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Wright K, Han DJ, Song R, de Silva K, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Shepherd A, Chin M, Hortle E, Wong JJL, Britton WJ, Oehlers SH. Zebrafish tsc1 and cxcl12a increase susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302523. [PMID: 38307625 PMCID: PMC10837051 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of host miRNA expression is a contested node that controls the host immune response to mycobacterial infection. The host must counter subversive efforts of pathogenic mycobacteria to launch a protective immune response. Here, we examine the role of miR-126 in the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model and identify a protective role for infection-induced miR-126 through multiple effector pathways. We identified a putative link between miR-126 and the tsc1a and cxcl12a/ccl2/ccr2 signalling axes resulting in the suppression of non-tnfa expressing macrophage accumulation at early M. marinum granulomas. Mechanistically, we found a detrimental effect of tsc1a expression that renders zebrafish embryos susceptible to higher bacterial burden and increased cell death via mTOR inhibition. We found that macrophage recruitment driven by the cxcl12a/ccl2/ccr2 signalling axis was at the expense of the recruitment of classically activated tnfa-expressing macrophages and increased cell death around granulomas. Together, our results delineate putative pathways by which infection-induced miR-126 may shape an effective immune response to M. marinum infection in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wright
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Darryl Jy Han
- https://ror.org/036wvzt09 A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renhua Song
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Epigenetics and RNA Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ava Shepherd
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Maegan Chin
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Elinor Hortle
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Epigenetics and RNA Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/036wvzt09 A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Pooley HB, Panag G, Plain KM, de Silva K, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ, Purdie AC. IP10 is a predictor of successful vaccine protection against paratuberculosis infection in sheep. Vaccine 2023; 41:274-283. [PMID: 36456390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cell mediated immune response and ability of immune cells to migrate to the site of infection are both key aspects of protection against many pathogens. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic wasting disease of ruminants. Current commercial vaccines for paratuberculosis reduce the occurrence of clinical disease but not all animals are protected from infection. Therefore, there is a need to understand the immune responses triggered by these vaccines at the site of infection, in circulating immune cells and their relationships to vaccine-mediated protection. The magnitude and location of gene expression related to the cell mediated immune response and cellular migration were studied in the ileum of sheep. In addition, longitudinal IP10 (also known as IP10) secretion by circulating immune cells was examined in the same sheep. Animals were grouped based on vaccination status (vaccinated vs non-vaccinated) and MAP exposure (experimentally exposed vs unexposed). Vaccination of unexposed sheep increased the expression of IP10, CCL5 and COR1c. Sheep that were successfully protected by vaccination (uninfected following experimental exposure) had significantly reduced expression of IP10 in the ileum at 12 months post exposure compared to vaccine non-responders (those that became infected) and non-vaccinated infected sheep. Successfully protected sheep also had significantly increased secretion of IP10 in in vitro stimulated immune cells from whole blood compared to vaccine non responders at 4 months post exposure. Therefore, the IP10 recall response has the potential to be used as marker for infection status in vaccinated sheep and could be a biomarker for a DIVA test in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
| | - Guneet Panag
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Purdie AC, Plain KM, Pooley H, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Correlates of vaccine protection against Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis infection revealed in a transcriptomic study of responses in Gudair ® vaccinated sheep. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004237. [PMID: 36504842 PMCID: PMC9729357 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical hindrance in the development of effective vaccine strategies to combat infectious disease is lack of knowledge about correlates of protection and of the host responses necessary for successful adaptive immunity. Often vaccine formulations are developed by stepwise experimentation, with incomplete investigation of the fundamental mechanisms of protection. Gudair® is a commercially available vaccine registered for use in sheep and goats for controlling spread of Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (MAP) infections and reduces mortality by up to 90%. Here, using an experimental infection model in sheep, we have utilized a transcriptomics approach to identify white blood cell gene expression changes in vaccinated, MAP-exposed Merino sheep with a protective response in comparison to those vaccinated animals that failed to develop immunity to MAP infection. This methodology facilitated an overview of gene-associated functional pathway adaptations using an in-silico analysis approach. We identified a group of genes that were activated in the vaccine-protected animals and confirmed stability of expression in samples obtained from naturally exposed commercially maintained sheep. We propose these genes as correlates of vaccine induced protection.
