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Ignacio DL, Silvestre DHS, Anne-Palmer E, Bocco BMLC, Fonseca TL, Ribeiro MO, Gereben B, Bianco AC, Werneck-de-Castro JP. Early Developmental Disruption of Type 2 Deiodinase Pathway in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Does Not Impair Muscle Function. Thyroid 2017; 27:577-586. [PMID: 27967605 PMCID: PMC5385430 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myogenesis is positively regulated by thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]), which is amplified by the type 2 deiodinase (D2) activation of thyroxine to T3. Global inactivation of the Dio2 gene impairs skeletal muscle (SKM) differentiation and regeneration in response to muscle injury. Given that newborn and adult mice with late developmental SKM Dio2 disruption do not develop a significant phenotype, it was hypothesized that D2 plays an early role in this process. METHODS This was tested in mice with SKM disruption of Dio2 driven by two early developmental promoters: MYF5 and MYOD. RESULTS MYF5 myoblasts in culture differentiate normally into myotubes, despite loss of almost all D2 activity. Dio2 mRNA levels in developing SKM obtained from MYF5-D2KO embryos (E18.5) were about 54% of control littermates, but the expression of the T3-responsive genes Myh1 and 7 and Atp2a1 and 2 were not affected. In MYF5-D2KO and MYOD-D2KO neonatal hind-limb muscle, the expression of Myh1 and 7 and Atp2a2 remained unaffected, despite 60-70% loss in D2 activity and/or mRNA. Only in MYOD-D2KO neonatal muscle was there a 40% reduction in Atp2a1 mRNA. Postnatal growth of both mouse models and SKM function as assessed by exercise capacity and measurement of muscle strength were normal. Furthermore, an analysis of the adult soleus revealed no changes in the expression of T3-responsive genes, except for an about 18% increase in MYOD-D2KO SOL Myh7 mRNA. CONCLUSION Two mouse models of early developmental disruption of Dio2 in myocyte precursor exhibit no significant SKM phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele L Ignacio
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
- 2 Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego H S Silvestre
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
- 2 Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 3 Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elena Anne-Palmer
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
- 4 Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- 5 Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balázs Gereben
- 6 Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joao P Werneck-de-Castro
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
- 2 Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 3 Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Werneck-de-Castro JP, Fonseca TL, Ignacio DL, Fernandes GW, Andrade-Feraud CM, Lartey LJ, Ribeiro MB, Ribeiro MO, Gereben B, Bianco AC. Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Male Mouse Skeletal Muscle Is Largely Independent of D2 in Myocytes. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3842-52. [PMID: 26214036 PMCID: PMC4588812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 deiodinase (D2) activates the prohormone T4 to T3. D2 is expressed in skeletal muscle (SKM), and its global inactivation (GLOB-D2KO mice) reportedly leads to skeletal muscle hypothyroidism and impaired differentiation. Here floxed Dio2 mice were crossed with mice expressing Cre-recombinase under the myosin light chain 1f (cre-MLC) to disrupt D2 expression in the late developmental stages of skeletal myocytes (SKM-D2KO). This led to a loss of approximately 50% in D2 activity in neonatal and adult SKM-D2KO skeletal muscle and about 75% in isolated SKM-D2KO myocytes. To test the impact of Dio2 disruption, we measured soleus T3 content and found it to be normal. We also looked at the expression of T3-responsive genes in skeletal muscle, ie, myosin heavy chain I, α-actin, myosin light chain, tropomyosin, and serca 1 and 2, which was preserved in neonatal SKM-D2KO hindlimb muscles, at a time that coincides with a peak of D2 activity in control animals. In adult soleus the baseline level of D2 activity was about 6-fold lower, and in the SKM-D2KO soleus, the expression of only one of five T3-responsive genes was reduced. Despite this, adult SKM-D2KO animals performed indistinguishably from controls on a treadmill test, running for approximately 16 minutes and reached a speed of about 23 m/min; muscle strength was about 0.3 mN/m·g body weight in SKM-D2KO and control ankle muscles. In conclusion, there are multiple sources of D2 in the mouse SKM, and its role is limited in postnatal skeletal muscle fibers.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Strength/genetics
- Muscle Strength/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Thyroxine/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Triiodothyronine/metabolism
- Tropomyosin/genetics
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ignacio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina M Andrade-Feraud
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lattoya J Lartey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Ribeiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balazs Gereben
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Fonseca TL, Correa-Medina M, Campos MP, Wittmann G, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Arrojo e Drigo R, Mora-Garzon M, Ueta CB, Caicedo A, Fekete C, Gereben B, Lechan RM, Bianco AC. Coordination of hypothalamic and pituitary T3 production regulates TSH expression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1492-500. [PMID: 23524969 PMCID: PMC3613903 DOI: 10.1172/jci61231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II deiodinase (D2) activates thyroid hormone by converting thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). This allows plasma T4 to signal a negative feedback loop that inhibits production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pituitary. To determine the relative contributions of these D2 pathways in the feedback loop, we developed 2 mouse strains with pituitary- and astrocyte-specific D2 knockdown (pit-D2 KO and astro-D2 KO mice, respectively). The pit-D2 KO mice had normal serum T3 and were systemically euthyroid, but exhibited an approximately 3-fold elevation in serum TSH levels and a 40% reduction in biological activity. This was the result of elevated serum T4 that increased D2-mediated T3 production in the MBH, thus decreasing Trh mRNA. That tanycytes, not astrocytes, are the cells within the MBH that mediate T4-to-T3 conversion was defined by studies using the astro-D2 KO mice. Despite near-complete loss of brain D2, tanycyte D2 was preserved in astro-D2 KO mice at levels that were sufficient to maintain both the T4-dependent negative feedback loop and thyroid economy. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the hypothalamic-thyroid axis is wired to maintain normal plasma T3 levels, which is achieved through coordination of T4-to-T3 conversion between thyrotrophs and tanycytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mayrin Correa-Medina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maira P.O. Campos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Wittmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joao P. Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafael Arrojo e Drigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magda Mora-Garzon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cintia Bagne Ueta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gereben
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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