Successful management of delayed-onset adenosine deaminase deficiency with novel mutation

A 4-year-old boy presented with acute-onset autoimmune cytopenia with severe, persistent lymphopenia, autoimmune thyroiditis, elevated IgE and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency. In immunologic evaluation, lower T, B and natural killer cells and higher levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) metabolites were observed. The compound heterozygous novel ADA gene mutations causing ADA deficiency were detected. Successful immunologic and metabolic cure was achieved with enzyme replacement therapy, followed by reduced intensity conditioning hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a matched unrelated donor. An interesting aspect of this patient is the detection of novel compound heterozygous mutations without consanguinity and a secondary outcome is the recovery of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on symptom severity in school children with house dust mite-sensitized allergic rhinitis

Study objective

The lockdown imposed on children due to the COVID-19 pandemic and their inability to attend school increased their exposure to indoor allergens by causing them to spend more time indoors. In this study, the aim was to reveal the effect of the pandemic and increased exposure to indoor aeroallergens on the symptom severity of school-age children with house dust mite-sensitized allergic rhinitis (AR).

Patients and methods

Patients between the ages of 6-18-years old, who were followed-up with the diagnosis of perennial AR sensitized to only mites were questioned about their sinonasal symptoms. The Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) questionnaire was performed. The clinical findings, drug usage, frequency of infections and attacks were evaluated and compared during COVID-19 lockdown and the same time frame in 2019.

Results

Sixty-five patients had AR, and 33 patients (50.8%) had AR with asthma. TNSS of the patients improved during the pandemic (P < 0.001) and their medication scores decreased significantly (P < 0.001). The frequency of respiratory tract infections and asthma attacks decreased significantly (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, risk factors were evaluated for the 'group with worsening TNSS' and coal/wood burning was detected to be an independent risk factor (P = 0.006; OR = 10.09 (95% CI: 1.97-51.87)).

Conclusion

Although the increased stay at home, it is surprising that nasal symptoms improved in our patients. This result suggests that whereas allergen sensitivity is responsible for the pathogenesis of AR, exposure to pollution and viral infections which are reduced by masking and social distance may also play an important role in the pathogenesis.

The effects of total intravenous and inhalation anesthesia maintenance on tissue oxygenation in coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and inhalational anesthesia techniques on tissue oxygenation in cardiac surgery. We compared the effects of midazolam-based TIVA and sevoflurane-based (SEVO) inhalation anesthesia maintenance on intraoperative central and regional tissue oxygenation parameters.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 104 adult patients who were scheduled for elective isolated coronary bypass surgery were included in the study. All patients were divided into two groups: the TIVA group consisted of total intravenous anesthesia maintenance patients (n=52) and the SEVO group consisted of patients with inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane maintenance (n=52). Tissue oxygenation values were observed with left-right cerebral and somatic left forearm Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors. The hemodynamic parameters, NIRS StO2, central (ScvO2) and peripheral venous oxygen saturations of the patients were recorded at six intraoperative time points.

RESULTS

The effects of midazolam-based TIVA and sevoflurane-based inhalation anesthesia maintenance on intraoperative central and peripheral tissue oxygenation parameters were compared and it was found that in the left forearm NIRS StO2 and ScvO2 values were higher in the SEVO group than the TIVA group. Although not significantly different, forearm regional venous oxygen saturation was also higher in the SEVO group.

CONCLUSIONS

The effects of anesthetic drugs on regional tissue oxygenation can become important in critical patients and challenging surgeries. Sevoflurane-based anesthesia provides better tissue oxygenation than TIVA in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery.

Incidence, detection and outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer in Western Sweden

Background

It is unclear whether the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) due to increased diagnosis of small and indolent tumours might mask a real increase of clinically significant cancers. The aim of this study was to correlate surgery, pathology and outcome data of individual patients to the mode of primary detection (palpation, by imaging or incidental) to assess if TC incidence has increased.

Methods

The Swedish Cancer Registry identified all patients with TC in Västra Götaland County representing approximately 1.6 million inhabitants. Clinical information was retrieved from medical records of patient cohorts from three study intervals (2001–2002, 2006–2007 and 2011–2014) comprising 60 per cent of all TC patients. Data were also obtained from the NORDCAN registry to compare of TC incidence with other Nordic countries.