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Pooley HB, Whittington RJ, Begg DJ, Purdie AC, Plain KM, de Silva K. Sheep vaccinated against paratuberculosis have increased levels of B cells infiltrating the intestinal tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 252:110482. [PMID: 36122535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immunisation delivered subcutaneously is currently used to control paratuberculosis, a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). These vaccines do not provide complete protection and a small cohort of animals still succumb to clinical disease. The aim of this study was to assess mycobacterial infection site-specific variations in immune cells in vaccinated sheep that did or did not develop the disease following controlled exposure to MAP. Immunohistochemical staining of terminal ileum demonstrated that vaccination increased infiltration of CD4 + T cells and B cells. Infiltration of large numbers of CD4 + T and B cells was also seen in sheep that successfully cleared infection. Vaccination promoted the polarisation of macrophages to an M1 activation state. The presence of certain cells at the site of infection, especially CD4 + T cells, is likely to contribute to vaccine success by increasing the speed and potency of the local immune response. Systemic immunisation against MAP can alter the composition of innate and adaptive immune cell populations at the predilection site for MAP infection in the ileum one year after vaccination. This informs understanding of the impact of vaccination at the site of infection and also the duration of vaccine-elicited changes. This information may assist vaccine development and allow targeting of protective immune responses in the gut of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Wright K, Mizzi R, Plain KM, Purdie AC, de Silva K. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis exploits miRNA expression to modulate lipid metabolism and macrophage polarisation pathways during infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9681. [PMID: 35690602 PMCID: PMC9188571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria including Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease, manipulate host macrophages to persist and cause disease. In mycobacterial infection, highly plastic macrophages, shift between inflammatory M1 and permissive M2 phenotypes which alter the disease outcome and allow bacteria to survive intracellularly. Here we examine the impact of MAP infection on polarised macrophages and how increased lipid availability alters macrophage phenotype and bacterial persistence. Further, we assess if host microRNA (miRNA) are sensitive to macrophage polarisation state and how MAP can drive their expression to overcome innate responses. Using in vitro MAP infection, we find that increasing lipid availability through supplementing culture media with exogenous lipid increases cellular nitric oxide production. Lipid-associated miRs -19a, -129, -24, and -24-3p are differentially expressed following macrophage polarisation and lipid supplementation and are further regulated during MAP infection. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of host lipid metabolism in MAP infection and demonstrate control of miRNA expression by MAP to favour intracellular persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wright
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Mizzi
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wright K, de Silva K, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Blair TA, Duggin IG, Britton WJ, Oehlers SH. Mycobacterial infection-induced miR-206 inhibits protective neutrophil recruitment via the CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling axis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009186. [PMID: 33826679 PMCID: PMC8055004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria actively dysregulate protective host immune signalling pathways during infection to drive the formation of permissive granuloma microenvironments. Dynamic regulation of host microRNA (miRNA) expression is a conserved feature of mycobacterial infections across host-pathogen pairings. Here we examine the role of miR-206 in the zebrafish model of Mycobacterium marinum infection, which allows investigation of the early stages of granuloma formation. We find miR-206 is upregulated following infection by pathogenic M. marinum and that antagomir-mediated knockdown of miR-206 is protective against infection. We observed striking upregulation of cxcl12a and cxcr4b in infected miR-206 knockdown zebrafish embryos and live imaging revealed enhanced recruitment of neutrophils to sites of infection. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of cxcl12a and cxcr4b expression and AMD3100 inhibition of Cxcr4 to show that the enhanced neutrophil response and reduced bacterial burden caused by miR-206 knockdown was dependent on the Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signalling axis. Together, our data illustrate a pathway through which pathogenic mycobacteria induce host miR-206 expression to suppress Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signalling and prevent protective neutrophil recruitment to granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wright
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karren M. Plain
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Auriol C. Purdie
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamika A. Blair
- ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain G. Duggin
- ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Warwick J. Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan H. Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health & Marie Bashir Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Purdie AC, Plain K, de Silva K. Immune fitness as a measure of animal health, welfare and productivity in the feedlot. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.92.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Animals have long been bred for production traits that enable high-yield, but this does not consider the overall immunological ‘fitness’. What is the physiological basis that enables some animals to thrive or fail when exposed to production stresses, are there any measures of the immune component to identify these animals? Further, are there commonly related genes associated with immune fitness?
