newfoundland Canada
| | - Dafna D. Gladman
- Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Oh G, Wang SC, Pal M, Chen ZF, Khare T, Tochigi M, Ng C, Yang YA, Kwan A, Kaminsky ZA, Mill J, Gunasinghe C, Tackett JL, Gottesman II, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, Vink JM, Slagboom PE, Wray NR, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Turecki G, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, McGuffin P, Kustra R, Petronis A. DNA modification study of major depressive disorder: beyond locus-by-locus comparisons. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:246-255. [PMID: 25108803 PMCID: PMC4277915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibits numerous clinical and molecular features that are consistent with putative epigenetic misregulation. Despite growing interest in epigenetic studies of psychiatric diseases, the methodologies guiding such studies have not been well defined. METHODS We performed DNA modification analysis in white blood cells from monozygotic twins discordant for MDD, in brain prefrontal cortex, and germline (sperm) samples from affected individuals and control subjects (total N = 304) using 8.1K CpG island microarrays and fine mapping. In addition to the traditional locus-by-locus comparisons, we explored the potential of new analytical approaches in epigenomic studies. RESULTS In the microarray experiment, we detected a number of nominally significant DNA modification differences in MDD and validated selected targets using bisulfite pyrosequencing. Some MDD epigenetic changes, however, overlapped across brain, blood, and sperm more often than expected by chance. We also demonstrated that stratification for disease severity and age may increase the statistical power of epimutation detection. Finally, a series of new analytical approaches, such as DNA modification networks and machine-learning algorithms using binary and quantitative depression phenotypes, provided additional insights on the epigenetic contributions to MDD. CONCLUSIONS Mapping epigenetic differences in MDD (and other psychiatric diseases) is a complex task. However, combining traditional and innovative analytical strategies may lead to identification of disease-specific etiopathogenic epimutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Art Petronis
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan.
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10
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Kaminsky Z, Tochigi M, Jia P, Pal M, Mill J, Kwan A, Ioshikhes I, Vincent JB, Kennedy JL, Strauss J, Pai S, Wang SC, Petronis A. A multi-tissue analysis identifies HLA complex group 9 gene methylation differences in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:728-40. [PMID: 21647149 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic studies of DNA and histone modifications represent a new and important activity in molecular investigations of human disease. Our previous epigenome-wide scan identified numerous DNA methylation differences in post-mortem brain samples from individuals affected with major psychosis. In this article, we present the results of fine mapping DNA methylation differences at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex group 9 gene (HCG9) in bipolar disorder (BPD). Sodium bisulfite conversion coupled with pyrosequencing was used to interrogate 28 CpGs spanning ∼700 bp region of HCG9 in 1402 DNA samples from post-mortem brains, peripheral blood cells and germline (sperm) of bipolar disease patients and controls. The analysis of nearly 40 000 CpGs revealed complex relationships between DNA methylation and age, medication as well as DNA sequence variation (rs1128306). Two brain tissue cohorts exhibited lower DNA methylation in bipolar disease patients compared with controls at an extended HCG9 region (P=0.026). Logistic regression modeling of BPD as a function of rs1128306 genotype, age and DNA methylation uncovered an independent effect of DNA methylation in white blood cells (odds ratio (OR)=1.08, P=0.0077) and the overall sample (OR=1.24, P=0.0011). Receiver operating characteristic curve A prime statistics estimated a 69-72% probability of correct BPD prediction from a case vs control pool. Finally, sperm DNA demonstrated a significant association (P=0.018) with BPD at one of the regions demonstrating epigenetic changes in the post-mortem brain and peripheral blood samples. The consistent multi-tissue epigenetic differences at HCG9 argue for a causal association with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kaminsky
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Neuroscience Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kaminsky ZA, Tang T, Wang SC, Ptak C, Oh GHT, Wong AHC, Feldcamp LA, Virtanen C, Halfvarson J, Tysk C, McRae AF, Visscher PM, Montgomery GW, Gottesman II, Martin NG, Petronis A. DNA methylation profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Nat Genet 2009; 41:240-5. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and highly heterogeneous psychiatric disorder encompassing a spectrum of symptoms involving deficits to a range of cognitive, psychomotor and emotional processes. As is the norm for aetiological studies into the majority of psychiatric phenotypes, particular focus has fallen on the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. There are, however, several epidemiological, clinical and molecular peculiarities associated with MDD that are hard to explain using traditional gene- and environment-based approaches. Our goal in this study is to demonstrate the benefits of looking beyond conventional 'DNA+environment' and 'DNA x environment' aetiological paradigms. Epigenetic factors - inherited and acquired modifications of DNA and histones that regulate various genomic functions occurring without a change in nuclear DNA sequence - offer new insights about many of the non-Mendelian features of major depression, and provide a direct mechanistic route via which the environment can interact with the genome. The study of epigenetics, especially in complex diseases, is a relatively new field of research, and optimal laboratory techniques and analysis methods are still being developed. Incorporating epigenetic research into aetiological studies of MDD thus presents a number of methodological and interpretive challenges that need to be addressed. Despite these difficulties, the study of DNA methylation and histone modifications has the potential to transform our understanding about the molecular aetiology of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mill
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Despite significant effort, understanding the causes and mechanisms of complex non-Mendelian diseases remains a key challenge. Although numerous molecular genetic linkage and association studies have been conducted in order to explain the heritable predisposition to complex diseases, the resulting data are quite often inconsistent and even controversial. In a similar way, identification of environmental factors causal to a disease is difficult. In this article, a new interpretation of the paradigm of "genes plus environment" is presented in which the emphasis is shifted to epigenetic misregulation as a major etiopathogenic factor. Epigenetic mechanisms are consistent with various non-Mendelian irregularities of complex diseases, such as the existence of clinically indistinguishable sporadic and familial cases, sexual dimorphism, relatively late age of onset and peaks of susceptibility to some diseases, discordance of monozygotic twins and major fluctuations on the course of disease severity. It is also suggested that a substantial portion of phenotypic variance that traditionally has been attributed to environmental effects may result from stochastic epigenetic events in the cell. It is argued that epigenetic strategies, when applied in parallel with the traditional genetic ones, may significantly advance the discovery of etiopathogenic mechanisms of complex diseases. The second part of this chapter is dedicated to a review of laboratory methods for DNA methylation analysis, which may be useful in the study of complex diseases. In this context, epigenetic microarray technologies are emphasized, as it is evident that such technologies will significantly advance epigenetic analyses in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schumacher