Results

Between 2001 and 2014, the annualized standard incidence rate/100 000 population (ASR) of TC increased from 3.14 to 10.71 in women and from 1.12 to 3.77 in men. This was higher than the mean incidence for Sweden but similar to that in Norway and Finland. Differentiated TC (DTC) increased more than threefold. The majority of tumours (64 per cent) were detected by palpation. Larger tumours (10–20, 21–40 and greater than 40 mm) increased as much as microcarcinomas (less than 10 mm). Only 5 per cent of the tumours were detected by imaging. All disease-specific deaths (8.5 per cent of DTC in the first two cohorts) and most patients with recurrent or persistent disease (6.6 per cent of DTC cases) were diagnosed due to tumour-related symptoms.

Conclusion

DTC in Western Sweden gradually increased between 2001 and 2014. The majority of tumours were detected by palpation suggesting a real increase in the incidence of clinically significant thyroid malignancies.

Surgical treatment of nictitans gland prolapse and cartilage eversion accompanying the nictitating membrane (third eyelid) rotation in cats

The third eyelid rotation associated with the nictitans gland prolapse and third eyelid cartilage eversion is a rarely encountered ocular disorder. The present retrospective study includes the distribution of the relevant deformations in the cartilage and nictitans gland accompanying the third eyelid rotation in the cat according to breed, age, and gender-based differences, as well as the clinical manifestations, surgical therapeutic approach (partial resection of the scrolled car- tilage portion combined with the Morgan pocket technique), and the outcome of the procedure, concurrently monitoring whether or not the functions of the nictitating membrane were preserved after the procedure, the likelihood of relapse and the potential complications. A total of sixteen eyes surgically treated with the above-mentioned surgical method that belonged to thirteen cats diagnosed with the nictitans gland prolapse and cartilage eversion accompanying the third eyelid rotation were included in the study. The most common breeds were Persian (38.4%) and British shorthair (38.4%), with five cases from each. Three cats (20%) were bilaterally affected, while there was a unilateral involvement in ten of the cases (80%). Out of the ten cases with a unilateral lesion, the right eye was affected in 6 (60%) individuals, while the left eye was involved in four (40%). Nine cats were male, and four were female. The study was conducted in an attempt to surgically correct the third eyelid cartilage eversion and prolapsed nictitans gland responsible for the nictitating membrane rotation in cats by the partial removal of the everted cartilage com- bined with the Morgan pocket technique. Follow-ups were performed twice every other week in the postoperative period, followed by a one-time clinical inspection at the end of the first, third, and sixth months.

AB0331 PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT IN A SINGLE CENTER COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Background:

The prevalence of SLE pulmonary involvement varies depending on several factors, including diagnostic methods [1].

Objectives:

We aimed to determine the frequency of involvement with different diagnostic methods in a single center cohort.

Methods:

300 SLE patients were included. Chest x-ray (CXR), lung spirometry, carbonmonoxide diffusion test (DLCOc) and echocardiography were performed. High resolution thorax computed tomography (HRCT) was done for a definite diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) whilst diagram electromyography (EMG), ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) were utilized to diagnose shrinking lung syndrome (SLS).

Results:

The mean age and follow-up time were 43 and 11,5 years respectively. Of 300 patients, 16% had ILD, 6,7% had pulmonary hypertension (PHT), 3% had SLS, 0,3% had pulmonary infarction. At the start of the study, patients’ records showed that 4% had ILD, 5% PHT, 0,3% SLS and 0,3% pulmonary infarction. The median age, mean duration of disease and follow-up time were significantly higher and longer in patients with ILD compared to patients without (p<0.05). Forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), DLCOc and total lung capacity (TLC) were significantly lower in patients with ILD and with SLS (p<0,001). Patients with ILD had significantly higher frequency of arthritis, serositis, Raynaud myositis and anti-Scl70 positivity. Avascular necrosis, diabetes and malignancy were significantly more frequent in those patients. All patients with suspected SLS undergone diagram EMG, USG and MR. Out of 10 suspected cases, in 6 EMG, in 5 USG and in 9 MR was compatible with SLS diagnosis. 5 patients had 3 of the diagnostic methods positive to diagnose SLS. Muscle atrophy and weakness, avascular necrosis were more frequent in this group of patients (p<0.05). There were more patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and cyclophosphamide in the SLS group whilst more with MMF in the ILD group. Significantly higher frequency of patients had stopped using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the ILD group (p=0,04).