Methods
50 mixed breed beef cattle were randomly selected at feedlot intake. Blood and saliva samples were collected at arrival (high stress), post- acclimatization and pre-slaughter (60 days post intake or ≥400kg). Body condition and other measures (weight, height, disposition, coat colour) were collected at each sampling and at slaughter. Samples were processed for cell counts, RNA (transcriptomics analysis) and serum (protein analysis). Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis was by 24k Bovine Affymetrix ST1 GeneChip and RayBiotech Bovine Cytokine Array Q30.
Results and conclusion
Analysis correlated to outcome measures identified genes and proteins associated with immune fitness including those correlated to animals with susceptibility to disease and/or low weight gains. These results suggest that immune measures may be utilized to identify animals at risk of poor production performance facilitating improved animal management to optimize animal health and welfare.
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Abstract
microRNA (miRNA) are promising candidates for disease biomarkers as they are abundant in circulation, highly stable in biological fluids and may yield diagnostic biomarker signatures. The reported issues with miRNA isolation using traditional RNA reagents necessitates the optimisation of miRNA isolation from challenging samples. In this study we compared six commercial RNA extraction kits to evaluate their ability to isolate miRNA from ovine plasma. We also compared three methods for quantification of small RNA extracted from plasma to determine the most reliable. Using minimal sample inputs of fresh and frozen plasma from five sheep, we compared the six kits (Kit A-F) using quantitative PCR. Operational factors were also assessed for each kit. Kits A and B provided the best detection of the miRNA qPCR reference genes across fresh and frozen samples (p < 0.001) followed by Kit C. The Qubit and microRNA assay provided the least variation (% CV 5.47, SEM ± 0.07), followed by the NanoDrop (% CV 7.01, SEM ± 0.92) and Agilent Bioanalyzer (% CV 59.21, SEM ± 1.31). We identify Kit A to be optimal for isolating miRNA from small volumes of fresh and frozen ovine plasma, and Kit B the top performing kit taking into consideration miRNA detection and operational factors. The Qubit fluorometer using a microRNA assay was the most reliable miRNA quantification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wright
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Sydney, Australia
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Begg DJ, Dhungyel O, Naddi A, Dhand NK, Plain KM, de Silva K, Purdie AC, Whittington RJ. The immunogenicity and tissue reactivity of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis inactivated whole cell vaccine is dependent on the adjuvant used. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01911. [PMID: 31249894 PMCID: PMC6584770 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Current commercial vaccines are effective in reducing the occurrence of clinical disease although vaccinated animals can still become infected and transmit MAP. Many vaccinated sheep develop severe injection site lesions. In this study a range of adjuvants (MontanideTM ISA 50V, ISA 50V2, ISA 61VG, ISA 70 M VG, ISA 71 VG, ISA 201 VG and Gel 01 PR) formulated with heat-killed MAP were tested to determine the incidence of injection site lesions and the types of immune profiles generated in sheep. All the novel formulations produced fewer injection site lesions than a commercial vaccine (Gudair®). The immune profiles of the sheep differed between treatment groups, with the strength of the antibody and cell mediated immune responses being dependant on the adjuvant used. One of the novel vaccines resulted in a reduced IFN-γ immune response when a second “booster” dose was administered. These findings have significance for JD vaccine development because it may be possible to uncouple protective immunity from excessive tissue reactivity, and apparently poorly immunogenic antigens may be re-examined to determine if an appropriate immune profile can be established using different adjuvants. It may also be possible to formulate vaccines that produce targeted immunological profiles suited to protection against other pathogens, i.e. those for which a bias towards cellular or humoral immunity would be advantageous based on understanding of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Begg
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - O Dhungyel
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Naddi
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K M Plain
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K de Silva
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A C Purdie
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Johansen MD, Hortle E, Kasparian JA, Romero A, Novoa B, Figueras A, Britton WJ, de Silva K, Purdie AC, Oehlers SH. Analysis of mycobacterial infection-induced changes to host lipid metabolism in a zebrafish infection model reveals a conserved role for LDLR in infection susceptibility. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 83:238-242. [PMID: 30219383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes to lipid metabolism are well-characterised consequences of human tuberculosis infection but their functional relevance are not clearly elucidated in these or other host-mycobacterial systems. The zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model is used extensively to model many aspects of human-M. tuberculosis pathogenesis but has not been widely used to study the role of infection-induced lipid metabolism. We find mammalian mycobacterial infection-induced alterations in host Low Density Lipoprotein metabolism are conserved in the zebrafish model of mycobacterial pathogenesis. Depletion of LDLR, a key lipid metabolism node, decreased M. marinum burden, and corrected infection-induced altered lipid metabolism resulting in decreased LDL and reduced the rate of macrophage transformation into foam cells. Our results demonstrate a conserved role for infection-induced alterations to host lipid metabolism, and specifically the LDL-LDLR axis, across host-mycobacterial species pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Johansen