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, ON, Toronto, Canada
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14
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Fuke C, Shimabukuro M, Petronis A, Sugimoto J, Oda T, Miura K, Miyazaki T, Ogura C, Okazaki Y, Jinno Y. Age related changes in 5-methylcytosine content in human peripheral leukocytes and placentas: an HPLC-based study. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68:196-204. [PMID: 15180700 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate inter-individual and age-dependent variation of global DNA methylation in human tissues. In this work, we examined 5-methyldeoxycytidine ((met)C) content by HPLC in human peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from 76 healthy individuals of ages varying from 4 to 94 years (yr), and 39 human placentas from various gestational stages. The HPLC analysis revealed a significant variation of (met)C across individuals and is consistent with the previous findings of age-dependent decrease of global methylation levels in human tissues. The age-dependent decrease of (met)C was relatively small, but statistically highly significant (p= 0.0002) in the aged group (65.9 +/- 8.9 [mean age +/- SD] yr; n = 22) in comparison to the young adult group (19.3 +/- 1.4 yr; n = 21). Males showed a subtle but statistically significant higher mean (met)C content than females. In contrast to the peripheral blood samples, DNA extracted from placentas exhibited gestational stage-dependent increase of methylation levels that appeared to inversely correlate with the expression levels of human endogenous retroviruses. These data may be helpful in further studies of DNA methylation, such as inheritance of epigenetic patterns, environment-induced changes, and involvement of epigenetic changes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fuke
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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15
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Abstract
New hopes for cloning susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder followed the discovery of a novel type of DNA mutation, namely unstable DNA. One class of unstable DNA, trinucleotide repeat expansion, is the causal mutation in myotonic dystrophy, fragile X mental retardation, Huntington disease and a number of other rare Mendelian neurological disorders. This finding has led researchers in psychiatric genetics to search for unstable DNA sites as susceptibility factors for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Increased severity and decreased age at onset of disease in successive generations, known as genetic anticipation, was reported for undifferentiated psychiatric diseases and for myotonic dystrophy early in the twentieth century, but was initially dismissed as the consequence of ascertainment bias. Because unstable DNA was demonstrated to be a molecular substrate for genetic anticipation in the majority of trinucleotide repeat diseases including myotonic dystrophy, many recent studies looking for genetic anticipation have been performed for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder with surprisingly consistent positive results. These studies are reviewed, with particular emphasis placed on relevant sampling and statistical considerations, and concerns are raised regarding the interpretation of such studies. In parallel, molecular genetic investigations looking for evidence of trinucleotide repeat expansion in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are reviewed. Initial studies of genome-wide trinucleotide repeats using the repeat expansion detection technique suggested possible association of large CAG/CTG repeat tracts with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. More recently, three loci have been identified that contain large, unstable CAG/CTG repeats that occur frequently in the population and seem to account for the majority of large products identified using the repeat expansion detection method. These repeats localize to an intron in transcription factor gene SEF2-1B at 18q21, a site named ERDA1 on 17q21 with no associated coding region, and the 3' end of a gene on 13q21, SCA8, that is believed to be responsible for a form of spinocerebellar ataxia. At present no strong evidence exists that large repeat alleles at either SEF2-1B or ERDA1 are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Preliminary evidence suggests that large repeat alleles at SCA8 that are non-penetrant for ataxia may be a susceptibility factor for major psychosis. A fourth, but much more infrequently unstable CAG/CTG repeat has been identified within the 5' untranslated region of the gene, MAB21L1, on 13q13. A fifth CAG/CTG repeat locus has been identified within the coding region of an ion transporter, KCNN3 (hSKCa3), on 1q21. Although neither large alleles nor instability have been observed at KCNN3, this repeat locus has been extensively analyzed in association and family studies of major psychosis, with conflicting findings. Studies of polyglutamine containing genes in major psychosis have also shown some intriguing results. These findings, reviewed here, suggest that, although a major role for unstable trinucleotides in psychosis is unlikely, involvement at a more modest level in a minority of cases cannot be excluded, and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Vincent
- Department of Genetics at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Muglia P, Petronis A, Mundo E, Lander S, Cate T, Kennedy JL. Dopamine D4 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase genes in bipolar disorder: evidence for a role of DRD4. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:860-6. [PMID: 12232779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 01/14/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in behaviors that are compromised in patients with mood disorder has led to the investigation of dopamine system genes as candidates for bipolar disorder. In particular, the functional VNTRs in the exon III of the dopamine D4 (DRD4) and in intron I of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genes have been investigated in numerous association studies that have produced contrasting results. Likewise, linkage studies in multiplex bipolar families have shown both positive and negative results for markers in close proximity to DRD4 and TH on 11p15.5. We performed a linkage disequilibrium analysis of the DRD4 and TH VNTRs in a sample of 145 nuclear families comprised of DSM-IV bipolar probands and their biological parents. An excess of transmissions and non transmissions was observed for the DRD4 4- and 2-repeat alleles respectively. The biased transmission showed a parent of origin effect (POE) since it was derived almost exclusively from the maternal meiosis (4-repeat allele maternally transmitted 40 times vs 20 times non-transmitted; chi(2) = 6.667; df = 1; P = 0.009; while paternally transmitted 26 times vs 21 times non-transmitted; chi(2) = 0.531; df = 1; P = 0.46). The analysis of TH did not reveal biased transmission of intron I VNTR alleles. Although replication of our study is necessary, the fact that DRD4 exhibit POE and is located on 11p15.5, in close proximity to a cluster of imprinted genes, suggests that genomic imprinting may be operating in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muglia
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Site, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street R-30, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
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17
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Abstract
Identification of genes predisposing their carrier to complex diseases is a much more complicated task than finding genes involved in simple mendelian diseases. The slow progress in the genetic research of complex diseases could be due to limitations in the basic research strategy, which is almost exclusively orientated to the detection of disease-related DNA mutations or polymorphisms. I argue in this article that epigenetic misregulation of genes is more consistent with the features of complex diseases than is DNA sequence variation, and therefore that epigenetic factors could be important in understanding the origins of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section Rm28, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Ontario, Toronto, Canada M5T 1R8.