Conclusion:

Interstitial lung disease is common in patients with SLE and considerable number of patients have SLS [2]. Spirometry, DLCOc and CXR are simple but valuable to diagnose pulmonary involvement in SLE patients. Diaphragm MR, USG and EMG are complementary methods for definite diagnosis in SLS [2]. Considering the significant difference of prevalence between the start and the end of the study, one of the possibbilities is the underrecognition of SLE pulmonary disease due to its being part of a multisystemic presentation. Higher usage of immunosuppressives in these patients may support a multisystemic active disease. Although drug effect is another concern, it is hard to establish a causal relationship due to the study’s cross-sectional design. HCQ may have a role in ILD prevention.

References:

[1]Keane MP, Lynch JP. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thorax 2000;55:159-166.

[2]Singh R, Huang W, Menon Y, Espinoza LR. Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren’s syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol. 2002 Dec;8(6):340-5.

Table 1.

Spirometry; DLCO; diaphragm EMG, USG and MRI results of patients with SLS.

Patient/Age/Sex1/44/F2/57/F3/39/F4/38/M5/23/F6/60/F7/58/F8/37/F9/66/F10/28/FFEV1 (%)47655963676271537039FVC (%)56735962797072556237DLCO (%)45504465535547656245TLC (%)61716566786454636245USG deep inspiration (L)4,704,742,593,013,063,065,734,172,121,59USG deep inspiration (R)3,721,982,262,242,772,174,672,834,622,49USG diaphragm thickness (L)4,823,002,482,842,551,592,093,181,621,44USG diaphragm thickness R(R)1,231,041,841,802,191,311,791,972,081,63MR high sideRRRRRRRLLMR height difference4,926,192,872,641,672,451,730,950,78EMG resting AMP (R)0,20,30,60,50,60,40,10,80,90,7EMG resting LAT (R)76,47,166,786,154,7565,8EMG resting AMP (L)0,40,50,80,71,20,60,31,20,50,5EMG resting LAT (L)6,355,756,855,66,05664,355,26,15

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Comparison of inflammation markers with prediction scores in patients with community-acquired pneumonia

OBJECTIVE

The lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCRP) and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) can successfully predict 28-day mortality rates with community-acquired pneumoniaMETHODS: This prospective study was conducted in 2018. Hospitalized patients underwent follow-up evaluations 28 days after admission.

RESULTS

A total of 345 patients with CAP were enrolled in this study. All-cause mortality at the 28th day of follow-up was 13.6 %. There were statistically significant results between the 2 groups (survivors and non-survivors), in terms of the LCRP, SII, PSI, and CURB-65 values. Moreover, the optimal LCRP cutoff for predicting 28-day mortality was determined to be 4, with 89 % sensitivity, 73 % specificity. Based on the average SII>3551for predicting 28-day mortality, the sensitivity, specificity was 63.8 %, 68.1 % respectively. When the value of the cutoff PSI was ≥130 points, the sensitivity, specificity was 68 %, 65 %, respectively. Based on 3 points and above as the cutoff value of the CURB-65 score, the sensitivity, specificity was 80 %, 68 %, respectively. ROC curve analysis revealed that the areas of LCRP, SII, PSI, and CURB-65 under the AUC in terms of 28-day mortality were 0,820,0,737,681, and 0,773, respectively,CONCLUSIONS: LCRP and SII level are valuable for predicting the mortality rate among patients with CAP at ED admission (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 27).

Electronic Compressibility of Magic-Angle Graphene Superlattices

We report the first electronic compressibility measurements of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. The evolution of the compressibility with carrier density offers insights into the interaction-driven ground state that have not been accessible in prior transport and tunneling studies. From capacitance measurements, we determine the chemical potential as a function of carrier density and find the widths of the energy gaps at fractional filling of the moiré lattice. In the electron-doped regime, we observe unexpectedly large gaps at quarter- and half-filling and strong electron-hole asymmetry. Moreover, we measure a ∼35  meV minibandwidth that is much wider than most theoretical estimates. Finally, we explore the field dependence up to the quantum Hall regime and observe significant differences from transport measurements.