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Elinor Hortle
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua A Kasparian
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School and Marie Bashir Institute The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and Marie Bashir Institute The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School and Marie Bashir Institute The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Johansen MD, Kasparian JA, Hortle E, Britton WJ, Purdie AC, Oehlers SH. Mycobacterium marinum infection drives foam cell differentiation in zebrafish infection models. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 88:169-172. [PMID: 30040967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Host lipid metabolism is an important target for subversion by pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The appearance of foam cells within the granuloma are well-characterised effects of chronic tuberculosis. The zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model recapitulates many aspects of human-M. tuberculosis infection and is used as a model to investigate the structural components of the mycobacterial granuloma. Here, we demonstrate that the zebrafish-M. marinum granuloma contains foam cells and that the transdifferentiation of macrophages into foam cells is driven by the mycobacterial ESX1 pathogenicity locus. This report demonstrates conservation of an important aspect of mycobacterial infection across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Johansen
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua A Kasparian
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Elinor Hortle
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia.
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Pooley HB, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ, de Silva K. Integrated vaccine screening system: using cellular functional capacity in vitro to assess genuine vaccine protectiveness in ruminants. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953755. [PMID: 29718267 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental trials in the natural host are essential for development and screening of effective vaccines. For chronic diseases of livestock such as paratuberculosis, these can be lengthy and costly in nature. An alternative is to screen vaccines in vitro; however, previous studies have found that vaccine success in vitro in existing screening assays does not translate to in vivo efficacy. To overcome these issues, we have developed a system that combines both in vivo and in vitro aspects. We hypothesise that the effectiveness of vaccine-induced immune responses mounted in vivo could be gauged by assessing the ability of immune cells to 'control' an in vitro infection. Monocytes from Merino wethers (n = 45) were infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in vitro, cultured with autologous lymphocytes and remaining viable intracellular MAP was quantified. Cells from MAP exposed sheep had a higher capacity to kill intracellular MAP compared to non-exposed controls (P = 0.002). Importantly, cells from MAP exposed uninfected sheep had a greater capacity to kill intracellular MAP compared to vaccinated animals that were infected (ineffective vaccination), indicating that this in vitro assay has the potential to gauge actual protectiveness, or lack thereof, of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
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Johansen MD, de Silva K, Plain KM, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ, Purdie AC. Sheep and cattle exposed to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis exhibit altered total serum cholesterol profiles during the early stages of infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:164-171. [PMID: 30078591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis are capable of utilising cholesterol as a primary carbon-based energy source in vitro but there has been little research examining the significance of cholesterol in vivo. Johne's disease is a chronic enteric disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This study sought to evaluate the levels of total serum cholesterol in the host following exposure to MAP. Blood samples were collected from both sheep and cattle prior to experimental challenge with MAP and at monthly intervals post-challenge. Total serum cholesterol levels in sheep challenged with MAP were significantly elevated at 9 weeks post-inoculation (wpi) in comparison to controls. When stratified based on disease outcome, there was no significant difference in serum cholesterol at the timepoints examined between MAP exposed sheep that were susceptible and those that were resistant to Johne's disease. There was a similar elevation in serum cholesterol at 9 wpi in cattle with histopathological gut lesions associated with disease or those with an early high IFN-γ response. Total serum cholesterol in exposed cattle was significantly lower when compared to controls at 13 wpi. Taken together, these results demonstrate changes in serum cholesterol following MAP exposure and disease progression which could reflect novel aspects of the pathogenesis and immune response associated with MAP infection in both sheep and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Johansen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - K de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - K M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - D J Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia; School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - A C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