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18
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Basile VS, Ozdemir V, Masellis M, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Potkin SG, Macciardi FM, Petronis A, Kennedy JL. Lack of association between serotonin-2A receptor gene (HTR2A) polymorphisms and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:230-4. [PMID: 11317228 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2000] [Revised: 10/19/2000] [Accepted: 10/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disabling neurological side effect associated with long-term treatment with typical antipsychotics. Family studies and animal models lend evidence for hereditary predisposition to TD. The newer atypical antipsychotics pose a minimal risk for TD which is in part attributed to their ability to block the serotonin-2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor. 5-HT(2A) receptors were also identified in the basal ganglia; a brain region that plays a critical role in antipsychotic-induced movement disorders. We tested the significance of variation in the 5-HT(2A) receptor gene (HTR2A) in relation to the TD phenotype. Three polymorphisms in HTR2A, one silent (C102T), one that alters the amino acid sequence (his452tyr) and one in the promoter region (A-1437G) were investigated in 136 patients refractory or intolerant to treatment with typical antipsychotics and with a DSM-IIIR diagnosis of schizophrenia. We did not find any significant difference in allele, genotype or haplotype frequencies of polymorphisms in HTR2A among patients with or without TD (P > 0.05). Further analysis using the ANCOVA statistic with a continuous measure of the TD phenotype (Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score) found that the AIMS scores were not significantly influenced by HTR2A polymorphisms, despite controlling for potential confounders such as age, gender and ethnicity (P > 0.05). Theoretically, central serotonergic function can be subject to genetic control at various other mechanistic levels including the rate of serotonin synthesis (tryptophane hydroxylase gene), release, reuptake (serotonin transporter gene) and degradation (monoamine oxidase gene). Analyses of these other serotonergic genes are indicated. In summary, polymorphisms in HTR2A do not appear to influence the risk for TD. Further studies evaluating in tandem multiple candidate genes relevant for the serotonergic system are warranted to dissect the genetic basis of the complex TD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Basile
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Vincent JB, Yuan QP, Schalling M, Adolfsson R, Azevedo MH, Macedo A, Bauer A, DallaTorre C, Medeiros HM, Pato MT, Pato CN, Bowen T, Guy CA, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Paterson AD, Petronis A, Kennedy JL. Long repeat tracts at SCA8 in major psychosis. Am J Med Genet 2000; 96:873-6. [PMID: 11121201 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001204)96:6<873::aid-ajmg37>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Expansion at a recently identified unstable trinucleotide repeat on chromosome 13q21 has been reported as the molecular cause for spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8). The trinucleotide repeat, which consists of a [CTA]n repeat and adjacent [CTG]n repeat, was reported to have a pathogenic range of 107-127 CTG repeats (or 110-130 combined CTA and CTG repeats) in a large ataxia kindred. This repeat region was also cloned by our group from a bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) patient, who has approximately 600 combined repeats, and large alleles (>100 repeats) were reported to be present in 0.7% of controls and 1.5% of major psychosis patients (n = 710 and n = 1,120, respectively). We have followed up these findings by screening three new samples of BPAD and schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and controls, including 272 individuals from 14 BPAD families from Sweden, 130 individuals from 32 SCZ and BPAD families/trios from the Azores Islands, and 206 SCZ individuals from the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 219 matched controls. We found large repeat alleles above the SCA8 pathogenic range in individuals from 3 of 32 Azorean pedigrees and in 1 of 206 SCZ individuals from the United Kingdom, and repeat alleles within the SCA8 pathogenic range in 1 of 14 Swedish families. Although the rarity of major psychosis patients carrying the SCA8 expansion mutation would require a much larger sample size to reach statistical significance, these results support the previously reported observation of increased occurrence of large repeats at SCA8 in major psychosis. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:873-876, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Vincent
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Petronis A, Gottesman II, Crow TJ, DeLisi LE, Klar AJ, Macciardi F, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ, Paterson AD, Skuse D, Sutherland GR. Psychiatric epigenetics: a new focus for the new century. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:342-6. [PMID: 10889541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Abstract
A number of recent clinical and molecular observations in major psychosis indicate that epigenetic factors may be operational in the origin of major mental illness. This article further develops the idea that epigenetic factors may play an etiopathogenic role in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. The putative role of epigenetic factors is shown by the epigenetic interpretation of genetic association studies of the genes for serotonin 2A (HTR2A) and the dopamine D3 (DRD3) receptors in schizophrenia. The idea of epigenetic polymorphism of genetic alleles is introduced, and it is argued that epigenetic variation may explain a number of controversial and unclear findings in allelic and genotypic association studies of HTR2A and DRD3. In linkage analyses of multiplex families with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), different loci on chromosome 18 indicated co-segregation of alleles of one parental sex with the disease phenotype, and this finding implies that the epigenetic mechanism of genomic imprinting may be involved. Evidence for genomic imprinting provides the background for epigenetic cloning of BPAD risk factors by searching for differentially modified genes on chromosome 18. Finally, epigenetic studies could be relevant to the better understanding of the molecular action of antipsychotic medications. In addition to this, if epimutations are detected in major psychosis, epigenetic treatment directed at correction of epigenetic status of a specific brain gene may eventually be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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24
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Abstract
