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Jo S, Fonseca TL, Bocco BMLC, Fernandes GW, McAninch EA, Bolin AP, Da Conceição RR, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Ignacio DL, Egri P, Németh D, Fekete C, Bernardi MM, Leitch VD, Mannan NS, Curry KF, Butterfield NC, Bassett JD, Williams GR, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Type 2 deiodinase polymorphism causes ER stress and hypothyroidism in the brain. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:230-245. [PMID: 30352046 PMCID: PMC6307951 DOI: 10.1172/jci123176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Levothyroxine (LT4) is a form of thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. In the brain, T4 is converted to the active form T3 by type 2 deiodinase (D2). Thus, it is intriguing that carriers of the Thr92Ala polymorphism in the D2 gene (DIO2) exhibit clinical improvement when liothyronine (LT3) is added to LT4 therapy. Here, we report that D2 is a cargo protein in ER Golgi intermediary compartment (ERGIC) vesicles, recycling between ER and Golgi. The Thr92-to-Ala substitution (Ala92-D2) caused ER stress and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR). Ala92-D2 accumulated in the trans-Golgi and generated less T3, which was restored by eliminating ER stress with the chemical chaperone 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA). An Ala92-Dio2 polymorphism-carrying mouse exhibited UPR and hypothyroidism in distinct brain areas. The mouse refrained from physical activity, slept more, and required additional time to memorize objects. Enhancing T3 signaling in the brain with LT3 improved cognition, whereas restoring proteostasis with 4-PBA eliminated the Ala92-Dio2 phenotype. In contrast, primary hypothyroidism intensified the Ala92-Dio2 phenotype, with only partial response to LT4 therapy. Disruption of cellular proteostasis and reduced Ala92-D2 activity may explain the failure of LT4 therapy in carriers of Thr92Ala-DIO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungro Jo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Barbara M. L. C. Bocco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gustavo W. Fernandes
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anaysa P. Bolin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, and
| | - Rodrigo R. Da Conceição
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele L. Ignacio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Péter Egri
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Németh
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victoria D. Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naila S. Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine F. Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C. Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O. Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Bocco BMLC, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Oliveira KC, Fernandes GW, Fonseca TL, Nascimento BPP, McAninch EA, Ricci E, Kvárta-Papp Z, Fekete C, Bernardi MM, Gereben B, Bianco AC, Ribeiro MO. Type 2 Deiodinase Disruption in Astrocytes Results in Anxiety-Depressive-Like Behavior in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3682-95. [PMID: 27501182 PMCID: PMC5007895 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Millions of levothyroxine-treated hypothyroid patients complain of impaired cognition despite normal TSH serum levels. This could reflect abnormalities in the type 2 deiodinase (D2)-mediated T4-to-T3 conversion, given their much greater dependence on the D2 pathway for T3 production. T3 normally reaches the brain directly from the circulation or is produced locally by D2 in astrocytes. Here we report that mice with astrocyte-specific Dio2 inactivation (Astro-D2KO) have normal serum T3 but exhibit anxiety-depression-like behavior as found in open field and elevated plus maze studies and when tested for depression using the tail-suspension and the forced-swimming tests. Remarkably, 4 weeks of daily treadmill exercise sessions eliminated this phenotype. Microarray gene expression profiling of the Astro-D2KO hippocampi identified an enrichment of three gene sets related to inflammation and impoverishment of three gene sets related to mitochondrial function and response to oxidative stress. Despite normal neurogenesis, the Astro-D2KO hippocampi exhibited decreased expression of four of six known to be positively regulated genes by T3, ie, Mbp (∼43%), Mag (∼34%), Hr (∼49%), and Aldh1a1 (∼61%) and increased expression of 3 of 12 genes negatively regulated by T3, ie, Dgkg (∼17%), Syce2 (∼26%), and Col6a1 (∼3-fold) by quantitative real-time PCR. Notably, in Astro-D2KO animals, there was also a reduction in mRNA levels of genes known to be affected in classical animal models of depression, ie, Bdnf (∼18%), Ntf3 (∼43%), Nmdar (∼26%), and GR (∼20%), which were also normalized by daily exercise sessions. These findings suggest that defects in Dio2 expression in the brain could result in mood and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M L C Bocco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Kelen C Oliveira
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Bruna P P Nascimento
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Esther Ricci
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Zsuzsanna Kvárta-Papp
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.M.L.C.B., J.P.W.-d.C., G.W.F., T.L.F., E.A.M., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Translational Medicine (B.M.L.C.B., G.W.F., B.P.P.N.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP, 04039-002, Brazil; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.-d.C.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil; Department of Clinic Endocrinology (K.C.O.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 04039-032, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (B.P.P.N., E.R., M.O.R.), Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo SP 01302-900 Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (Z.K.-P., C.F., B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine (C.F.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology (M.M.B.), Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo SP 04026-002, Brazil
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