Radiographic findings of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: Comparison with cone-beam computed tomography and panoramic radiography

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to assess radiographic findings of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) and to evaluate the efficiency of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and panoramic radiography (PR) by comparing with each other.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data of 46 patients treated with bisphosphonates for at least 1 to 10 years were retrospectively examined. 27 patients were selected for study group. The first inclusion criteria was an available CBCT or PR. The patients had at least one clinical symptom of exposed bone, intraoral or extraoral swelling and purulent secretion or fistula formation. In accordance with the position papers of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, the patients were classified into stages. CBCT and PR images were evaluated by dividing the jaws in 6 segments. Presence of bone sclerosis, cortex irregularity, persistent sockets, periosteal response, sequestration, and osteolysis were recorded.

RESULTS

The radiographic findings of BRONJ were mostly determined at posterior mandible with Stage 2 predominancy. Fifteen patients (55.6%) had previous tooth extraction. 9 of them had exposed bone at the same time. Seven patients had exposed bone without extraction. CBCT findings (P < 0.01) except persistent socket (P = 0.157) were found statistically significant by comparison with PR. Extraction socket finding was detected the same in segments with a percentage of 90.9%.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that CBCT findings except extraction socket were significantly higher than PR. CBCT combined with clinical examination can be used effectively to determine the borders of effected areas especially at advanced cases.

Pertuzumab, trastuzumab and taxane-based treatment for visceral organ metastatic, trastuzumab-naïve breast cancer: real-life practice outcomes

PURPOSE

In this study, we aimed to describe the real-life practice outcomes of pertuzumab-trastuzumab-taxane (PTT) combination in visceral organ metastatic, trastuzumab-naive breast cancer (BC) patients.

METHODS

This study was conducted by Turkish Oncology Group and included 317 patients' data from 36 centers.

RESULTS

Median age was 51 (22-82). Median PFS was 28.5 months, while median OS was 40.3 months. Patients with brain metastases (n: 13, 4.1%) had worse PFS (16.8 m vs. 28.5 m; p = 0.002) and OS (26.7 m vs. 40.3 m; p = 0.009). Patients older than 65 years of age (n: 42, 13.2%) had significantly lower OS results (19.8 m vs. 40.3 m; p = 0.01). Two hundred sixty-eight patients (86.7%) received docetaxel while 37 patients (11.7%) received paclitaxel. PFS and OS were similar between taxane groups. In eight patients (2.5%), 5-40% ejection fraction decrement from baseline was detected without any clinical sign of heart failure.

CONCLUSIONS

Our RLP trial included only visceral metastatic, trastuzumab-naïve BC patients including cases with brain involvement who received PTT combination in the first-line treatment. Regardless of negative prognostic characteristics, our results are in parallel with pivotal trial. Further strategies for brain metastasis should be developed to improve outcomes despite encouraging results with PTT treatment. Taxane selection can be personalized and endocrine maintenance may further improve outcomes after taxanes were discontinued. To our knowledge, this is the largest scale real-life clinical practice study of pertuzumab-trastuzumab-taxane therapy to date.

Time resolved Fabry-Perot measurements of cavity temperature in pulsed QCLs

Temperature rise during operation is a central concern of semiconductor lasers and especially difficult to measure during a pulsed operation. We present a technique for in situ time-resolved temperature measurement of quantum cascade lasers operating in a pulsed mode at ~9.25 μm emission wavelength. Using a step-scan approach with 5 ns resolution, we measure the temporal evolution of the spectral density, observing longitudinal Fabry-Perot modes that correspond to different transverse modes. Considering the multiple thin layers that make up the active layer and the associated Kapitza resistance, thermal properties of QCLs are significantly different than bulk-like laser diodes where this approach was successfully used. Compounded by the lattice expansion and refractive index changes due to time-dependent temperature rise, Fabry-Perot modes were observed and analyzed from the time-resolved emission spectra of quantum cascade lasers to deduce the cavity temperature. Temperature rise of a QCL in a pulsed mode operation between -160 °C to -80 °C was measured as a function of time. Using the temporal temperature variations, a thermal model was constructed that led to the extraction of cavity thermal conductivity in agreement with previous results. Critical in maximizing pulsed output power, the effect of the duty cycle on the evolution of laser heating was studied in situ, leading to a heat map to guide the operation of pulsed lasers.