Developments in molecular biology over the past three decades have led to an increasing awareness of the importance of epigenetic phenomena in a variety of genome functions. Epigenetic aspects of complex multifactorial diseases including schizophrenia, however, have not been investigated sufficiently. Various facets of epigenetics are reevaluated through their putative relevance to four theories of schizophrenia: neurodevelopmental, dopamine dysfunction, viral, and genetic anticipation with unstable DNA. The heuristic value of the epigenetic model of schizophrenia arises from the possibility of integration of a wide variety of empirical data into a new theoretical framework. It can be hypothesized that in addition to pathological effects of DNA structural mutations and environmental factors, inherited and acquired epigenetic defects, or epimutations, may be of etiological importance in schizophrenia. In addition, the epigenetic model may lead to experiments investigating the molecular substrates of genetic-environmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Vincent JB, Neves-Pereira ML, Paterson AD, Yamamoto E, Parikh SV, Macciardi F, Gurling HM, Potkin SG, Pato CN, Macedo A, Kovacs M, Davies M, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Petronis A, Kennedy JL. An unstable trinucleotide-repeat region on chromosome 13 implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia: a common expansion locus. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:819-29. [PMID: 10712198 PMCID: PMC1288165 DOI: 10.1086/302803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/1999] [Accepted: 12/13/1999] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Larger CAG/CTG trinucleotide-repeat tracts in individuals affected with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) in comparison with control individuals have previously been reported, implying a possible etiological role for trinucleotide repeats in these diseases. Two unstable CAG/CTG repeats, SEF2-1B and ERDA1, have recently been cloned, and studies indicate that the majority of individuals with large repeats as detected by repeat-expansion detection (RED) have large repeat alleles at these loci. These repeats do not show association of large alleles with either BPAD or SCZ. Using RED, we have identified a BPAD individual with a very large CAG/CTG repeat that is not due to expansion at SEF2-1B or ERDA1. From this individual's DNA, we have cloned a highly polymorphic trinucleotide repeat consisting of (CTA)n (CTG)n, which is very long ( approximately 1,800 bp) in this patient. The repeat region localizes to chromosome 13q21, within 1.2 cM of fragile site FRA13C. Repeat alleles in our sample were unstable in 13 (5.6%) of 231 meioses. Large alleles (>100 repeats) were observed in 14 (1. 25%) of 1,120 patients with psychosis, borderline personality disorder, or juvenile-onset depression and in 5 (.7%) of 710 healthy controls. Very large alleles were also detected for Centre d'Etude Polymorphisme Humaine (CEPH) reference family 1334. This triplet expansion has recently been reported to be the cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8); however, none of our large alleles above the disease threshold occurred in individuals either affected by SCA or with known family history of SCA. The high frequency of large alleles at this locus is inconsistent with the much rarer occurrence of SCA8. Thus, it seems unlikely that expansion alone causes SCA8; other genetic mechanisms may be necessary to explain SCA8 etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Vincent
- Department of Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Two genome scans for susceptibility loci for type 1 diabetes using large collections of families have recently been reported. Apart from strong linkage in both studies of the HLA region on chromosome 6p, clear consistent evidence for linkage was not observed at any other loci. One possible explanation for this is a high degree of locus heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes, and we hypothesised that the sex of affected offspring, age of diagnosis, and parental origin of shared alleles may be the bases of heterogeneity at some loci. METHODS Using data from a genome wide linkage study of 356 affected sib pairs with type 1 diabetes, we performed linkage analyses using parental origin of shared alleles in subgroups based on (1) sex of affected sibs and (2) age of diagnosis. RESULTS Among the results obtained, we observed that evidence for linkage to IDDM4 on chromosome 11q13 occurred predominantly from opposite sex, rather than same sex sib pairs. At a locus on chromosome 4q, evidence for linkage was observed in sibs where one was diagnosed above the age of 10 years and the other diagnosed below 10 years of age. CONCLUSIONS We show that heterogeneity tests based on age of diagnosis, sex of affected subject, and parental origin of shared alleles may be helpful in reducing locus heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes. If repeated in other samples, these findings may assist in the mapping of susceptibility loci for type 1 diabetes. Similar analyses can be recommended in other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
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27
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Abstract
Genetic linkage studies of type 1 diabetes have produced a number of conflicting results, suggesting a high degree of locus heterogeneity in this disease. Approaches which model such heterogeneity will increase the power to fine map susceptibility loci. Here, using data from a genome scan of 356 affected sib pairs with type 1 diabetes, we performed heterogeneity analysis based on similarity of age at diagnosis of the sib pairs. We observed linkage to the region on chromosome 4p16.3 in sib pairs both diagnosed over the age of 10 years, whilst there was no evidence for linkage in sib pairs diagnosed before age 10 years. In contrast the sib pairs diagnosed before the age of 10 years demonstrated linkage to IDDM10, on chromosome 10p. Age of diagnosis-based heterogeneity analyses in complex diseases may be particularly helpful in mapping some susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Petronis A, Kennedy JL, Paterson AD. Haplotype analysis in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data: double recombinants. Genet Epidemiol 1999; 17 Suppl 1:S301-6. [PMID: 10597453 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.1370170751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of close double recombinants in genotyping data may help identify genotyping errors. Alternatively, putative double recombinants may be associated with genetic mechanisms that may be related to disease. Phase-known apparent double recombination events were identified in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data, and compared to the sex-specific genetic map at each region. A number of double recombinants occurred within a short genetic distance. Also, in some families multiple double recombinants were observed flanking the same genetic marker, both suggesting possible genotyping error. An excess of paternal double recombinants was identified, which is consistent with reports of sex-specific differential meiotic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Abstract