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Begg DJ, Plain KM, de Silva K, Gurung R, Gunn A, Purdie AC, Whittington RJ. Immunopathological changes and apparent recovery from infection revealed in cattle in an experimental model of Johne's disease using a lyophilised culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:53-62. [PMID: 29778205 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) or paratuberculosis is an economically significant, chronic enteropathy of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Experimental models of JD in cattle are logistically challenging due to the need for long term monitoring, because the clinical disease can take years to manifest. Three trials were undertaken, the largest involving 20 cattle exposed orally to a low dose of C strain MAP and 10 controls studied for 4.75 years. Frequent blood and faecal sampling was used to monitor immunological and infection parameters, and intestinal biopsies were performed at two time points during the subclinical disease phase. Although clinical disease was not seen, there was evidence of infection in 35% of the animals and at necropsy 10% had histopathological lesions consistent with JD, similar to the proportions expected in naturally infected herds. Faecal shedding occurred in two distinct phases: firstly there was intermittent shedding <∼9 months post-exposure that did not correlate with disease outcomes; secondly, in a smaller cohort of animals, this was followed by more consistent shedding of increasing quantities of MAP, associated with intestinal pathology. There was evidence of regression of histopathological lesions in the ileum of one animal, which therefore had apparently recovered from the disease. Both cattle with histopathological lesions of paratuberculosis at necropsy had low MAP-specific interferon-gamma responses at 4 months post-exposure and later had consistently shed viable MAP; they also had the highest loads of MAP DNA in faeces 4.75 year s post-exposure. In a trial using a higher dose of MAP, a higher proportion of cattle developed paratuberculosis. The information derived from these trials provides greater understanding of the changes that occur during the course of paratuberculosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Begg
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Ratna Gurung
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Alison Gunn
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Farm Animal Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia.
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Begg DJ, Purdie AC, de Silva K, Dhand NK, Plain KM, Whittington RJ. Variation in susceptibility of different breeds of sheep to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis following experimental inoculation. Vet Res 2017. [PMID: 28623935 PMCID: PMC5474048 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) does not always lead to Johne’s disease. Understanding differences in disease susceptibility of individual animals is a key aspect to controlling mycobacterial diseases. This study was designed to examine the susceptibility or resistance of various breeds of sheep to MAP infection. Merino, Suffolk first cross Merino, Border Leicester, and Poll Dorset sheep were orally inoculated with MAP and monitored for 14 months. Clinical disease occurred more frequently in the Merino (42%) and Suffolk first cross Merino (36%) compared to the Border Leicester (12%) and Poll Dorset (11%) breeds. Infection risk, as determined by culture of gut and associated lymphoid tissues, ranged from 75% for the Suffolk first cross Merino to 47% for the Poll Dorset sheep. Significant differences were identified in the site in the intestines of the most severe histopathological lesions and the immune responses to infection between the breeds. However, there was no difference in faecal MAP shedding by clinical cases between breeds. All breeds tested were susceptible to MAP infection, as determined by infection and clinical disease development, although there were differences in the proportions of diseased animals between the breeds. Poll Dorset and Border Leicester sheep were more resilient to MAP infection but there was evidence that more animals could have developed disease if given more time. These findings provide evidence of potential differential disease susceptibility between breeds, further our understanding of disease pathogenesis and risks of disease spread, and may have an influence on control programs for paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Begg
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - A C Purdie
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - K de Silva
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - K M Plain
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - R J Whittington
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
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Thirunavukkarasu S, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Whittington RJ, de Silva K. IFN-γ fails to overcome inhibition of selected macrophage activation events in response to pathogenic mycobacteria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176400. [PMID: 28505170 PMCID: PMC5432162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