Pedicled Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer Treats Lymphedema in Rat Hind Limb: A Simple Experimental Study Design

Vascularized lymph node transfer is a new and promising technique for the physiologic treatment of lymphedema and several clinical and experimental studies have been conducted in recent years. However, the exact mechanism of vascularized lymph node transfer is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate treatment efficacy through the design of a simple and feasible experimental lymphedema model for testing a vascularized lymph node transfer technique. After a pilot study, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups and lymphedema was induced in the hindlimb of both groups. In Group 1 (control, n=15) no treatment was applied while pedicled lymph node transfer was applied in Group 2 (experimental, n=15). Model dynamics were assessed with lymphoscintigraphy, limb measurement, and histological analysis. A statistically significant limb circumference reduction at the ankle was seen on days 30 and 90 in Group 2 as compared to Group 1, p<0.05, and lymphatic tracer transport improved in 13 out of the 15 animals in Group 2. A statistically significant reduction in histological scores was achieved in Group 2, p<0.05. In this rat hindlimb lymphedema model, our vascularized lymph node transfer technique is an effective physiologic surgical treatment and represents a feasible experimental model for future studies.

Histopathology of ipsilateral and contralateral ovaries and plasma interleukin 6 levels after unilateral ovarian torsion

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the time-dependent histopathologic changes in both ovaries and to determine the time-dependent levels of plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) after unilateral ovarian torsion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An experimental animal study included 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats which were distributed to six groups: control group (Group 1), sham-operated control group (Group 2), and four unilateral ovarian torsion groups with torsion duration of three, six, 12, and 24 hours (Group 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively). Histopathologic criteria (follicular degeneration, vascular congestion, hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and total tissue damage score) were evaluated in both ovaries, and plasma IL-6 levels were measured.

RESULTS

At 24 hours after torsion began, mean total tissue damage score was similar between ovaries that had torsion and contralateral ovaries. Mean plasma IL-6 level did not change during the 24 hours after torsion began (p = 0.584).

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to ovaries that had torsion, histopathologic abnormalities also occurred in contralateral ovaries. These results suggest that contralateral ovaries are not quiescent after unilateral ovarian torsion. Plasma IL-6 levels did not change significantly during the 24 hours after ovarian torsion began, resulting in a limitation of its diagnostic use in the early course of the disease.

The effect of anatomical factors on mortality rates after endovascular aneurysm repair

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of anatomical characteristics on mortality rates after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).

Methods

We investigated 56 EVAR procedures for infrarenal aortic aneurysms performed between January 2010 and December 2013, and the data were supplemented with a prospective review. The patients were divided into two groups according to the diameter of the aneurysm. Group I (n = 30): patients with aneurysm diameters less than 6 cm, group II (n = 26): patients with aneurysm diameters larger than 6 cm. The pre-operative anatomical data of the aneurysms were noted and the groups were compared with regard to postoperative results.

Results

There were no correlations between diameter of aneurysm (p > 0.05), aneurysm neck angle (p > 0.05) and mortality rate. The long-term mortality rate was found to be high in patients in whom an endoleak occurred.

Conclusion

We found that aneurysm diameter did not have an effect on postoperative mortality rates. An increased EuroSCORE value and the development of endoleaks had an effect on long-term mortality rates.

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN A YOUNG GIRL WITH PROLIDASE DEFICIENCY: A NEW SPECTRUM OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

Prolidase deficiency (PD) is an inherited disorder associated with cutaneous ulcers, intellectual disability, unusual facial appearance, skeletal deformities, hematological anomalies, splenomegaly, and chronic infections. We report a girl with PD who presented with early inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A 2-month-old girl with a dysmorphic face presented with recurrent respiratory tract infections, vomiting, diarrhea and hepatosplenomegaly. She had steatorrhea, abnormal liver enzymes, hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibody positivity and steatohepatitis in liver biopsy. On follow-up, skin lesions, pruritus and developmental delay were added. At the age of 21 months, IBD was diagnosed with persistent diarrhea, fever, hypoalbuminemia, elevated inflammatory markers, fecal leukocytes and aphthous ulcers in colon. Remission was achieved with prednisone and continued with mesalasine. Thrombocytopenia developed after 3 years. Her findings prompted us to further investigations. PD as the underlying molecular cause of the disease was detected by exome sequencing. In conclusion, PD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of some IBD patients.