A high degree of locus heterogeneity is likely in alcoholism, and linkage heterogeneity analysis may be helpful in mapping susceptibility loci. The genetic contribution to alcoholism in females may be higher than in males, and therefore sex of affected individuals was used in linkage analysis. Families with female alcoholics demonstrated evidence for linkage to chromosomes 10p11-p15 and 21q22.1-q22.2 while those with male alcoholics did not provide evidence for linkage to these regions. Sharing of maternal and paternal alleles was also investigated separately, and evidence for linkage of maternal alleles on chromosomes 1 and 8, and paternal alleles on chromosome 2 was observed, suggesting parental origin effects. Mapping of complex traits may benefit from tests of linkage heterogeneity based on sex, and parental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Neurogenetics Section, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Paterson AD, Petronis A. Transmission ratio distortion in females on chromosome 10p11-p15. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:657-61. [PMID: 10581486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent reports of linkage of markers on chromosome 10p to schizophrenia, and evidence for linkage in one study to bipolar affective disorder, provide encouragement for psychiatric genetics, after nonreplication of linkage findings at other chromosomal regions. The same region on chromosome 10 also demonstrates evidence for linkage to obesity, female alcoholism, and female type 1 diabetes. However, evidence for linkage can be confounded by the biological phenomenon of transmission ratio distortion. Transmission ratio distortion (also termed segregation distortion or meiotic drive) results in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles to live born offspring, and has not been investigated at the majority of loci for complex traits. We examined evidence for transmission ratio distortion using 40 Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) pedigrees across chromosome 10 using CEPH genotype data. Evidence for linkage of females to D10S211 was found (multipoint non-parametric linkage Z score [NPL] = 1.84, P = 0.040), while there was no linkage of this marker to male sex. The observation of possible transmission ratio distortion in females on chromosome 10p requires additional study, and may impact on the interpretation of positive linkage findings in this region. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:657-661, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Abstract
Markers near a locus for type 1 diabetes on chromosome 3q22-q25 (IDDM9) demonstrate linkage to rheumatoid arthritis, however it is not clear whether these two loci overlap. Sex-specific linkage analysis may be of interest for rheumatoid arthritis on chromosome 3q since linkage of type 1 diabetes to IDDM9 derives predominantly from affected female sibpairs, and rheumatoid arthritis is more common in females than males. Using data from a recent genome scan for rheumatoid arthritis and sex-specific linkage analysis we show that linkage of rheumatoid arthritis to chromosome 3q peaks approximately 30 cM centromeric to IDDM9. Furthermore, there is no evidence for linkage to IDDM9 in females with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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32
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Abstract
Several molecular and clinical similarities have been detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). The most remarkable feature is abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brains of both individuals affected with AD and aging DS patients followed by dementia. In addition, AD patients exhibit dermatoglyphic patterns similar to those in DS, and late maternal age is a risk factor in both diseases. AD and DS could be related genetically because AD families exhibit a higher rate of DS cases and vice versa. Although numerous discoveries have been made in the elucidation of the etiopathogenic factors in AD and DS, little progress has been achieved in understanding the origin of the common features of the two diseases. This article reviews clinical and molecular similarities in DS and AD and also chromosome 21 studies in both diseases. A new hypothesis explaining the association between AD and DS is suggested, and this hypothesis is based on the poorly understood molecular phenomenon of aberrant meiotic recombination. Aberration in meiotic recombination has been consistently detected in chromosomal diseases including trisomy 21 and sex chromosomes. There are no studies dedicated to meiotic recombination in genetic diseases; however, evidence for disturbed recombination has been documented in several neurological diseases such as Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. Interestingly, the rate of trisomic XXY children born to mothers transmitting fragile X mutation is higher than expected. This finding suggests that AD could be associated with DS in a similar way to which fragile X syndrome is related to trisomy of sex chromosomes. Based on analogy with fragile X syndrome, it can be predicted that AD should demonstrate aberrant meiotic recombination in chromosome 21, most likely in the region D21S1/S11-D21S16 which is linked to early onset familial AD. Based on the same rationale, different patterns of meiotic recombination in the nondisjunct chromosome 21 within DS patients grouped according to the concomitant disease are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Division, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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33
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Abstract
The phenomenon of genomic imprinting describes the differential behavior of genes depending on their parental origin, and has been demonstrated in a few rare genetic disorders. In complex diseases, parent-of-origin effects have not been systematically studied, although there may be heuristic value in such an approach. Data from a genome scan performed using 356 affected sibling pair families with type 1 diabetes were examined looking for evidence of excess sharing of either maternal or paternal alleles. At the insulin gene (IDDM2), evidence for excess sharing of alleles transmitted from mothers was detected, which is consistent with transmission disequilibrium results published elsewhere. We also identified additional loci that demonstrate allele sharing predominantly from one parent: IDDM8 shows a paternal origin effect, IDDM10 shows a maternal effect, and a locus on chromosome 16q demonstrates a paternal effect. We have also evaluated these loci for confounding by differences in sex-specific meiotic recombination by performing linkage analysis using sex-specific genetic maps. The analysis of the parental origin of shared alleles from genome scans of complex disorders may provide additional evidence for linkage for known loci, help identify regions containing additional susceptibility loci, and assist the cloning of the genes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The differential expression of a disease according to the sex of the disease-transmitting parent has been demonstrated in several autoimmune disorders. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there are differences in the transmission and expression of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) that are dependent on the sex of the affected parent. METHODS All probands (patients with PsA) were identified from among the patients attending the University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic. A self-reported family history of psoriasis or PsA was noted for each proband. Differences in parental and offspring transmission with respect to the proband were evaluated. In addition, the expression of PsA according to the sex of the affected parent was assessed at the time of the proband's presentation to the clinic. RESULTS Ninety-five probands had affected parents: 62 (65%) had an affected father, and 33 (35%) had an affected mother. Thus, the proportion of paternal transmission (0.65) was significantly greater than was expected (0.5) (P = 0.001). Twelve of 74 offspring from male probands (16.2%) were affected with psoriasis or PsA, as compared with 9 of 108 offspring from female probands (8.3%) (P = 0.10). Probands whose fathers were affected had a higher frequency of skin lesions prior to arthritis (P = 0.047), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 15 mm/hour (P = 0.044), and a lower incidence of rheumatoid factor (P = 0.044). No differences were noted with respect to age at the onset of psoriasis or PsA, the severity of the PsA, or the frequency of HLA antigens. CONCLUSION There appears to be excessive paternal transmission in PsA. Further clinical confirmation and elucidation of its genetic basis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rahman
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Abstract
A mouse model of diabetes shows gender dimorphism in the cumulative incidence of diabetes. Based on this, evidence for genetic linkage to IDDM13 on chromosome arm 2q was reported to be greater in type 1 diabetes families where there was a predominance of affected female offspring compared with families with a predominance of affected male offspring. Our objective was to investigate whether the sex of affected offspring affects evidence for linkage to susceptibility loci. Data from a genome scan of 356 affected sibpair families with type 1 diabetes were analysed to determine if there is differential evidence for linkage in families with affected children of a particular sex. At markers on chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 19, we found a number of regions where the evidence for linkage is greater in families with affected sibpairs of a particular sex. Thus, evidence for linkage in families with affected sibpairs of the same gender suggests the presence of additional susceptibility loci. Several biological explanations are possible for these findings, including X and Y linkage, effects of sex hormones on gene expression, and quasi-linkage between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Paterson AD, Naimark DM, Huang J, Vachon C, Petronis A, King RA, Anderson VE, Sellers TA. Genetic anticipation and breast cancer: a prospective follow-up study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 55:21-8. [PMID: 10472776 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006151132592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic anticipation is characterized by an earlier age of disease onset, increased severity, and a greater proportion of affected individuals in succeeding generations. The discovery of trinucleotide repeat expansion (TRE) mutations as the molecular correlate of anticipation in a number of rare Mendelian neurodegenerative disorders has led to a resurgence of interest in this phenomenon. Because of the difficulties presented to traditional genetics by complex diseases, the testing for genetic anticipation coupled with TRE detection has been proposed as a strategy for expediting the identification of susceptibility genes for complex disorders. In the case of breast cancer, a number of previous studies found evidence consistent with genetic anticipation. It is known that a proportion of such families are linked to either BRCA1 or BRCA2, but no TRE mutations have been identified. It has been shown that the typical ascertainment employed in studies purporting to demonstrate genetic anticipation combined with unadjusted statistical analysis can dramatically elevate the type I error. We re-examine the evidence for anticipation in breast cancer by applying a new statistical approach that appears to have validity in the analysis of anticipation to data ascertained from a recent follow-up of a large prospective cohort family study of breast cancer. Using this approach, we find no statistically significant evidence for genetic anticipation in familial breast cancer. We discuss the limitations of our analysis, including the problem of adequate sample size for this new statistical test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Clarke Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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37
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Vincent JB, Petronis A, Strong E, Parikh SV, Meltzer HY, Lieberman J, Kennedy JL. Analysis of genome-wide CAG/CTG repeats, and at SEF2-1B and ERDA1 in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:229-34. [PMID: 10395212 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A shift towards larger CAG/CTG triplet repeats and schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) has been detected by several recent studies, using the Repeat Expansion Detection (RED) technique, however no specific loci have been shown to be responsible for this shift. Further analyses by our group of RED (CTG)10 ligation products amongst an extended sample of patients and comparison with controls matched for age, sex and ethnicity show no significant differences in distribution (P= 0.23, n=95; P=0.93, n=91, for SCZ and BPAD respectively). Alleles at two recently discovered unstable trinucleotide repeat loci at 18q21.1 (SEF2-1B) and 17q21.3 (ERDA1) have also been analysed in affecteds and matched controls. We observed no increase in frequency of larger alleles (>37 repeats) in affected individuals at SEF2-1B (BPAD: P=0.95, n= 100; SCZ: P=0.61, n=97) or at ERDA1 (BPAD: P= 0.4, n = 101; SCZ: P= 0.05, n = 151, with larger alleles more frequent in controls). Our findings suggest that larger CAG/CTG repeats at these loci are neither major contributory factors to the etiology of psychosis, nor in linkage disequilibrium with a gene that is. Furthermore, when the RED results were compared to allele sizes at SEF2-1B and ERDA1, it was observed that a majority of SCZ, BPAD and control individuals with large RED products had a large allele at either or both sites (78% for RED products > or =270 bp; 62% for RED products > or =180 bp).