According to most models of mycobacterial infection, inhibition of the pro-inflammatory macrophage immune responses contributes to the persistence of bacteria. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a highly successful pathogen in cattle and sheep and is also implicated as the causative agent of Crohn's disease in humans. Pathogenic mycobacteria such as MAP have developed multiple strategies to evade host defence mechanisms including interfering with the macrophages' capacity to respond to IFN-γ, a feature which might be lacking in non-pathogenic mycobacteria such as M. smegmatis. We hypothesized that pre-sensitisation of macrophages with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ would help in overcoming the inhibitory effect of MAP or its antigens on macrophage inflammatory responses. Herein we have compared a series of macrophage activation parameters in response to MAP and M. smegmatis as well as mycobacterial antigens. While IFN-γ did overcome the inhibition in immune suppressive mechanisms in response to MAP antigen as well as M. smegmatis, we could not find a clear role for IFN-γ in overcoming the inhibition of macrophage inflammatory responses to the pathogenic mycobacterium, MAP. We demonstrate that suppression of macrophage defence mechanisms by pathogenic mycobacteria is unlikely to be overcome by prior sensitization with IFN-γ alone. This indicates that IFN-γ signaling pathway-independent mechanisms may exist for overcoming inhibition of macrophage effector functions in response to pathogenic mycobacteria. These findings have important implications in understanding the survival mechanisms of pathogenic mycobacteria directed towards finding better therapeutics and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karren M. Plain
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Auriol C. Purdie
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Gurung RB, Begg DJ, Purdie AC, Eamens GJ, Whittington RJ. Development of 316v antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of paratuberculosis in sheep. REV SCI TECH OIE 2016; 34:869-79. [PMID: 27044158 DOI: 10.20506/rst.34.3.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and optimised using a Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antigen prepared from a C strain (316v) passed through a French press. The optimised assay was evaluated with a panel of sera from MAP infected (n = 66) and uninfected (n = 1,092) sheep. Animals in the MAP infected category were positive on either tissue culture or histopathology but were of unknown serum antibody status. The diagnostic performance and cost of the assay were compared with those of a commercial ELISA (IDEXX). At 99.8% diagnostic specificity the assay showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 23% (95% CI: 15.1-35.8) compared with 36.4% (95% CI: 25.8-48.4) for the commercial ELISA (McNemar's test: chi-square 5.82, p < 0.05). The sensitivities were 5.9% (95% CI: 1-26.9), 27.9% (95% CI: 14.7-45.7) and 35% (95% CI: 18.1-56.7), for low grade, paucibacillary and multibacillary lesion grades, respectively. The cost of the commercial assay kit was 2.7 to 5.2 times greater than that of the 316v ELISA for an equivalent number of tests, the multiple depending on the number of plates processed per run. For flock-level surveillance, to account for the lower sensitivity of the 316v ELISA compared with the commercial ELISA, sample sizes would be increased but the test cost would still be lower. The 316v assay will be useful for diagnosis of Johne's disease in sheep flocks, particularly in developing countries where labour costs are low relative to the cost of consumables.
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18
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de Silva K, M Plain K, J Begg D, C Purdie A, J Whittington R. CD4⁺ T-cells, γδ T-cells and B-cells are associated with lack of vaccine protection in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vaccine 2014; 33:149-55. [PMID: 25444806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the strategies used to control the spread of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in livestock. Gudair(®) is a widely-used vaccine in sheep and goats and is the only vaccine approved for use in sheep in Australia and New Zealand. This vaccine reduces mortality due to MAP-infection by up to 90% but some sheep remain infectious by shedding MAP in faeces, despite vaccination. In this study, using an experimental infection model in sheep, our aim was to assess differences in immune parameters between vaccinated MAP-exposed sheep in which the vaccine was effective compared to those in which it failed to protect against infection. We assessed immune parameters such as MAP-specific IFNγ, IL-10 and lymphocyte proliferative responses and serum antibody levels. At the end of the trial, 72% of non-vaccinated sheep and 24% of vaccinated sheep were infected, as defined by the detection of viable MAP in intestinal tissues when the trial was terminated at 49 weeks post exposure. There were significant differences in the proliferation of CD4(+), B and γδ T-cells over time in vaccinated sheep in which the vaccine failed to protect against infection compared to the non-infected vaccinated sheep. There were no significant differences in the IFNγ response or serum antibody levels between the vaccinated infected and vaccinated non-infected sheep. These results emphasise the importance of specific lymphocyte subsets in protecting against MAP-infection, especially in vaccinated sheep, and that immune parameters other than the commonly used IFNγ and antibody tests are required when assessing vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
| | - Karren M Plain
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
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19