Facial soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment

OBJECTIVES

To successfully meet expectations on facial esthetics, it is important to understand normal craniofacial growth and the impact of orthodontic treatment thereon. To date, there have been few studies documenting changes in facial esthetics through photography. The objective of this study was to compare facial soft tissue esthetics before and after orthodontic treatment by means of photographic analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The 45 children were divided into 3 groups according to Angle's classification: Groups I, II, and III comprised children with class I, II, and III malocclusion, respectively. Photographs were analyzed with a software. Twenty-one soft tissue landmarks were identified on profile and frontal photographs, ratios and angles were calculated.

RESULTS

For group I, there was no difference between pre- and post-treatment facial analysis. For group II, there were significant changes in 5 values. The most significant changes were observed for A-N-B and Al-Me/Ch-Me. For group III, we noted significant changes for 5 values. The most significant change was observed for N-Pn-Pog.

CONCLUSION

There were significant changes in facial soft tissue esthetics after orthodontic treatment for class II and III cases. Changes in A-N-B and nose tip angle (N-Pn-Cm) were observed for class II and class III subjects.

Manual versus computer-automated semen analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate agreement of conventional sperm analysis with computer-aided semen analysis (CASA) regarding concentration, motility, and morphology using samples from infertile men.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study a total of 195 male partners of couples who underwent evaluation of infertility were included. All semen samples were examined by conventional method and CASA in terms of morphology, motility, and concentration. Pearson correlation analysis and the Bland-Altman method were used to assess correlation and agreement between conventional semen analysis and CASA measurements.

RESULTS

When the two methods were compared in terms of concentration, motility, and morphology, there was a statistically significant correlation in all variables. The best correlation was obtained for sperm concentration. However, there was a poor correlation for sperm morphology between conventional method and CASA. Sperm concentration and morphology obtained by CASA were 14% and 87% lower, respectively; motility was 21% higher than the conventional method.

CONCLUSION

Although CASA systems are objective and rapid, they should be evaluated in terms of cost-effectiveness, however they may be useful in over-loaded assisted reproductive technique (ART) clinics.

Can combination of Day 3 and Day 5 embryo morphology be useful to predict pregnancy in in-vitro fertilization cycles?

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether embryos having all top qualified both on Day 3 and Day 5 have higher pregnancy rates than the oth- ers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 143 consecutive cycles were recruited in which Day 5 embryo transfer was available. Cleavage stage embryos were graded according to 1 to 4 scoring system, based on fragmentation, cell symmetry, and blastomere num- ber. Among cleavage stage embryos, Grade 1 and Grade 2a/2b were further stratified as 'top quality' embryos to be transferred, others were defined as control group. Blastocyst stage embryos were graded from 1 to 6 according to intracellular mass (ICM) and trophec- toderm (TE). Day 5 fresh embryo transfer was performed in all cases using soft catheter. Positive pregnancy test was accepted when serum beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (1-hCG) exceeded 20 mIU/ml.

RESULTS

On the cleavage stage, top quality embryo was available in 47 of 143(32.9%) cases. Of the 47 embryos, the number of cases reaching any Grade 4, 3 quality, and early blastocyst on Day 5 were 22 (46.8%), 15 (31.9%), and 10 (21.3%). The respective figures on the control group (n = 96) were 33 (34.4%), 37 (38.5%), and 26 (27.1%) (p > 0.05). The pregnancy rates were also similar.

CONCLUSION

All top qualified embryos both on Day 3 and 5 did not reveal higher pregnancy rate than the others.

Comparision of inflammatory biomarkers for detection of coronary stenosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of various inflammatory biomarkers in detection of coronary stenosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and healthy people.

METHODS

A total of 111 patients with stable coronary artery disease, and 66 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Serum levels of lipoprotein-associated-phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured to compare patient and control groups.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics were similar between healthy and patient groups, with the exception of age. ANCOVA and log-transformed data of inflammatory biomarkers revealed that, Lp-PLA2 (p < 0.001) and hs-CRP (p < 0.05) levels in all patient groups were significantly higher than in the control group. Conversely, there was no significant difference in MPO levels among groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In stable CAD patients, serum Lp-PLA2 levels are more compatible than hs-CRP and MPO levels in the detection of coronary stenosis.      