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Vincent
- Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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39
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Popendikyte V, Laurinavicius A, Paterson AD, Macciardi F, Kennedy JL, Petronis A. DNA methylation at the putative promoter region of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene. Neuroreport 1999; 10:1249-55. [PMID: 10363934 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199904260-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation was investigated in the putative promoter region of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2). Twenty-two DNA samples from two types of cells differentially expressing D2 receptors, striatum and lymphocytes, were subjected to bisulphite modification-based mapping of methylated cytosines. In the tested region, the DNA from lymphocytes exhibited a significantly higher degree of methylation than that from striata. In addition, a significantly higher proportion of methylated to unmethylated cytosines was detected in DRD2 from the right than the left striatum, and a trend towards a greater degree of methylation was detected in older than in younger individuals. These DRD2 methylation findings are consistent with dopamine D2 receptor binding data from the literature which support the idea that DNA methylation plays a role in regulation of DRD2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Popendikyte
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Vincent JB, Kalsi G, Klempan T, Tatuch Y, Sherrington RP, Breschel T, McInnis MG, Brynjolfsson J, Petursson H, Gurling HM, Gottesman II, Torrey EF, Petronis A, Kennedy JL. No evidence of expansion of CAG or GAA repeats in schizophrenia families and monozygotic twins. Hum Genet 1998; 103:41-7. [PMID: 9737774 DOI: 10.1007/s004390050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases caused by trinucleotide expansion exhibit increased severity and decreased age of onset (genetic anticipation) in successive generations. Apparent evidence of genetic anticipation in schizophrenia has led to a search for trinucleotide repeat expansions. We have used several techniques, including Southern blot hybridization, repeat expansion detection (RED) and locus-specific PCR to search for expanded CAG/CTG repeats in 12 families from the United Kingdom and 11 from Iceland that are multiplex for schizophrenia and demonstrate anticipation. The unstable DNA theory could also explain discordance of phenotype for schizophrenia in pairs of monozygotic twins, where the affected twin has a greater number of repeats than the unaffected twin. We used these techniques to look for evidence of different CAG/CTG repeat size in 27 pairs of monozygotic twins who are either concordant or discordant for schizophrenia. We have found no evidence of an increase in CAG/CTG repeat size for affected members in the families, or for the affected twins in the MZ twin sample. Southern hybridization and RED analysis were also performed for the twin and family samples to look for evidence of expansion of GAA/TTC repeats. However, no evidence of expansion was found in either sample. Whilst these results suggest that these repeats are not involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, the techniques used for detecting repeat expansions have limits to their sensitivity. The involvement of other trinucleotide repeats or other expandable repeat sequences cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Vincent
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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42
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Petronis A, Bassett AS, Honer WG, Vincent JB, Tatuch Y, Sasaki T, Ying DJ, Klempan TA, Kennedy JL. Search for unstable DNA in schizophrenia families with evidence for genetic anticipation. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59:905-11. [PMID: 8808607 PMCID: PMC1914813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for genetic anticipation has recently become an important subject of research in clinical psychiatric genetics. Renewed interest in anticipation was evoked by molecular genetic findings of a novel type of mutation termed "unstable DNA." The unstable DNA model can be construed as the "best fit" for schizophrenia twin and family epidemiological data. We have performed a large-scale Southern blot hybridization, asymmetrical PCR-based, and repeat expansion-detection screening for (CAG)n/(CTG)n and (CCG)n/(CGG)n expansions in eastern Canadian schizophrenia multiplex families demonstrating genetic anticipation. There were no differences in (CAG)n/(CTG)n and (CCG)n/(CGG)n pattern distribution either between affected and unaffected individuals or across generations. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that large (CAG)n/(CTG)n or (CCG)n/(CGG)n expansions are the major etiologic factor in schizophrenia. A separate set of experiments directed to the analysis of small (30-130 trinucleotides), Huntington disease-type expansions in individual genes is required in order to fully exclude the presence of (CAG)n/(CTG)n- or (CCG)n/(CGG)n-type unstable mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Abstract
Evidence for recombination suppression has been identified in linkage studies of several unstable DNA diseases. Also sex-specific changes in recombination frequency have been detected at the loci of Huntington's disease and myotonic dystrophy. It can be hypothesized that meiotic recombination is regulated by genome-wide genomic imprinting and that changes in meiotic recombination imply the presence of the genomic imprinting defect. If aberrant recombination at the locus of trinucleotide repeat expansion is verified, new theoretical and experimental opportunities will arise in studies on the role of genomic imprinting in the unstable DNA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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44
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Paterson AD, Kennedy JL, Petronis A. Evidence for genetic anticipation in non-Mendelian diseases. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59:264-8. [PMID: 8659536 PMCID: PMC1915124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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45
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Vincent JB, Klempan T, Parikh SS, Sasaki T, Meltzer HY, Sirugo G, Cola P, Petronis A, Kennedy JL. Frequency analysis of large CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1:141-8. [PMID: 9118324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Much interest has recently been focussed on the possibility of the involvement of unstable DNA in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), following several publications that report increases in frequency of large CAG/CTG repeats in affected individuals. Using the Repeat Expansion Detection (RED) technique, we have performed a matched control pair analysis for both disorders. No significant differences in CAG/CTG repeat sizes were observed for 52 bipolar affecteds and matched controls (P = 0.15), and borderline significance was observed for 54 schizophrenia affecteds and matched controls (P = 0.05), using a (CTG)10 oligonucleotide (one-tailed t-tests for paired samples). Furthermore, using a (CTG)17 oligonucleotide, no significant differences were observed for 58 bipolar affecteds and 55 schizophrenia affecteds compared to 81 unmatched controls. No significant sex effect was observed for either group, and no significant differences in repeat size were found for responders and non-responders to drug treatments. More importantly, there was no significant correlation (either positive or negative) between age of onset of disease and size of repeat. We thus cannot conclude that CAG/CTG trinucleotides are involved in psychotic disorders and that either the differences observed in similar studies may be the result of population stratification, or that the increased frequency of larger repeats amongst affected individuals is a much smaller effect than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Vincent
- Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Neurogenetics Section, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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46