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Gurung RB, Purdie AC, Whittington RJ, Begg DJ. Cellular and humoral immune responses in sheep vaccinated with candidate antigens MAP2698c and MAP3567 from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:93. [PMID: 25077074 PMCID: PMC4100217 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in ruminants using commercially available vaccine reduces production losses, mortality, fecal shedding and histopathological lesions but does not provide complete protection from infection and interferes with serological diagnosis of Johne's disease and bovine tuberculosis. At this time no recombinant antigens have been found to provide superior protection compared to whole killed or live-attenuated MAP vaccines. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate more candidate MAP antigens. In this study recombinant MAP antigens MAP2698c and MAP3567 were formulated with four different MONTANIDE™ (ISA 50V2, 61VG, 71VG, and 201VG) adjuvants and evaluated for their ability to produce specific immune responses in vaccinated sheep. The cellular immune response was measured with an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay and the humoral immune response was measured by antibody detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Recombinant vaccine formulation with the antigen MAP2698c and MONTANIDE™ ISA 201VG adjuvant produced strong whole-MAP as well as MAP2698c-specific IFN-γ responses in a high proportion of the vaccinated sheep. The formulation caused less severe injection site lesions in comparison to other formulations. The findings from this study suggest that the MAP2698c + 201VG should be evaluated in a challenge trial to determine the efficacy of this vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna B Gurung
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Douglas J Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney Camden, NSW, Australia
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Thirunavukkarasu S, Plain KM, de Silva K, Begg D, Whittington RJ, Purdie AC. Expression of genes associated with cholesterol and lipid metabolism identified as a novel pathway in the early pathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:147-57. [PMID: 24930699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic disease affecting ruminants and other species caused by the pathogenic mycobacterium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP has developed a multitude of mechanisms to persist within the host, and these in turn are counteracted by the host through various immune pathways. Identifying and characterising the different strategies employed by MAP to alter the host immune system in its favour, and thereby persist intracellularly, could hold the key to developing strategies to fight this disease. In this study we analysed a subset of bovine microarray data derived from early time points after experimental infection with MAP. A specifically developed integrated approach was used to identify and validate host genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis (24DHCR, LDLR, SCD-1), calcium homeostasis and anti-bacterial defence mechanisms, (CD38, GIMAP6) which were downregulated in response to MAP exposure. A trend for upregulation of granulysin gene expression in MAP-exposed cattle in comparison to unexposed cattle was also observed. From these analyses, a model of potential pathogen-host interactions involving these novel pathways was developed which indicates an important role for host lipids in mycobacterial survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Gurung RB, Begg DJ, Purdie AC, Bach H, Whittington RJ. Immunoreactivity of protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA) in sera from sheep infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:129-32. [PMID: 24788024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Evasion of host defense mechanisms and survival inside infected host macrophages are features of pathogenic mycobacteria including Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. Protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA) has been identified as a secreted protein critical for survival of mycobacteria within infected macrophages. The host may mount an immune response to such secreted proteins. In this study, the humoral immune response to purified recombinant M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis PtpA was investigated using sera from a cohort of sheep infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and compared with uninfected healthy controls. A significantly higher level of reactivity to PtpA was observed in sera collected from M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis infected sheep when compared to those from uninfected healthy controls. PtpA could be a potential candidate antigen for detection of humoral immune responses in sheep infected with M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna B Gurung
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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de Silva K, Begg DJ, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Kawaji S, Dhand NK, Whittington RJ. Can early host responses to mycobacterial infection predict eventual disease outcomes? Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:203-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Gurung RB, Purdie AC, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ. In silico screened Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) recombinant proteins upregulated under stress conditions are immunogenic in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:186-96. [PMID: 22868202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants. MAP is known to enter a dormant phase outside the host, typically on soil. In vitro experiments have reported regulation of certain MAP genes when exposed to stressors similar to what is thought to produce dormancy. It is believed that in vivo regulation of dormancy genes and associated proteins by MAP may play a role in evading the host defence mechanisms and induce the host immune response against these dormancy-related proteins. Five proteins encoded by dormancy-related genes that were previously found to be upregulated under stress conditions and predicted through in silico analysis to possess immune epitopes (three hypothetical proteins and two proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism) were selected. Recombinant proteins were produced, purified and evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunogenicity using a panel of sera obtained from sheep unexposed and exposed to MAP. The antibody levels of the exposed group were significantly higher than the unexposed group (P<0.001). Individually, the five proteins were found to discriminate between sera from sheep exposed to MAP compared to unexposed sheep. At 91% diagnostic specificity, the diagnostic sensitivity of the recombinant antigen ELISA ranged from 24% to 42% and AUC(ROC) from 0.7015 to 0.8405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna B Gurung