Antibacterial effects of several current orthodontic materials against Streptococcus mutans

The aim of this study was to examine the antibacterial effect of several current orthodontic materials against a certain oral bacterium. The antibacterial activities of six orthodontic composite resins (Transbond LR, Light Cure Retainer (LCR), Light Bond, System 1+, Kurasper F, Transbond XT adhesive), two orthodontic bonding materials (Transbond XT primer and System 1+ activator) and two glass ionomer cements (GIC) [Multicure Glass Ionomer and Ketac Cem GIC] were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans. The hard materials were put into the Teflon mould. The liquid materials were put on a paper disc. All materials were handled under aseptic conditions and placed on agar culture plates. All plates were incubated at 5% CO2 and 37 degrees C for 48 hours. The bacterial growth inhibition zones including the diameter of the sample were measured in millimetres. As a result of this study, the multicure GIC showed the highest antibacterial effectiveness, but no inhibition zones were noted for ketac cem GIC. The light bond adhesive of the Reliance orthodontic bonding system produced high antibacterial effect against S mutans, while the Reliance composite (LCR) did not show any antibacterial effect (p < 0.05). Both composite and primer of the transbond XT system demonstrated significant antibacterial effect against the test bacterium when compared to transbond LR (p < 0.05). Among the materials tested, kurasper F, Ormco system 1+ and system 1+ activator showed slight or no inhibitory effect against the test bacterium in this study In patients who have relatively high salivary levels of Streptococci mutans before treatment, the multicure GIC, the Reliance light bond adhesive, and transbond XT system which had high level antibacterial properties could be applied.

GAB2 induces tumor angiogenesis in NRAS-driven melanoma

GAB2 is a scaffold protein with diverse upstream and downstream effectors. MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways are known effectors of GAB2. It is amplified and overexpressed in a variety of human tumors including melanoma. Here we show a previously undescribed role for GAB2 in NRAS-driven melanoma. Specifically, we found that GAB2 is co-expressed with mutant NRAS in melanoma cell lines and tumor samples and its expression correlated with metastatic potential. Co-expression of GAB2(WT) and NRAS(G12D) in melanocytes and in melanoma cells increased anchorage-independent growth by providing GAB2-expressing cells a survival advantage through upregulation of BCL-2 family of anti-apoptotic factors. Of note, collaboration of GAB2 with mutant NRAS enhanced tumorigenesis in vivo and led to an increased vessel density with strong CD34 and VEGFR2 activity. We found that GAB2 facilitiated an angiogenic switch by upregulating HIF-1α and VEGF levels. This angiogenic response was significantly suppressed with the MEK inhibitor PD325901. These data suggest that GAB2-mediated signaling cascades collaborate with NRAS-driven downstream activation for conferring an aggressive phenotype in melanoma. Second, we show that GAB2/NRAS signaling axis is non-linear and non-redundant in melanocytes and melanoma, and thus are acting independent of each other. Finally, we establish a link between GAB2 and angiogenesis in melanoma for the first time. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that GAB2 is a novel regulator of tumor angiogenesis in NRAS-driven melanoma through regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF expressions mediated by RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling.

Do amniotic fluid leptin levels decrease in pregnancies with fetal trisomy 21?

The objective of this study was to find a possible correlation between Down syndrome and amniotic fluid leptin. We compared 2nd trimester amniotic fluid leptin levels of fetuses with normal karyotype and with trisomy 21. We retrospectively found 15 fetuses with Down syndrome and we randomly selected 48 fetuses with normal karyotype as controls from our perinatology record database, in order to analyse their 2nd trimester amniotic fluid leptin levels. Amniotic fluid leptin levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. It was found that amniotic fluid leptin levels did not show any significant difference between amniotic fluids of fetuses with normal karyotype and those with trisomy 21 (p = 0.061). Median level of leptin was 10.06 ng/ml (range 2.10-36.69) for trisomy 21 fetuses and 14.53 ng/ml (range 2.30-67.33) for normal fetuses. In conclusion, leptin levels were not found to change in the amniotic fluids of fetuses with trisomy 21. This excludes a possible involvement of leptin in pathogenic processes associated with trisomy 21 during the fetal period and its potential employment as a diagnostic tool.