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Petronis A, Heng HH, Tatuch Y, Shi XM, Klempan TA, Tsui LC, Ashizawa T, Surh LC, Holden JJ, Kennedy JL. Direct detection of expanded trinucleotide repeats using PCR and DNA hybridization techniques. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:85-91. [PMID: 8678121 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<85::aid-ajmg15>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, unstable trinucleotide repeats have been shown to be the etiologic factor in seven neuropsychiatric diseases, and they may play a similar role in other genetic disorders which exhibit genetic anticipation. We have tested one polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based and two hybridization-based methods for direct detection of unstable DNA expansion in genomic DNA. This technique employs a single primer (asymmetric) PCR using total genomic DNA as a template to efficiently screen for the presence of large trinucleotide repeat expansions. High-stringency Southern blot hybridization with a PCR-generated trinucleotide repeat probe allowed detection of the DNA fragment containing the expansion. Analysis of myotonic dystrophy patients containing different degrees of (CTG)n expansion demonstrated the identification of the site of trinucleotide instability in some affected individuals without any prior information regarding genetic map location. The same probe was used for fluorescent in situ hybridization and several regions of (CTG)n/(CAG)n repeats in the human genome were detected, including the myotonic dystrophy locus on chromosome 19q. Although limited at present to large trinucleotide repeat expansions, these strategies can be applied to directly clone genes involved in disorders caused by large expansions of unstable DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Neurogenetics Section, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
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47
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Sasaki T, Billett E, Petronis A, Ying D, Parsons T, Macciardi FM, Meltzer HY, Lieberman J, Joffe RT, Ross CA, McInnis MG, Li SH, Kennedy JL. Psychosis and genes with trinucleotide repeat polymorphism. Hum Genet 1996; 97:244-6. [PMID: 8566962 DOI: 10.1007/bf02265274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expansion of genes with trinucleotide repeat (TNR) polymorphism has been found in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. These disorders and the major psychoses, schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder, appear to share an interesting phenomenon: genetic anticipation. Because TNR expansion correlates with anticipation, these unstable DNA sites are considered important candidate loci for the major psychoses. We investigated genes with TNR polymorphisms, including B1, B33, B37, and the N-cadherin gene, in unrelated Caucasian North American and Italian schizophrenics (n = 53 to 74), and matched controls. Also, unrelated Caucasian North American patients with bipolar I affective disorder were screened for the B33 and N-cadherin genes (n = 49 and 63, respectively). No unusually long alleles that would suggest abnormal expansion of the TNR were observed for any of these genes. Also, no statistically significant results were found in tests for genetic association between any of these genes and schizophrenia. For B37, a trend toward a difference in allele counts between schizophrenics and controls was observed. However, no clear evidence for a role of these TNR-containing genes in schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorders was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Section of Neurogenetics, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Paterson AD, Ying DJ, Petronis A, Schoots O, Lieberman JA, Van Tol HH, Kennedy JL. A PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of DRD4 is not associated with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 1996; 6:191-3. [PMID: 9149324 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-199624000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We detected a PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the 5'-non-coding region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), making it the seventh known polymorphism for DRD4. DNA polymorphisms in the putative regulatory region of DRD4 are of interest because of the reported six-fold increase in D4 receptors in post-mortem schizophrenic brain tissue [Seeman P, Guan HC, Van Tol HHM (1993) Nature, 365, 441-445]. We found no difference in the PstI allele frequencies between DSM-III-R schizophrenia patients (0.76 and 0.24, n = 41), and matched control Caucasians (0.77 and 0.23, n = 46). The PstI DRD4 polymorphism has potential use in linkage and association studies with neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Paterson
- Neurogenetics Section, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Petronis A, Macciardi F, Athanassiades A, Paterson AD, Verga M, Meltzer HY, Cola P, Buchanan JA, Van Tol HH, Kennedy JL. Association study between the dopamine D4 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60:452-5. [PMID: 8546161 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor is of major interest in schizophrenia research due to its high affinity for the atypical neuroleptic clozapine and a high degree of variability in the receptor gene (DRD4). Although several genetic linkage analyses performed on schizophrenia multiplex families from different regions of the world have either excluded or failed to prove that DRD4 is a major genetic factor for the development of schizophrenia, analyses for moderate predisposing effects are still of significant interest. We performed a study examining differences in allele frequencies of 4 different DRD4 polymorphisms in schizophrenia patients and age, sex, and ethnic origin matched controls. None of these 4 polymorphisms showed evidence for genetic association with schizophrenia, although a trend towards excess of the allele with 7 repeats in the (48)n bp exon III polymorphism was observed. Complexities in the DRD4 genetic investigation and further analytic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petronis
- Department of Neurogenetics, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Adamson MD, Kennedy J, Petronis A, Dean M, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M, Goldman D. DRD4 dopamine receptor genotype and CSF monoamine metabolites in Finnish alcoholics and controls. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60:199-205. [PMID: 7573171 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The DRD4 dopamine receptor is thus far unique among neurotransmitter receptors in having a highly polymorphic gene structure that has been reported to produce altered receptor functioning. These allelic variations are caused by a 48-bp segment in exon III of the coding region which may be repeated from 2-10 times. Varying the numbers of repeated segments changes the length, structure, and, possibly, the functional efficiency of the receptor, which makes this gene an intriguing candidate for variations in dopamine-related behaviors, such as alcoholism and drug abuse. Thus far, these DRD4 alleles have been investigated for association with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Parkinson's disease, and chronic alcoholism, and all have been largely negative for a direct association. We evaluated the DRD4 genotype in 226 Finish adult males, 113 of whom were alcoholics, many of the early onset type with features of impulsivity and antisocial traits. Genotype frequencies were compared to 113 Finnish controls who were free of alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and major mental illness. In 70 alcoholics and 20 controls, we measured CSF homovanillic acid (HVA), the major metabolite of dopamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). No association was found between a particular DRD4 dopamine receptor allele and alcoholism. CSF concentrations of the monoamine metabolites showed no significant difference among the DRD4 genotypes. This study of the DRD4 dopamine receptor in alcoholics is the first to be conducted in a clinically and ethnically homogeneous population and to relate the DRD4 genotype to CSF monoamine concentrations. The results indicate that there is no association of the DRD4 receptor with alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Adamson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, DICBR, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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