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Purdie AC, Plain KM, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Expression of genes associated with the antigen presentation and processing pathway are consistently regulated in early Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:151-62. [PMID: 22239946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate early gene expression profiles associated with paratuberculosis in cattle exposed to known infectious doses of Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (MAP). A Johne's disease experimental infection field trial was conducted on a mixed population of Holstein and Holstein Red cattle. Blood samples from four MAP exposed and four unexposed cattle, selected based on IFNγ expressions were taken at 9, 13 and 21 weeks and RNA processed to Affymetrix GeneChip™ Bovine Genome arrays. Ontological analysis revealed consistent differences in gene expression between MAP exposed and control animals. A stark variation was observed in expression of a number of genes along antigen presentation pathways, suggesting that MAP exposure potentially results in the host immune response switching to a CD8(+) biased antigen presentation profile. This requires further in-depth analysis since it exposes a hitherto unconfirmed association between MAP exposure and in vivo MHC gene modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriol C Purdie
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia.
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Purdie AC, Plain KM, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle and sheep: a review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:197-208. [PMID: 21216466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, is responsible for significant economic losses in livestock industries worldwide. This organism is also of public health concern due to an unconfirmed link to Crohn's disease. Susceptibility to paratuberculosis has been suggested to have a genetic component. In livestock, a number of candidate genes have been studied, selected on their association to susceptibility in other mycobacterial diseases, their known role in disease pathogenesis or links to susceptibility of humans to Crohn's disease. These genes include solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1, formerly NRAMP1), toll-like receptors, caspase associated recruitment domain 15 (CARD15, formerly NOD2), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and cytokines (interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma) and their receptors. Genome wide association studies have attempted to confirm associations found and identify new genes involved in pathogenesis and susceptibility. There are a number of limitations and difficulties in these approaches, some peculiar to paratuberculosis but others generally applicable to identification of genetic associations for complex traits. The technical approaches and available information for paratuberculosis have expanded rapidly, particularly relating to sheep and cattle. Here we review the current published evidence for a genetic association with paratuberculosis susceptibility, technological advances that have progressed the field and potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriol C Purdie
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences University of Sydney, Australia
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Plain KM, Purdie AC, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Toll-like receptor (TLR)6 and TLR1 differentiation in gene expression studies of Johne's disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:142-8. [PMID: 20434222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a mycobacterial infection of the gut affecting ruminants and other species caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The role of toll-like receptors (TLR) in the pathogenesis of JD has been previously identified at the level of gene expression. Gene expression studies using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR are widely used and powerful, but the results obtained from such studies are dependent on the specificity of the assay. Here we describe an assay designed to detect ovine TLR6 in blood and tissues from sheep. Discrimination between TLR1 and TLR6 at the level of gene expression was challenging due to extensive tracts of homology and identity within the two sequences. Both TLR1 and 6 can form heterodimers with TLR2 in order to bind the ligands of microbial pathogens. The expression of TLR6 was increased in the ileum and jejunum of sheep infected with MAP, with a trend towards TLR6 upregulation in peripheral blood cells in response to exposure to MAP. A likely role for TLR6/TLR2 heterodimers in the pathogenesis of JD was identified. TLR6 may be a potential marker of exposure and could aid in the development of a gene signature for sheep resistant to MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karren M Plain
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
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